ʻO nā waiwai o ka ultraviolet e pili ana i ka lōʻihi o ka nalu, a ʻo ka ultraviolet mai nā kumu like ʻole he ʻano kikoʻī like ʻole. E kūkākūkā mākou i nā kumu o ke kukui ultraviolet a pehea e hoʻohana ai iā lākou i mea e hoʻonui ai i ka hopena bactericidal me ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā pilikia o nā hopena olaola makemake ʻole.
Laiki. 1. Hōʻike ke kiʻi ʻaʻole disinfection me ka radiation UVC, e like me kāu e noʻonoʻo ai, akā ʻo ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi lole pale me ka ʻike ʻana i nā wahi luminescent o ke aʻo ʻana i nā wai kino i nā kukuna UVA. ʻO UVA he ultraviolet palupalu a ʻaʻohe hopena bactericidal. ʻO ka pani ʻana i kou mau maka he mea palekana kūpono, no ka mea, ʻo ke ʻano ākea o nā kukui fluorescent UVA i hoʻohana ʻia e uhi ʻia me UVB, kahi mea ʻino i ka ʻike maka (kumu ʻo Simon Davis/DFID).
ʻO ka lōʻihi hawewe o ke kukui ʻike ʻia e pili ana i ka ikehu quantum kahi e hiki ai ke hana photochemical. Hiki ke hoʻoulu i nā hopena kiʻi kiʻimika i loko o kahi ʻiʻo kiʻi kiʻi kikoʻī - ka retina.
ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka Ultraviolet, ʻoi aku ka pōkole o kona nalu nalu, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke alapine a me ka ikaika o ka quantum, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka radiation, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hopena photochemical a me nā hopena olaola.
ʻOkoʻa ka Ultraviolet i:
- ʻO ka lōʻihi hawewe lōʻihi / palupalu / kokoke i ka UVA (400...315 nm) e like me nā waiwai me ka mālamalama ʻike ʻia;
- ʻO ka paʻakikī waena - UVB (315...280 nm);
- Ka nalu pōkole/lōʻihi/paʻakikī – UVC (280…100 nm).
Ka hopena bactericidal o ke kukui ultraviolet
Hoʻokomo ʻia ka hopena bactericidal e ke kukui ultraviolet paʻakikī - UVC, a ma kahi liʻiliʻi e ka kukui ultraviolet medium-hard - UVB. Hōʻike ka ʻaoʻao o ka hana bactericidal he 230...300 nm wale nō, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma kahi o ka hapaha o ka laulā i kapa ʻia ʻo ultraviolet, he hopena bactericidal maopopo.
Laiki. 2 ʻO nā pōʻai hoʻoikaika kino mai []
Hoʻopili ʻia ʻo Quanta me nā hawewe nalu i kēia pae e nā nucleic acids, e alakaʻi ana i ka luku ʻana i ke ʻano o DNA a me RNA. Ma waho aʻe o ka bactericidal, ʻo ia hoʻi, pepehi i ka maʻi bacteria, he virucidal (antiviral), fungicidal (antifungal) a me sporicidal (killing spores) kēia pae. Hoʻopili kēia i ka pepehi ʻana i ka maʻi RNA SARS-CoV-2020, ka mea i kumu i ka maʻi maʻi 2.
ʻO ka hopena bactericidal o ka lā
Heʻuʻuku ka hopena bactericidal o ka lā. E nānā kākou i ke ʻano o ka lā ma luna a ma lalo o ka lewa:
Laiki. 3. ʻO ke ʻano o ka pāhawewe lā ma luna o ka lewa a ma ka ʻilikai. ʻAʻole hiki i ka ʻaoʻao o ka honua ka ʻāpana ʻoi loa o ka ultraviolet (i ʻaiʻē ʻia mai Wikipedia).
He mea pono e hoʻolohe i ka spectrum o luna o ka lewa i hōʻike ʻia i ka melemele. ʻO ka ikehu kuantum o ka ʻaoʻao hema o ke kiko o nā kukuna lā supra-atmospheric me ka lōʻihi haʻahaʻa ma lalo o 240 nm e pili ana i kahi ikehu paʻa kemika o 5.1 eV i loko o ka mole oxygen "O2". Hoʻopili ka oxygen molecular i kēia mau quanta, ua haki ka paʻa kemika, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka oxygen atomic "O", e hui hou i loko o nā molekala o ka oxygen "O2" a, ma kahi hapa, ozone "O3".
Hoʻokumu ka UVC supra-atmospheric solar i ka ozone ma ka lewa luna, i kapa ʻia ka papa ozone. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka ikehu hoʻopaʻa kemika i loko o kahi mole ozone ma mua o ka mole oxygen a no laila e komo ka ozone i ka nui o ka ikehu haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka oxygen. A ʻoiai ʻo ka oxygen e komo wale i ka UVC, ʻo ka papa ozone e komo i ka UVC a me UVB. ʻIke ʻia ka hana ʻana o ka lā i ka ozone ma ka lihi loa o ka ʻāpana ultraviolet o ka spectrum, a laila hoʻopau kēia ozone i ka hapa nui o ka radiation ultraviolet paʻakikī o ka lā, e pale ana i ka Honua.
I kēia manawa, e noʻonoʻo pono i nā lōʻihi nalu a me ka unahi, e hoʻohui mākou i ka spectrum solar me ka spectrum o ka hana bactericidal.
Laiki. 4 Spectrum o ka hana bactericidal a me ke kiko o ka pāhawewe lā.
