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I ka makahiki 1990 , he mea aʻoaʻo pūnaewele a me ka loea UNIX, i hoʻopuka i kahi hiʻohiʻona piha o ke kūlana o ka pūnaewele kamepiula i kēlā manawa. Ma kahi ʻāpana pōkole e pili ana i ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka ʻikepili, ua wānana ʻo ia i ka puka ʻana mai o kahi pūnaewele puni honua no "ka leka uila, nā hālāwai kūkā, ka hoʻoili ʻana i nā faila, nā logins mamao - e like me ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi pūnaewele kelepona honua a me ka leka honua i kēia lā." Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hoʻopili i kahi kuleana kūikawā i ka Pūnaewele. Ua manaʻo ʻo ia e hoʻohana ʻia kēia pūnaewele puni honua "e nā keʻena kamaʻilio aupuni," koe wale nō ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, "kahi e lawelawe ʻia ai e nā māhele āpana o Bell Operating Companies a me nā mea lawe lōʻihi."
ʻO ke kumu o kēia ʻatikala ʻo ia ka wehewehe ʻana pehea, me ka ulu ʻana o ka exponential exponential, ua hoʻohuli maoli ka Pūnaewele i nā manaʻo kūlohelohe maoli.
Kaʻalo ʻana i ka pahu
ʻO ka hanana koʻikoʻi mua e alakaʻi ana i ka puka ʻana o ka Pūnaewele hou i ka makahiki 1980, i ka wā i hoʻoholo ai ka Defense Communications Agency (DCA) [i kēia manawa DISA] e hoʻokaʻawale i ka ARPANET i ʻelua ʻāpana. Ua lawe ʻo DCA i ka mana o ka pūnaewele i ka makahiki 1975. Ma ia manawa, ua maopopo ʻo ARPA's Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO), kahi hui i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i ke aʻo ʻana i nā manaʻo theoretical, ʻaʻohe manaʻo i ke komo ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi pūnaewele i hoʻohana ʻia ʻaʻole no ka noiʻi kamaʻilio akā no ka kamaʻilio ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā. Ua hoʻāʻo maikaʻi ʻole ʻo ARPA e kāʻili i ka mana o ka pūnaewele mai ka hui pilikino AT&T. ʻO DCA, ke kuleana o nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio pūʻali koa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka koho lua.
No nā makahiki mua o ke kūlana hou, ua ulu maikaʻi ʻo ARPANET i kahi kūlana hauʻoli. Eia nō naʻe, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 1980, ua makemake nui ʻia nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio kahiko o ka Defence Department i kahi hoʻonui. ʻO ka papahana hoʻololi i manaʻo ʻia, ʻo AUTODIN II, kahi i koho ai ʻo DCA iā Western Union ma kāna ʻaelike, ʻaʻole i hāʻule. A laila koho nā poʻo DCA iā Konela Heidi Hayden e mālama i ke koho ʻana i kahi mea ʻē aʻe. Ua manaʻo ʻo ia e hoʻohana i ka ʻenehana hoʻololi packet, kahi i loaʻa iā DCA ma ke ʻano o ARPANET, ma ke ʻano he kumu no ka pūnaewele ʻikepili pale hou.
Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi pilikia ma ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka ʻikepili pūʻali koa ma luna o ka ARPANET - ua piha ka pūnaewele me nā ʻepekema lauoho lōʻihi, ʻo kekahi o lākou i kūʻē ikaika i ka palekana kamepiula a i ʻole ka hūnā - no ka laʻana, me kona mau hoa hackers mai ka MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab. Manaʻo ʻo Hayden e hoʻokaʻawale i ka pūnaewele i ʻelua ʻāpana. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e mālama i nā ʻepekema noiʻi kālā a ARPA ma ka ARPANET a hoʻokaʻawale i nā kamepiula pale i kahi pūnaewele hou i kapa ʻia ʻo MILNET. ʻElua mau hopena koʻikoʻi kēia mitosis. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo ka mahele o ka pūʻali koa a me nā ʻāpana koa ʻole o ka pūnaewele ka hana mua i ka hoʻoili ʻana i ka Pūnaewele ma lalo o ke kīwila, a ma lalo o ka mana pilikino. ʻO ka lua, ʻo ia ka hōʻoia o ka hiki ʻana o ka ʻenehana seminal o ka Pūnaewele - nā protocol TCP/IP, i hana mua ʻia ma kahi o ʻelima mau makahiki ma mua. Pono ka DCA i nā node ARPANET a pau e hoʻololi mai nā kuʻina hoʻoilina i ke kākoʻo TCP/IP ma ka makahiki 1983. I kēlā manawa, liʻiliʻi nā pūnaewele i hoʻohana i ka TCP/IP, akā ua hoʻopili ke kaʻina hana i nā pūnaewele ʻelua o ka proto-Internet, e ʻae ana i nā leka uila e hoʻopili i ka noiʻi a me nā ʻoihana koa e like me ka mea e pono ai. No ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ke ola o TCP/IP ma nā pūnaewele pūʻali koa, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Hayden i kahi kālā $20 miliona e kākoʻo i nā mea hana kamepiula nāna e kākau i nā lako polokalamu e hoʻokō i ka TCP/IP ma kā lākou pūnaewele.
ʻO ka hana mua i ka neʻe ʻana o ka Pūnaewele mai ka pūʻali koa i ka mana pilikino e hāʻawi iā mākou i kahi manawa maikaʻi e haʻi aku ai iā ARPA a me IPTO. ʻO kāna kālā a me kona mana, alakaʻi ʻia e Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider, Ivan Sutherland, a me Robert Taylor, i alakaʻi pololei a ʻaʻole pololei i nā hana mua a pau o ka ʻike kamepiula a me ka ʻupena kamepiula. Eia nō naʻe, me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka maʻamau TCP/IP i ka waena o 1970s, ua pāʻani ia i kahi kuleana nui i ka mōʻaukala o nā kamepiula no ka manawa hope loa.
ʻO ka hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū koʻikoʻi nui e kākoʻo ʻia e DARPA ʻo ia ka 2004-2005 Autonomous Vehicles Competition. ʻO ka papahana kaulana loa ma mua o kēia, ʻo ia ka piliona kālā AI-based strategic computing initiative o nā makahiki 1980, nāna e hoʻopuka i kekahi mau noi koa pono akā ʻaʻohe hopena i ka hui kīwila.
ʻO ka mea hoʻoholo i ka nalowale o ka mana o ka hui . Manaʻo ka hapa nui o ka poʻe noiʻi hoʻonaʻauao e hakakā nei lākou i ka hakakā maikaʻi a me ka pale ʻana i ka demokala i ka wā i loaʻa kālā ai ka noiʻi ʻana o Cold War e ka pūʻali koa. Eia naʻe, ua nalowale ka poʻe i ulu i ka 1950s a me 1960s i ka hilinaʻi i ka pūʻali koa a me kāna mau pahuhopu ma hope o ka lilo ʻana i ke kaua Vietnam. Ma waena o ka mea mua ʻo Taylor ponoʻī, ka mea i haʻalele iā IPTO i 1969, e lawe ana i kona mau manaʻo a me nā pilina iā Xerox PARC. ʻO ka'aha'ōlelo Democratic-controlled, hopohopo e pili ana i ka hopena pōʻino o ke kālā pūʻali ma ka noiʻi ʻepekema kumu, ua hoʻololi i nā hoʻololi e koi ana i ke kālā pale e hoʻohana wale ʻia ma ka noiʻi koa. Ua hōʻike ʻo ARPA i kēia hoʻololi i ka moʻomeheu kālā i ka makahiki 1972 ma ke kapa hou ʻana iā ia iho ʻo DARPA— .
No laila, ua hāʻawi ʻia ka lāʻau i ke kanaka kīwila (NSF). Ma ka makahiki 1980, me ka waihona kālā o $20 miliona, ua kuleana ʻo NSF i ke kālā ma kahi o ka hapalua o nā polokalamu noiʻi kamepiula federal ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. A e hoʻokaʻawale koke ʻia ka hapa nui o kēia mau kālā i kahi pūnaewele kamepiula aupuni hou .