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia he mea ʻole ka hopena bactericidal o ka lā. ʻO ka ʻāpana o ka spectrum hiki ke hoʻokō i kahi hopena bactericidal ua aneane e komo piha ʻia e ka lewa. I nā manawa like ʻole o ka makahiki a me nā latitu like ʻole, ʻokoʻa iki ke kūlana, akā ʻano like ka qualitative.
ʻO ka pōʻino ultraviolet
Ua ʻōlelo ke alakaʻi o kekahi o nā ʻāina nui: "e ho'ōla iā COVID-19, pono ʻoe e lawe mai i ka lā i loko o ke kino." Eia naʻe, hoʻopau ka germicidal UV i ka RNA a me DNA, me nā mea kanaka. Inā ʻoe e "hāʻawi i ka lā i loko o ke kino," e make ke kanaka.
ʻO ka epidermis, ʻo ia hoʻi ka stratum corneum o nā mea make, pale i ka ʻiʻo ola mai UVC. Ma lalo o ka papa epidermal, emi wale ma lalo o 1% o ka pāhawewe UVC e komo i [WHO]. ʻO nā nalu UVB a me UVA lōʻihi e komo i kahi hohonu.
Inā ʻaʻohe hoʻomālamalama ultraviolet o ka lā, ʻaʻole paha i loaʻa i nā kānaka ka epidermis a me ka stratum corneum, a he mucous ka ʻili o ke kino, e like me ka snails. Akā no ka ulu ʻana o ke kanaka ma lalo o ka lā, ʻo nā ʻili wale nō i pale ʻia mai ka lā he mucous. ʻO ka mea maʻalahi loa ka ʻili o ka maka, pale ʻia mai ka radiation ultraviolet solar e nā lihilihi, nā maka maka, nā kuʻemaka, nā mākau kaʻa kaʻa maka, a me ka maʻa o ka nānā ʻole ʻana i ka lā.
I ko lākou aʻo mua ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka lens me kahi mea hana, ua kū nā ophthalmologists i ka pilikia o ke kuni retinal. Ua hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻomaopopo i nā kumu a ʻike ʻia he opaque ka lens kanaka ola i ke kukui ultraviolet a pale i ka retina. Ma hope o kēia, ua hana ʻia nā lens artificial i opaque i ke kukui ultraviolet.
ʻO ke kiʻi o ka maka i nā kukuna ultraviolet e hōʻike ana i ka opacity o ka lens i ke kukui ultraviolet. ʻAʻole pono ʻoe e hoʻomālamalama i kou maka ponoʻī me ke kukui ultraviolet, no ka mea, i ka wā lōʻihi, lilo ka lens i ke ao, me ke kumu o ka nui o ke kukui ultraviolet i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i nā makahiki, a pono e hoʻololi. No laila, e hoʻohana mākou i ka ʻike o ka poʻe wiwo ʻole i mālama ʻole i ka palekana, hoʻomālamalama i kahi kukui ultraviolet i ka nalu o 365 nm i ko lākou mau maka, a kau i ka hopena ma YouTube.
Laiki. 5 Mai kahi wikiō ma ke kahawai Youtube "Kreosan".
ʻO nā kukui uila ultraviolet e hoʻoulu i ka luminescence me ka lōʻihi o ka nalu o 365 nm (UVA) kaulana. Kūʻai ʻia lākou e nā pākeke, akā hāʻule i loko o nā lima o nā keiki. Hoʻomālamalama nā keiki i kēia mau kukui i loko o ko lākou mau maka a nānā pono a no ka manawa lōʻihi i ke aniani ʻālohilohi. Pono e pale i ia mau hana. Inā hiki mai kēia, hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻoiaʻiʻo iā ʻoe iho ʻo nā cataracts i ka noiʻi ʻiole i hilinaʻi ʻia e ka UVB irradiation o ka lens, akā ʻaʻole paʻa ka hopena catarogenic o UVA [].
ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ke kiko kiko o ka hana o ke kukui ultraviolet ma ka lens. A me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana he hopena lohi loa ka cataracts, pono ʻoe i kahi naʻauao ʻaʻole e hoʻomālamalama i ke kukui ultraviolet i kou mau maka ma mua.
ʻO ka mucous membrane o ka maka e hoʻomāmā koke ʻia ma lalo o ka radiation ultraviolet, ua kapa ʻia kēia photokeratitis a me photoconjunctivitis. E ʻulaʻula ka mucous membranes, a ʻike ʻia kahi manaʻo o "sand i nā maka". Hoʻopau ka hopena ma hope o kekahi mau lā, akā hiki i ke kuni pinepine ʻana ke alakaʻi i ke ao o ka cornea.
ʻO nā lōʻihi hawewe e pili ana i kēia mau hopena e pili ana i ka hana pōʻino UV kaumaha i hāʻawi ʻia i ka paona palekana photobiological [IEC 62471] a like like me ka laula germicidal.
Laiki. 6 Nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻoheheʻe ultraviolet e hoʻoulu ai i ka photoconjunctivitis a me ka photokeratitis mai [] a me ka hana kaumaha o ka actinic UV pōʻino i ka ʻili a me nā maka mai [].
ʻO nā pae paepae no ka photokeratitis a me ka photoconjunctivitis he 50-100 J/m2, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku kēia waiwai ma mua o nā kumu i hoʻohana ʻia no ka disinfection. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka mucous membrane o ka maka me ke kukui ultraviolet me ka ʻole o ka hoʻomake ʻana.
ʻO Erythema, ʻo ia hoʻi, "ka wela o ka lā," he pōʻino ma muli o ka radiation ultraviolet ma ka laulā a hiki i 300 nm. Wahi a kekahi mau kumu, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka spectral erythema ma nā hawewe lōʻihi ma kahi o 300 nm []. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e hiki ai ke ʻike ʻole ʻia ka erythema MED (Minimum Erythema Dose) no nā ʻano ʻili like ʻole mai 150 a 2000 J/m2. No nā poʻe noho o ka ʻāpana waena, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia kahi DER maʻamau ma kahi o 200...300 J/m2.
ʻO UVB ma ka laulā o 280-320 nm, me ka nui ma kahi o 300 nm, ke kumu o ka maʻi maʻi ʻili. ʻAʻohe ʻano paepae; ʻo ka nui o ka nui o ke ʻano he pilikia nui, a ua lohi ka hopena.
Laiki. ʻO 7 nā ʻāpana hana UV e hoʻoulu ai i ka erythema a me ka maʻi maʻi ʻili.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻelemakule ʻili kiʻi kiʻi e ka radiation ultraviolet ma ka laulā holoʻokoʻa o 200...400 nm. Aia kekahi kiʻi kaulana o ke kaʻa kaʻa i ʻike ʻia i ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana o ka lā ultraviolet ma ka ʻaoʻao hema i ke kaʻa ʻana. Ua maʻa mau ka hoʻokele kaʻa me ka puka aniani o ka mea hoʻokele i lalo, akā ua pale ʻia ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o kona mau maka mai ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana o ka lā e ka pale makani. He mea kupanaha ka ʻokoʻa o ke kūlana makahiki o ka ʻili ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau a hema:
Laiki. 8 Kiʻi o kahi kaʻa kaʻa me ka puka makani o ka mea hoʻokele i lalo no 28 makahiki [].
Inā manaʻo mākou he ʻokoʻa ka makahiki o ka ʻili ma nā ʻaoʻao like ʻole o ka maka o kēia kanaka i nā makahiki he iwakālua a he hopena kēia o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo no nā makahiki he iwakālua hoʻokahi ua hoʻomālamalama ʻia kekahi ʻaoʻao o ka maka e ka lā, a ʻo kekahi. ʻAʻole, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻoholo me ka akahele ʻo ka lā ma ka lā ākea he hoʻokahi lā a mau makahiki o ka ʻili.
Mai ka ʻikepili kuhikuhi [] ua ʻike ʻia ma waena o nā latitudes i ke kauwela ma lalo o ka lā pololei, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka erythemal dose o 200 J/m2 ma mua o hoʻokahi hola. Ke hoʻohālikelike nei i kēia mau kiʻi me ka hopena i huki ʻia, hiki iā mākou ke huki i kahi hopena ʻē aʻe: ʻo ka ʻelemakule o ka ʻili i ka wā hana a me ka wā pōkole me nā kukui ultraviolet ʻaʻole ia he pilikia nui.
ʻEhia ka nui o ke kukui ultraviolet e pono ai no ka disinfection?
ʻO ka nui o nā microorganism e ola nei ma luna o ka ʻili a me ka lewa e emi nui me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka radiation ultraviolet. No ka laʻana, he 90 J/m10 ka nui e pepehi ai i ka 2% o ka mycobacterium tuberculosis. ʻElua mau mea make e pepehi i ka 99%, ʻekolu mau kau e pepehi iā 99,9%, etc.
Laiki. 9 ʻO ka hilinaʻi ʻana o ka hapa o ke ola ʻana o ka mycobacterium tuberculosis ma ke ʻano o ka radiation ultraviolet ma kahi hawewe o 254 nm.
He mea kupaianaha ka hilinaʻi exponential i ka make ʻana o ka nui liʻiliʻi i ka hapa nui o nā microorganism.
Ma waena o nā mea i helu ʻia ma [] nā microorganism pathogenic, ʻo Salmonella ka mea kūpaʻa loa i ka radiation ultraviolet. ʻO ka nui e pepehi ai i 90% o kāna mau huakini he 80 J/m2. Wahi a ka loiloi [Kowalski2020], ʻo ka maʻamau maʻamau e pepehi i ka 90% o nā coronaviruses he 67 J/m2. Akā no ka hapa nui o nā microorganism ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku kēia maʻi ma mua o 50 J/m2. No nā kumu kūpono, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomanaʻo ʻo ka maʻamau maʻamau e disinfect me 90% pono ʻo 50 J/m2.
Wahi a ke ʻano o kēia manawa i ʻae ʻia e ke Kuhina Ola o Rūsia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka radiation ultraviolet no ka disinfection ea [] ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka disinfection o "ʻekolu nines" a i ʻole 99,9% i koi ʻia no nā lumi hana, nā halemai hānai, etc. No nā lumi kula, nā hale aupuni, etc. "hoʻokahi ʻeiwa" lawa, ʻo ia hoʻi, 90% o nā microorganism i luku ʻia. 'O ia ho'i, e pili ana i ka māhele o ka lumi, mai ho'okahi a 'ekolu mau kumu ma'amau o 50...150 J/m2 ua lawa.
ʻO kahi laʻana o ka manaʻo ʻana i ka manawa irradiation e pono ai: e ʻōlelo kākou he mea pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka ea a me nā ʻili i loko o kahi lumi me ke ana ʻana he 5 × 7 × 2,8 mika, kahi i hoʻohana ʻia ai kahi kukui wehe Philips TUV 30W.