NSFNET
I ka makahiki mua o 1980, ua kipa ʻo Larry Smarr, he physicist ma ke Kulanui o Illinois, i ka Institute. ʻO Max Planck ma Munich, kahi i hana ai ka supercomputer "Cray", kahi i ʻae ʻia ai nā mea noiʻi ʻEulopa. Ma muli o ka nele o nā kumuwaiwai like ʻole no nā ʻepekema US, ua noi ʻo ia i ka NSF e hoʻokumu i nā kikowaena supercomputing ma ka ʻāina. Ua pane aku ka hui iā Smarr a me nā mea noiʻi ʻē aʻe me nā hoʻopiʻi like ʻana ma o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka Advanced Scientific Computing Division ma 1984, kahi i alakaʻi ʻia i ke kālā kālā ʻelima o ia mau kikowaena me kahi kālā ʻelima makahiki o $42 miliona, e hohola ana mai ke Kulanui ʻo Cornell ma ka ʻākau a hiki i San Diego. .ma ke Komohana Hema. Aia ma waena, ke Kulanui o Illinois, kahi i hana ai ʻo Smarr, loaʻa i kona kikowaena ponoʻī, ka National Center for Supercomputing Applications, NCSA.
Eia naʻe, ua kaupalena ka hiki i nā kikowaena ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ke komo ʻana i ka mana kamepiula. He mea paʻakikī ka hoʻohana ʻana i kā lākou kamepiula no nā mea hoʻohana ʻaʻole e noho kokoke ana i kekahi o nā kikowaena ʻelima a pono e loaʻa kālā no nā huakaʻi noiʻi no ke kau semester a lōʻihi paha. No laila, ua hoʻoholo ʻo NSF e kūkulu i kahi pūnaewele kamepiula pū kekahi. Hoʻomaka hou ka mōʻaukala—Ua paipai ʻo Taylor i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka ARPANET i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1960 e hāʻawi i ke kaiāulu noiʻi i ke komo ʻana i nā kumu waiwai hoʻopili. E hāʻawi ʻo NSF i iwi kuamoʻo e hoʻopili ai i nā kikowaena supercomputing koʻikoʻi, e hohola ma waena o ka ʻāina, a laila e hoʻopili i nā pūnaewele kūloko e hāʻawi i nā kula ʻē aʻe a me nā hale hana noiʻi e komo i kēia mau kikowaena. E hoʻohana ʻo NSF i nā kuʻina pūnaewele i hāpai ʻia e Hayden ma o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke kuleana no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā ʻupena kūloko i nā kaiāulu ʻepekema kūloko.
Ua hoʻololi mua ʻo NSF i nā hana e hana a mālama i ka pūnaewele NCSA mai ke Kulanui o Illinois ma ke kumu o ka manaʻo kumu e hana i kahi papahana supercomputing aupuni. Ua hoʻolimalima ʻo NCSA i nā loulou 56 kbps i hoʻohana ʻia e ARPANET mai ka makahiki 1969 a hoʻomaka i ka pūnaewele i ka makahiki 1986. Eia naʻe, ua paʻa koke kēia mau laina me nā kaʻa (hiki ke loaʻa nā kikoʻī o kēia kaʻina hana ma ka hana a David Mills ""). A ua hoʻomau hou ka mōʻaukala o ARPANET iā ia iho - ua ʻike koke ʻia ʻo ka hana nui o ka pūnaewele ʻaʻole pono ke komo ʻana o nā ʻepekema i ka mana kamepiula, akā ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā leka ma waena o ka poʻe i loaʻa iā ia. Hiki ke kala ʻia ʻo ARPANET no ka ʻike ʻole ʻana e hiki mai ana kekahi mea e like me kēia - akā pehea e hiki ai ke hana hou ʻia ka hewa like ma kahi o iwakālua makahiki ma hope? ʻewalu helu ma mua o ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka hoʻolilo ʻana i kēlā mau kālā no nā pahuhopu like ʻole, e like me ka hiki ke hoʻololi i nā leka uila. no ka mea, inā ʻaʻole mākou e ola, a inā ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke nānā aku iā lākou, ʻaʻole pono wau e kākau e pili ana i kahi pūnaewele kamepiula i kākoʻo ʻia e ke aupuni inā ʻaʻohe mau kumu like ʻole, ʻano fictitious no kona ola ʻana.