Hōʻike ka wehewehe ʻenehana o ke kukui i kahi kahe bactericidal o 12 W []. Ma kahi hihia kūpono, hele pololei ke kahe holoʻokoʻa i nā papa i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia, akā i ke kūlana maoli, e hoʻopau ʻia ka hapalua o ke kahe me ka ʻole o ka pōmaikaʻi, no ka laʻana, e hoʻomālamalama ʻo ia i ka paia ma hope o ke kukui me ka ikaika nui. No laila, e helu mākou i kahi kahe pono o 6 watts. Ka huina irradiated ili wahi i loko o ka lumi he papahele 35 m2 + kaupaku 35 m2 + paia 67 m2, huina 137 m2.
Ma ka awelika, ʻo 6 W/137 m2 = 0,044 W/m2 ka flux o ka radiation bactericidal e hāʻule ana ma luna o ka ʻili. I loko o hoʻokahi hola, ʻo ia hoʻi, i loko o 3600 kekona, e loaʻa i kēia mau ʻili ka nui o 0,044 W/m2 × 3600 s = 158 J/m2, a i ʻole 150 J/m2. ʻO ia ka mea e pili ana i ʻekolu mau kumu maʻamau o 50 J/m2 a i ʻole "ʻekolu nines" - 99,9% bactericidal efficiency, i.e. pono lumi hana. A ma muli o ka helu helu ʻia, ma mua o ka hāʻule ʻana i luna o ka ʻili, i hele i ka leo o ka lumi, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka ea me ka liʻiliʻi o ka pono.
Inā liʻiliʻi nā koi no ka sterility a ua lawa ka "hoʻokahi ʻeiwa", no ka laʻana i manaʻo ʻia, pono ʻekolu mau manawa liʻiliʻi o ka manawa irradiation - ma kahi o 20 mau minuke.
Palena UV
ʻO ke ana pale nui i ka wā o ka disinfection ultraviolet ʻo ka haʻalele ʻana i ka lumi. Ma kahi kokoke i kahi kukui UV hana, akā ʻaʻole e kōkua ka nānā ʻana; ua hoʻomālamalama mau nā mucous membrane o nā maka.
Hiki i nā aniani aniani ke hana ʻāpana no ka pale ʻana i ka mucous membrane o nā maka. ʻAʻole pololei ka ʻōlelo hoʻokaʻawale "ʻaʻole e hoʻouna ke aniani i ka radiation ultraviolet" ma kekahi ʻano, hana ia, a hana nā ʻano aniani like ʻole ma nā ʻano like ʻole. Akā ma ka laulā, i ka emi ʻana o ka nalu, emi ka transmittance, a hoʻouna maikaʻi ʻia ʻo UVC e ke aniani quartz wale nō. ʻAʻole quartz nā aniani aniani.
Hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo me ka hilinaʻi ʻaʻole e hoʻouna nā aniani aniani i hōʻailona ʻia UV400.
Laiki. 10 Ka hoʻouna ʻana o nā aniani aniani me nā helu UV380, UV400 a me UV420. Kiʻi mai ka punaewele []
ʻO kahi ana hoʻomalu ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumu o ka laha UVC bactericidal ʻaʻole e hoʻokuʻu i ka pōʻino, akā ʻaʻole kūpono no ka disinfection, UVB a me nā pae UVA.
Nā kumu ultraviolet
UV diodes
Hoʻolālā ʻia ka 365 nm ultraviolet diodes (UVA) maʻamau no "nā kukui uila" e hana ana i ka luminescence e ʻike i nā mea haumia ʻike ʻole me ka ultraviolet. ʻAʻole hiki ke disinfection me ia diodes (e nānā i ke kiʻi 11).
No ka disinfection, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā diodes UVC pōkole me ka lōʻihi nalu o 265 nm. ʻO ke kumu kūʻai o kahi module diode e pani ai i kahi kukui bactericidal mercury he ʻekolu mau kauoha o ka nui ma mua o ke kumukūʻai o ke kukui, no laila ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia ia mau hopena no ka disinfecting i nā wahi nui. Akā ʻike ʻia nā mea paʻa e hoʻohana ana i nā diodes UV no ka disinfection o nā wahi liʻiliʻi - nā mea kani, kelepona, nā ʻili ʻili, etc.
Nā kukui mercury kaomi haʻahaʻa
ʻO ke kukui mercury kaomi haʻahaʻa ka maʻamau i hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā kumu ʻē aʻe a pau.
ʻO ka hapa nui o ka ikehu radiation o ka mahu mercury ma ke kaomi haʻahaʻa i ka hoʻokuʻu uila e hāʻule i ka nalu o 254 nm, kūpono no ka disinfection. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia kahi hapa liʻiliʻi o ka ikehu ma kahi hawewe nalu o 185 nm, kahi e hoʻoulu ai i ka ozone. A liʻiliʻi loa ka ikehu e hoʻopuka ʻia ma nā lōʻihi nalu ʻē aʻe, me ka laulā ʻike ʻia.
I loko o nā kukui uila mercury keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo maʻamau, ʻaʻole hoʻouna ke aniani o ka puʻupuʻu i ka radiation ultraviolet i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka mahu mercury. Akā ʻo ka phosphor, he pauka keʻokeʻo ma nā paia o ka ipu, e ʻā ana i ka ʻike ʻike ʻia ma lalo o ka mana o ka radiation ultraviolet.