Ma muli o ka manaʻo o ka pūnaewele ponoʻī e like me ka waiwai o nā supercomputers e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i kona ola ʻana, ua huli ʻo NSF i waho kōkua e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka iwi kuamoʻo o ka pūnaewele me nā loulou T1-hiki (1,5 Mbps). /Me). Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka maʻamau T1 e AT&T i nā makahiki 1960, a ua manaʻo ʻia e lawelawe i nā kelepona kelepona he 24, ua hoʻopili ʻia kēlā me kēia i loko o kahi kahawai kikohoʻe 64 kbit/s.
Ua lanakila ʻo Merit Network, Inc. i ka ʻaelike. i ka hui pū ʻana me MCI a me IBM, a ua loaʻa iā ia kahi haʻawina $58 miliona mai NSF i kāna mau makahiki ʻelima mua e kūkulu a mālama i ka pūnaewele. Hāʻawi ʻo MCI i ka ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio, hāʻawi ʻo IBM i ka mana computing a me nā lako polokalamu no nā mea ala. ʻO ka hui ʻoihana ʻole ʻo Merit, ka mea nāna i hoʻohana i ka ʻupena kamepiula e hoʻopili ana i nā pā kula o ke Kulanui o Michigan, ua lawe pū me ia i ka ʻike i ka mālama ʻana i kahi pūnaewele kamepiula ʻepekema, a hāʻawi i ka hui holoʻokoʻa i ke kulanui e maʻalahi ai ka ʻae ʻana e NSF a me nā ʻepekema i hoʻohana iā NSFNET. . Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā lawelawe mai NCSA a i Merit ka mea mua i ʻike ʻia i ka privatization.
Ua kū mua ʻo MERIT no Michigan Educational Research Information Triad. Ua hoʻohui ʻo Michigan State i $5 miliona e kōkua i kāna pūnaewele home T1 e ulu.
ʻO ka iwi kuamoʻo Merit i lawe i nā kaʻa mai ka ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻumikūmālua mau wīwī kūloko, mai New York's NYSERNet, kahi pūnaewele noiʻi a hoʻonaʻauao i pili i ke Kulanui ʻo Cornell ma Ithaca, iā CERFNet, kahi hui noiʻi a me ka ʻoihana hoʻonaʻauao i pili iā San Diego. Hoʻopili ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻupena kūloko i nā ʻupena pā kula kūloko he nui, ʻoiai ua holo nā keʻena kolepa a me nā keʻena kumu i nā haneli o nā mīkini Unix. Ua lilo kēia ʻupena federal i nā hua aniani o ka Pūnaewele hou. Hoʻopili ʻo ARPANET i nā mea noiʻi ʻepekema kamepiula kālā maikaʻi e hana ana ma nā ʻoihana ʻepekema elite. A i ka makahiki 1990, aneane hiki i kekahi haumāna kulanui a kumu paha ke hele ma ka pūnaewele. Ma ka hoʻolei ʻana i nā ʻeke mai ka node a i ka node—ma o Ethernet kūloko, a laila ma kahi pūnaewele ʻāpana, a laila ma nā mamao lōʻihi me ka wikiwiki o ka mālamalama ma ka iwi kuamoʻo NSFNET—hiki iā lākou ke hoʻololi i nā leka uila a i ʻole nā kamaʻilio Usenet hanohano me nā hoa hana mai nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka ʻāina. .
Ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hui ʻepekema ʻē aʻe ma o NSFNET ma mua o ARPANET, ua hoʻopau ʻo DCA i ka pūnaewele hoʻoilina ma 1990, a kāpae loa i ke Keʻena ʻOihana mai ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pūnaewele kīwila.