Hoʻolālā ʻia nā kukui UVB a i ʻole UVA ma ke ʻano like, ʻaʻole e hoʻouna ke aniani aniani i ka 185 nm peak a me ka 254 nm peak, akā ʻo ka phosphor ma lalo o ka mana o ka radiation ultraviolet pōkole ʻaʻole e hoʻokuʻu i ke kukui ʻike ʻia, akā ʻo ka ultraviolet lōʻihi. radiation. He mau kukui kēia no nā hana ʻenehana. A no ka like o ka spectrum o nā kukui UVA me ka lā, ua hoʻohana ʻia kēlā mau kukui no ka tanning. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka spectrum me ka bactericidal efficiency curve e hōʻike ana he kūpono ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka UVB a me nā kukui UVA no ka disinfection.
Laiki. 11 Ka hoʻohālikelike o ka pōʻaiapili hana bactericidal, ke kiko o ke kukui UVB, ke kiko o ke kukui tanning UVA a me ke kiko o ka diode 365 nm. Kiʻi ʻia nā kukui kukui mai ka pūnaewele American Paint Manufacturers Association [].
E hoʻomaopopo i ka laulā o ke kukui uila UVA a uhi ʻia ka laulā UVB. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka spectrum o ka diode 365 nm, ʻo ia ka "UVA pono". Inā koi ʻia ʻo UVA e hana i ka luminescence no nā kumu hoʻonaninani a i ʻole e ʻike i nā mea haumia, ʻoi aku ka palekana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi diode ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kukui fluorescent ultraviolet.
He ʻokoʻa ke kukui UVC mercury bactericidal haʻahaʻa me nā kukui fluorescent no ka mea, ʻaʻohe phosphor ma nā paia o ka ʻōpuʻu, a hoʻouna ka puʻupuʻu i ke kukui ultraviolet. Hoʻouna mau ʻia ka laina nui 254 nm, a hiki ke waiho ʻia ka laina ozone-generating 185 nm i ke kiko o ke kukui a i ʻole e hoʻoneʻe ʻia e kahi puʻupuʻu aniani me ka hoʻouna koho.
Laiki. 12 Hōʻike ʻia ka pae hoʻokuʻu ma ka lepili o nā kukui ultraviolet. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi kukui germicidal UVC ma ka loaʻa ʻole o ka phosphor ma ka pā.
He hopena bactericidal hou ka Ozone, akā he carcinogen, no laila, i ʻole e kali i ka ozone e hoʻopau ʻia ma hope o ka disinfection, hoʻohana ʻia nā kukui non-ozone me ka laina 185 nm i ka spectrum. Loaʻa kēia mau kukui i kahi kikoʻī maikaʻi loa - kahi laina nui me ka hana bactericidal kiʻekiʻe o 254 nm, nāwaliwali loa i ka radiation i nā pae ultraviolet non-bactericidal, a me kahi pāhaʻi liʻiliʻi "hōʻailona" i ka laulā ʻike.
Laiki. 13. Hoʻohui ʻia ke kiko o kahi kukui UVC mercury haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (i hāʻawi ʻia e ka magazine lumen2b.ru) me ka spectrum o ka radiation solar (mai Wikipedia) a me ka bactericidal efficiency curve (mai ESNA Lighting Handbook []).
ʻO ka ʻulaʻula uliuli o nā kukui germicidal hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike ua hoʻāla ʻia ke kukui mercury a hana. He nāwaliwali ka ʻālohilohi, a hāʻawi kēia i ka manaʻo hoʻopunipuni he palekana ke nānā aku i ke kukui. ʻAʻole mākou i manaʻo ʻo ka radiation ma ka UVC ka helu no 35 ... 40% o ka nui o ka mana i pau i ke kukui.
Laiki. 14 Aia kahi hapa liʻiliʻi o ka ikehu hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ka mahu mercury i ka laulā ʻike ʻia a ʻike ʻia me he ʻālohilohi uliuli nāwaliwali.
ʻO kahi kukui bactericidal mercury haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa he kumu like me ke kukui fluorescent maʻamau, akā hana ʻia i kahi lōʻihi ʻokoʻa i ʻole e hoʻokomo ʻia ke kukui bactericidal i nā kukui maʻamau. ʻO ke kukui no ke kukui bactericidal, i ka hoʻohui ʻana i kona mau ʻāpana, ʻike ʻia e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo nā ʻāpana plastik āpau i kū i ka radiation ultraviolet, ua uhi ʻia nā uea mai ka ultraviolet, ʻaʻohe diffuser.
No nā pono bactericidal home, hoʻohana ka mea kākau i kahi kukui bactericidal 15 W, i hoʻohana mua ʻia e disinfect i ka hopena nutrient o kahi hoʻonohonoho hydroponic. Hiki ke loaʻa kona analogue ma ka ʻimi ʻana i "aquarium uv sterilisator". Ke hana ka lama, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka ozone, ʻaʻole maikaʻi, akā pono no ka disinfecting, no ka laʻana, nā kāmaʻa.
Laiki. 15 Nā kukui mercury kaomi haʻahaʻa me nā ʻano kumu like ʻole. Nā kiʻi mai ka pūnaewele Aliexpress.
ʻO nā kukui mercury puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi a kiʻekiʻe
ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ke kaomi mahu mercury e alakaʻi i kahi kikoʻī paʻakikī; hoʻonui ka spectrum a ʻike hou ʻia nā laina i loko, e komo pū me nā lōʻihi hawewe ozone. ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mea hoʻohui i loko o ka mercury e alakaʻi i kahi paʻakikī o ka spectrum. Nui nā ʻano like ʻole o ia mau kukui, a he mea kūikawā ka spectrum o kēlā me kēia.