Haʻalele
I loko o kēia manawa holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ka helu o nā kamepiula i hoʻopili ʻia me NSFNET a me nā pūnaewele pili - a hiki iā mākou ke kāhea i kēia manawa i ka Pūnaewele - ua pālua ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki. 28 i Dekemaba 000, 1987 i ʻOkakopa 56,000, 1988 i ʻOkakopa 159, a pēlā aku. Ua hoʻomau kēia ʻano a hiki i ka waena o 000s, a laila ka ulu . Pehea, i ka hāʻawi ʻana i kēia ʻano, manaʻo wau, ʻaʻole paha i ʻike ʻo Quarterman i ka manaʻo o ka Pūnaewele e hoʻomalu i ka honua? Inā ua aʻo mai ka maʻi maʻi hou iā mākou i kekahi mea, he mea paʻakikī loa i nā kānaka ke noʻonoʻo i ka ulu ʻana o ka exponential no ka mea ʻaʻole ia e pili i kekahi mea a mākou e hālāwai ai i kēlā me kēia lā.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka inoa a me ka manaʻo o ka Pūnaewele ma mua o NSFNET. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka protocol Internet ma 1974, a ma mua o ka NSFNET aia nā pūnaewele i kamaʻilio ma IP. Ua haʻi mua mākou iā ARPANET a me MILNET. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke ʻike i ka ʻōlelo ʻana o ka "internet" - kahi pūnaewele hoʻokahi o ka honua holoʻokoʻa - ma mua o ka hiki ʻana mai o ka NSFNET ʻekolu.
Ua ulu like ka nui o nā pūnaewele i loko o ka Pūnaewele, mai 170 i Iulai 1988 a 3500 i ka hāʻule o 1991. No ka ʻike ʻole o ka ʻepekema ʻepekema i nā palena, aia ka nui o lākou ma waho, e hoʻomaka me nā pilina me Farani a me Kanada i hoʻokumu ʻia ma 1988. Ma ka makahiki 1995, aneane hiki i nā ʻāina he 100 ke komo i ka Pūnaewele, mai Algeria a i Vietnam. A ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka helu ʻana o nā mīkini a me nā pūnaewele ma mua o ka helu o nā mea hoʻohana maoli, e like me nā manaʻo kūpono, ma ka hopena o 1994 aia 10-20 miliona o lākou. i ka manawa hea i hoʻohana ai i ka Pūnaewele, he mea paʻakikī ke hōʻoia i kēia a i ʻole kekahi mau wehewehe mōʻaukala no ia ulu nui. ʻAʻole hiki ke wehewehe i kahi hōʻuluʻulu liʻiliʻi o nā moʻolelo a me nā moʻolelo i ka pili ʻana o 1991 kamepiula i ka Pūnaewele mai Ianuali 1992 a Ianuali 350, a laila 000 i ka makahiki aʻe, a me 600 miliona i ka makahiki e hiki mai ana.
Eia nō naʻe, e ʻimi au i loko o kēia ʻāina haʻalulu epistemically a hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo nā nalu overlapping ʻekolu o nā mea hoʻohana ke kuleana no ka ulu pahū o ka Pūnaewele, kēlā me kēia me ko lākou mau kumu ponoʻī no ka hoʻopili ʻana, ua alakaʻi ʻia e kahi loiloi inexorable. , e ʻōlelo ana e piʻi aʻe ka waiwai (a no laila ka mana o ka huki ʻana) o kahi pūnaewele e like me ka huinahā o ka helu o nā mea komo.
Ua hele mua nā kānaka ʻepekema. Ua manaʻo ʻo NSF e hoʻolaha i ka helu helu i nā kulanui he nui. Ma hope o kēlā, makemake kēlā me kēia ʻepekema e komo i ka papahana no ka mea aia nā mea ʻē aʻe i laila. Inā ʻaʻole hiki i nā leka uila iā ʻoe, inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e ʻike a komo paha i nā kūkākūkā hou loa ma Usenet, hiki iā ʻoe ke nalowale i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o kahi hālāwai kūkā nui, ka manawa e loaʻa ai kahi kumu aʻoaʻo, nele i ka noiʻi ʻokiʻoki ma mua o ka paʻi ʻia ʻana, a pēlā aku. . Me ka manaʻo paʻakikī e komo i nā kamaʻilio ʻepekema ma ka pūnaewele, ua hoʻopili koke nā kulanui i nā pūnaewele kūloko i hiki ke hoʻopili iā lākou i ka iwi kuamoʻo NSFNET. No ka laʻana, ua loaʻa iā NEARNET, ka mea i uhi i nā mokuʻāina ʻeono ma New England, ʻoi aku ma mua o 1990 mau lālā i nā makahiki 200.