Laiki. 16 Nā hiʻohiʻona o nā kukui mercury medium a me kiʻekiʻe
ʻO ka hoʻonuiʻana i ke kaomi e ho'ēmi i ka pono o ke kukui. Ke hoʻohana nei i ka brand Aquafineuv ma ke ʻano he laʻana, nā kukui UVC medium-pressure e hoʻokuʻu i 15-18% o ka hoʻohana mana, ʻaʻole 40% e like me nā kukui haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. A ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kumukūʻai o nā mea hana no ka watt o ke kahe UVC [].
ʻO ka emiʻana o ka pono a me ka hoʻonuiʻana i ke kumukūʻai o ke kukui e ukuʻia e kona compactness. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka disinfection o ka wai kahe a i ʻole ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana i ka varnish i hoʻohana ʻia me ka wikiwiki i ka paʻi ʻana e koi i nā kumu paʻa a ikaika; ʻaʻole nui ke kumukūʻai kikoʻī a me ka pono. Akā ʻaʻole pololei ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēlā kukui no ka disinfection.
ʻO UV irradiator i hana ʻia mai kahi puhi DRL a me kahi kukui DRT
Aia kahi ala "folk" e loaʻa ai kahi kumu ultraviolet ikaika me ka liʻiliʻi. Ke hele nei lākou i waho o ka hoʻohana, akā kūʻai mau ʻia nā kukui DRL keʻokeʻo o 125 ... 1000 W. I loko o kēia mau kukui, aia i loko o ka ipu o waho kahi "kuni" - kahi kukui mercury kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻopuka ʻo ia i ke kukui ultraviolet broadband, i ālai ʻia e ka ʻōpuʻu aniani o waho, akā e hoʻomālamalama ka phosphor ma kona mau paia. Inā uhaʻi ʻoe i ka pahu o waho a hoʻohui i ka mea puhi ahi i ka pūnaewele ma o kahi choke maʻamau, e loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi emitter ultraviolet broadband ikaika.
Loaʻa nā hemahema o ia mea emitter home: haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kukui haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, aia ka hapa nui o ka radiation ultraviolet ma waho o ka pae bactericidal, a ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke noho i loko o ka lumi no kekahi manawa ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ke kukui a hiki i ka wā e wāwahi ai a nalowale paha ka ozone.
Akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻole ʻia nā pōmaikaʻi: haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka mana kiʻekiʻe i ka nui compact. ʻO kekahi o nā pōmaikaʻi ʻo ia ka hana o ka ozone. E hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻo Ozone i nā wahi malu i ʻike ʻole ʻia i nā kukuna ultraviolet.
Laiki. 17 Ultraviolet irradiator i hana ʻia mai nā kukui DRL. Hoʻopuka ʻia ke kiʻi me ka ʻae o ka mea kākau, he dentist Bulgarian, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia irradiator me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ke kukui bactericidal Philips TUV 30W maʻamau.
ʻO nā kumu ultraviolet like no ka disinfection ma ke ʻano o nā kukui mercury kiʻekiʻe e hoʻohana ʻia i nā irradiators o ke ʻano OUFK-01 "Solnyshko".
No ka laʻana, no ke kukui kaulana "DRT 125-1" ʻaʻole hoʻolaha ka mea hana i ka spectrum, akā hāʻawi i nā ʻāpana i ka palapala: ka ikaika irradiation ma kahi mamao o 1 m mai ke kukui UVA - 0,98 W / m2, UVB - 0,83 W/m2, UVC – 0,72 W/m2, kahe bactericidal 8 W, a ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻana, koi ʻia ka ea o ka lumi mai ka ozone []. I ka pane ʻana i kahi nīnau pololei e pili ana i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o kahi kukui DRT a me kahi mea puhi DRL, ua pane ka mea hana ma kāna blog e loaʻa i ka DRT kahi uhi ʻōmaʻomaʻo insulating ma nā cathodes.
Laiki. 18 Ke kumu ultraviolet broadband - kukui DRT-125
Wahi a nā hiʻohiʻona i hōʻike ʻia, ua akaka ʻo ka spectrum he broadband me kahi ʻāpana like o ka radiation i ka ultraviolet palupalu, ʻeleʻele, a me ka paʻakikī, me ka UVC paʻakikī e hana ana i ka ozone. ʻO ke kahe bactericidal he 6,4% o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo 6 mau manawa ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ke kukui tubular haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
ʻAʻole hoʻolaha ka mea hana i ka spectrum o kēia kukui, a ʻo ke kiʻi like me ka spectrum o kekahi o nā DRT e holo nei ma ka Pūnaewele. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ke kumu kumu, akā ʻaʻole kūlike ka lākiō ikehu ma nā pae UVC, UVB a me UVA me nā mea i haʻi ʻia no ke kukui DRT-125. No DRT, ua ʻōlelo ʻia kahi ratio like, a hōʻike ka spectrum i ka nui o ka ikehu UVB ma mua o ka ikehu UBC. A ma UVA he mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o UVB.
Laiki. 19. ʻO ke kiko o kahi kukui mercury arc kiʻekiʻe, e hōʻike pinepine ana i ke kiko o DRT-125, i hoʻohana nui ʻia no nā kumu lapaʻau.