I ka manawa like, ua hoʻomaka ke komo ʻana mai nā kumu kula a me nā haumāna puka i ke kaiāulu nui o nā haumāna. Ma ka makahiki 1993, ma kahi o 70% o nā haumāna hou o Harvard he leka uila. I kēlā manawa, ua hele kino ka Pūnaewele ma Harvard i nā kihi āpau a me nā hui pili. i mea e hāʻawi ai i ka Ethernet ʻaʻole wale i kēlā me kēia hale o ke kula hoʻonaʻauao, akā i nā hale moe haumāna a pau. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i liʻuliʻu ma mua o ka hāʻule mua ʻana o kekahi o nā haumāna i loko o kona lumi ma hope o ka pō ʻino, hāʻule i kahi noho a paʻakikī e paʻi i kahi leka uila āna i mihi ai i ka hoʻouna ʻana i ke kakahiaka aʻe - he hōʻike aloha a i ʻole. he papa huhu, i ka enemi.
I ka nalu aʻe, ma kahi o 1990, hoʻomaka nā mea hoʻohana kālepa e hōʻea. I kēlā makahiki, 1151 .com nā kāinoa i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia. ʻO ka poʻe i komo mua i ke kālepa ʻo ia nā keʻena noiʻi o nā ʻoihana ʻenehana (Bell Labs, Xerox, IBM, etc.). Ua hoʻohana maoli lākou i ka pūnaewele no nā kumu ʻepekema. ʻO ke kamaʻilio pāʻoihana ma waena o kā lākou mau alakaʻi i hele ma o nā pūnaewele ʻē aʻe. Eia naʻe, i ka makahiki 1994 Aia ma mua o 60 mau inoa ma ka .com domain, a ua hoʻomaka ka loaʻa kālā ma ka Pūnaewele.
Ma ka hopena o nā makahiki 1980, ua hoʻomaka nā kamepiula e lilo i ʻāpana o ka hana o kēlā me kēia lā a me ka noho home o nā kamaʻāina ʻAmelika, a ua ʻike ʻia ke koʻikoʻi o kahi kikohoʻe no kekahi ʻoihana koʻikoʻi. Hāʻawi ka leka uila i kahi ala e maʻalahi a wikiwiki loa e hoʻololi i nā memo me nā hoa hana, nā mea kūʻai aku a me nā mea hoʻolako. Hāʻawi nā papa leka uila a me Usenet i nā ala hou e hoʻomau i nā hanana i loko o ke kaiāulu ʻoihana a me nā ʻano hou o ka hoʻolaha haʻahaʻa loa i ka lehulehu o nā mea hoʻohana. Ma o ka Pūnaewele ua hiki ke komo i kahi ʻano nui o nā ʻikepili manuahi - kānāwai, olakino, kālā a me ka politika. ʻO nā haumāna o nehinei e loaʻa ana nā hana a noho i loko o nā hale moe pili, ua aloha nui lākou i ka Pūnaewele e like me kā lākou mau mea hana. Hāʻawi ia i ke komo ʻana i kahi pūʻulu o nā mea hoʻohana ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o kekahi o nā lawelawe kalepa pākahi (Metcalfe's Law hou). Ma hope o ka uku ʻana no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pūnaewele no hoʻokahi mahina, aneane manuahi nā mea ʻē aʻe, e kūʻē i nā uku hefty i kēlā me kēia hola a i ʻole nā memo i koi ʻia e CompuServe a me nā lawelawe like ʻole. ʻO ka poʻe i komo mua i loko o ka mākeke Pūnaewele, ua komo nā hui leka uila, e like me The Corner Store of Litchfield, Connecticut, i hoʻolaha ʻia ma nā hui Usenet, a me The Online Bookstore, kahi hale kūʻai e-puke i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka mea hoʻoponopono mua o Little, Brown and Company, a he ʻumi mau makahiki ma mua o ka Kindle.