ʻIke ʻia ʻo nā kukui me nā ʻokoʻa like ʻole a me nā mea hoʻohui mercury e hoʻokuʻu ʻokoʻa. Akaka no hoi, makemake ka mea kuai ike ole e noonoo kuokoa i na ano i makemakeia a me na waiwai o ka huahana, loaa ka hilinai ma muli o kona mau manao ponoi, a kuai aku. A ʻo ka paʻi ʻana o ka spectrum o kekahi kukui e hoʻokumu i nā kūkākūkā, hoʻohālikelike a me nā hopena.
Ua kūʻai aku ka mea kākau i kahi hoʻonohonoho OUFK-01 me kahi kukui DRT-125 a hoʻohana iā ia no kekahi mau makahiki e hoʻāʻo ai i ka pale UV o nā huahana plastik. Ua hoʻomālamalama au i ʻelua huahana i ka manawa like, ʻo kekahi o ia mea he mana i hana ʻia me ka plastic-resistant ultraviolet, a nānā i ka mea e huli melemele wikiwiki. No ia noi, ʻaʻole pono ka ʻike o ke ʻano kikoʻī o ka spectrum; ʻo ka mea nui wale nō ka broadband ka emitter. Akā no ke aha e hoʻohana ai i ke kukui ultraviolet broadband inā koi ʻia ka disinfection?
ʻO ke kumu o ka OUFK-01 e ʻōlelo nei e hoʻohana ʻia ka irradiator no nā kaʻina inflammatory acute. ʻO ia hoʻi, i nā hihia kahi i ʻoi aku ai ka hopena maikaʻi o ka disinfection o ka ʻili ma mua o ka pōʻino o ka radiation ultraviolet broadband. ʻIke loa, i kēia hihia, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ultraviolet narrow-band, me ka loaʻa ʻole o nā hawewe i ka spectrum i loaʻa ka hopena ma mua o ka bactericidal.
Ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ea
Manaʻo ʻia ke kukui Ultraviolet he ala lawa ʻole no ka disinfecting surfaces, no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki i nā kukuna ke komo i kahi, no ka laʻana, komo ka waiʻona. Akā hoʻopau maikaʻi ke kukui ultraviolet i ka ea.
I ka hū ʻana a me ka ʻuʻu ʻana, hoʻokumu ʻia nā droplets he mau micrometers ka nui, e kau ana i ka lewa mai kekahi mau minuke a i kekahi mau hola []. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina maʻi maʻi ʻaʻole lawa ka hāʻule ʻana o ka aerosol i mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka maʻi.
Ma ke alanui, palekana mākou ma muli o ka nui o ka lewa a me ka neʻe ʻana o ka ea, hiki ke hoʻopuehu a disinfect i kekahi sneeze me ka manawa a me ka radiation lā. ʻOiai ma ka metro, ʻoiai he liʻiliʻi ka hapa o ka poʻe i maʻi ʻia, nui ka nui o ka ea o kēlā me kēia kanaka i maʻi ʻia, a ʻo ka ventila maikaʻi e liʻiliʻi ai ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka maʻi. ʻO kahi ʻoi loa o ka pōʻino i ka wā o ka maʻi maʻi ea he elevator. No laila, pono e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka poʻe sneeze, a pono e disinfected ka ea ma nā wahi ākea me ka lawa ʻole o ka ea.
Recirculators
ʻO kekahi o nā koho no ka disinfection ea ua pani ʻia nā UV recyclers. E kūkākūkā kākou i kekahi o kēia mau recirculators - "Dezar 7", i ʻike ʻia no ka ʻike ʻia ʻana ma ke keʻena o ka mea mua o ka mokuʻāina.
ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana o ka recirculator e ʻōlelo ana he 100 m3 i kēlā me kēia hola a ua hoʻolālā ʻia e mālama i kahi lumi me ka nui o 100 m3 (ma kahi o 5 × 7 × 2,8 mika).
Eia naʻe, ʻo ka hiki ke hoʻopau i ka 100 m3 o ka ea i kēlā me kēia hola ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo e mālama maikaʻi ʻia ka ea i loko o kahi lumi 100 m3 i kēlā me kēia hola. ʻO ka ea i mālama ʻia e hoʻoheheʻe i ka ea lepo, a ma kēia ʻano e komo hou i ka recirculator. He mea maʻalahi ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi hiʻohiʻona makemakika a helu i ka pono o ia kaʻina hana:
Laiki. 20 ʻO ka mana o ka hana a UV recirculator i ka helu o nā microorganism i ka lewa o kahi lumi me ka ʻole o ka ea.
No ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o nā microorganisms i ka lewa e 90%, pono e hana ka recirculator no ʻelua mau hola. Inā ʻaʻohe ea i loko o ka lumi, hiki kēia. Akā, ʻaʻohe lumi me nā kānaka a me ka ʻole o ka ea. E laʻa, [] ke kuhikuhi nei i ka liʻiliʻi o ka holo ʻana o ka ea ma waho no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o 3 m3 i kēlā me kēia hola no ka 1 m2 o kahi hale. Hoʻopili kēia i ka hoʻololi piha ʻana o ka ea i hoʻokahi hola a hana ʻole ka hana o ka recirculator.
Inā mākou e noʻonoʻo i ke kumu hoʻohālike ʻaʻole o ka hui ʻana piha, akā ʻo nā jet laminar e hele ma kahi ala paʻa paʻa i loko o ka lumi a komo i loko o ka ventilation, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka pono o ka disinfecting i kekahi o kēia mau jet ma mua o ke kumu hoʻohālike o ka hui pū ʻana.
I kekahi hihia, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka recirculator UV ma mua o ka puka makani hāmama.
ʻO kekahi o nā kumu o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka recirculators ʻo ia ka liʻiliʻi o ka hopena bactericidal i nā huaʻōlelo o kēlā me kēia watt o ke kahe UV. Hele ka lāʻau ma kahi o 10 mau kenimika i loko o ka hoʻokomo ʻana, a laila e ʻike ʻia mai ka alumini me kahi koena o k = 0,7. ʻO ia ke ʻano o ke ala kūpono o ka lāʻau i loko o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana ma kahi o ka hapalua mika, a ma hope o ka lawe ʻia ʻana me ka pōmaikaʻi ʻole.
Laiki. 21. Mai kahi wikiō YouTube e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o ka mea hana hou. ʻIke ʻia nā kukui Germicidal a me kahi ʻāpana hoʻomālamalama alumini, e hōʻike ana i ka radiation ultraviolet i ʻoi aku ka ʻino ma mua o ka mālamalama ʻike ʻia [].
ʻO kahi kukui bactericidal, e kau ākea ana ma ka paia ma kahi keʻena keʻena a hoʻohuli ʻia e ke kauka e like me ka papa kuhikuhi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā manawa. Hele nā kukuna mai kahi kukui hāmama i mau mika, e hoʻomaʻemaʻe mua i ka ea a laila ma luna.
ʻO nā irradiators ea ma luna o ka lumi
Ma nā keʻena haukapila kahi e noho mau ai nā poʻe maʻi moe moe, hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana UV i kekahi manawa e hoʻomālamalama i nā kahe ea ma lalo o ke kaupaku. ʻO ka hemahema nui o ia mau hoʻonohonoho ʻana, ʻo ka grille e uhi ana i nā kukui e ʻae wale i nā kukuna e hele pololei i ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi, e komo ana ma mua o 90% o ke kahe i koe me ka pōmaikaʻi ʻole.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke puhi i ka ea ma o ia irradiator e hana i kahi recirculator i ka manawa like, akā ʻaʻole i hana ʻia, ma muli paha o ka makemake ʻole i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka lepo accumulator i loko o ka lumi.
Laiki. 22 Uw irradiator ea i kau ʻia ma ka lewa, kiʻi mai ka pūnaewele [].
Mālama nā grilles i ka poʻe i loko o ka lumi mai ke kahe pololei ʻana o ka radiation ultraviolet, akā ʻo ke kahe e hele ana ma ka grille e paʻi i ke kaupaku a me nā paia a ʻike ʻia, me ka coefficient noʻonoʻo ma kahi o 10%. Hoʻopiha ʻia ka lumi i ka radiation ultraviolet omnidirectional a loaʻa i ka poʻe ka nui o ka radiation ultraviolet e like me ka manawa i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka lumi.
Nānā a me ka mea kākau
Nā mea nānā:
ʻO Artyom Balabanov, ʻenehana uila, hoʻomohala i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻōla UV;
Rumen Vasilev, Ph.D., enekinia kukui, OOD "Interlux", Bulgaria;
ʻO Vadim Grigorov, ka mea biophysicist;
Stanislav Lermontov, enekinia kukui, Complex Systems LLC;
ʻO Alexey Pankrashkin, Ph.D., Polopeka Hokua, ʻenekinia kukui semiconductor a me photonics, INTECH Engineering LLC;
Andrey Khramov, loea i ka hoʻolālā kukui no nā keʻena olakino;
ʻO Vitaly Tsvirko, ke poʻo o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua kukui "TSSOT NAS o Belarus"
Author: ʻO Anton Sharakshane, Ph.D., ʻenekinia kukui a me ka biophysicist, First Moscow State Medical University i kapa ʻia ma hope. LAUA. Sechenov
kūmole
kūmole
[Airsteril]
[Aquafineuv]
[CIE 155:2003] CIE 155:2003 ULTRAVIOLET AIR DISINFECTION
[DIN 5031-10] DIN 5031-10 2018 Optical radiation physics a me ka ʻenehana hoʻomālamalama. Māhele 10: Photobiologically effect radiation, ka nui, nā hōʻailona a me ka spectrum hana. ʻO ke kino o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka ʻenehana kukui. Photobiologically active radiation. ʻO nā ana, nā hōʻailona a me ka spectra hana
[ESNA] ESNA Lighting Handbook, 9th Edition. ed. Rea MS Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, New York, 2000
[IEC 62471] GOST R IEC 62471-2013 Nā kukui a me nā ʻōnaehana kukui. Palekana Photobiological
[Kowalski2020] Wladyslaw J. Kowalski et al., 2020 COVID-19 Coronavirus Ultraviolet Susceptibility, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.22803.22566
[Lisma]
[Mitsuichemicals]
[Nejm]
[Peina]
[TUV]
[WHO] Hui Ola Ola. Ultraviolet Radiation: He loiloi ʻepekema maʻamau no ka hopena o ke kaiapuni a me ke olakino o ka radiation UV, e pili ana i ka pau ʻana o ka ozone honua.
[Desar]
[R 3.5.1904-04] R 3.5.1904-04 Ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka radiation bactericidal ultraviolet no ka disinfection o ka ea i loko.
[SP 60.13330.2016] SP 60.13330.2016 Pumehana, ea a me ka ea.
Source: www.habr.com