A laila hele mai ke kolu o ka nalu o ka ulu ʻana, e lawe mai ana i nā mea kūʻai aku i kēlā me kēia lā i hoʻomaka e hele ma ka pūnaewele i nā helu nui i ka waena o 1990s. I kēia manawa, ua hana mua ʻo Metcalfe's Law i ka hana kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana, ʻo ka "paʻa pūnaewele" ʻo ia ka "aia ma ka Pūnaewele." ʻAʻole hiki i nā mea kūʻai ke hoʻolōʻihi i nā laina papa T1 i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i ko lākou mau home, no laila ʻaneʻane hiki mau lākou i ka Pūnaewele ma o . Ua ʻike mua mākou i kekahi hapa o kēia moʻolelo i ka wā i lilo mālie ai nā BBS pāʻoihana i mea hoʻolako pūnaewele. Ua hoʻopōmaikaʻi kēia hoʻololi i nā mea hoʻohana ʻelua (nona ka wai kikohoʻe i ulu koke i ke kai) a me nā BBS iā lākou iho, ka mea i neʻe i ka ʻoihana maʻalahi loa o ke kikowaena ma waena o ka ʻōnaehana kelepona a me ka "backbone" pūnaewele ma T1, me ka ʻole o ka pono e mālama. kā lākou mau lawelawe ponoʻī.
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā lawelawe pūnaewele nui ma nā laina like. Ma ka makahiki 1993, ua hāʻawi aku nā lawelawe aupuni āpau ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa—Prodigy, CompuServe, GEnie, a me ka hui hou ʻana ʻo America Online (AOL)—i hui pū ʻia he 3,5 miliona mau mea hoʻohana i hiki ke hoʻouna i ka leka uila i nā leka uila. A ʻo Delphi wale nō (me 100 mau mea kākau inoa) i hāʻawi piha i ka Pūnaewele. Eia naʻe, i loko o nā makahiki e hiki mai ana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka Pūnaewele, ka mea i hoʻomau i ka ulu ʻana ma ka helu exponential, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻaha kūkā, nā pāʻani, nā hale kūʻai a me nā ʻike ʻē aʻe o nā lawelawe ʻoihana ponoʻī. ʻO 000 kahi hulina - ma ʻOkakopa, 1996% o nā mea hoʻohana i ka pūnaewele e hoʻohana ana i ka WWW, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 73% o ka makahiki ma mua. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi huaʻōlelo hou, "portal," e wehewehe i nā koena vestigial o nā lawelawe i hāʻawi ʻia e AOL, Prodigy a me nā hui ʻē aʻe i uku ʻia e ka poʻe i ke kālā no ke komo ʻana i ka Pūnaewele.
Mea huna
No laila, ua loaʻa iā mākou kahi manaʻo koʻikoʻi o ka ulu ʻana o ka Pūnaewele i kēlā ʻano pahū, akā ʻaʻole mākou i noʻonoʻo i ke kumu o ia mea. No ke aha i lilo ai ia i mea nui i ka wā i loaʻa ai nā ʻano lawelawe ʻē aʻe e hoʻāʻo nei e ulu i kona mua? ?
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua pāʻani nā kōkua aupuni. Ma waho aʻe o ke kālā ʻana i ka iwi kuamoʻo, i ka wā i hoʻoholo ai ʻo NSF e hoʻolilo koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana kūʻokoʻa i kāna papahana supercomputing, ʻaʻole ia i hoʻopau i ka manawa ma nā mea liʻiliʻi. Ua hoʻoholo nā alakaʻi noʻonoʻo o ka papahana NSFNET, ʻo Steve Wolfe lāua ʻo Jane Cavines, e kūkulu ʻaʻole i kahi pūnaewele o nā supercomputers wale nō, akā i kahi ʻikepili hou no nā koleke a me nā kulanui ʻAmelika. No laila ua hana lākou i ka papahana Connections, i lawe i kekahi hapa o ke kumukūʻai o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā kulanui i ka pūnaewele no ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā poʻe he nui i hiki ke komo i ka pūnaewele ma ko lākou mau pā kula. ʻO kēia ka mea i hoʻolalelale i ka laha ʻana o ka Pūnaewele ma ke ʻano pololei a me ka ʻole. Ma ke ala ʻole, no ka mea, ua hoʻokumu ka nui o nā ʻupena kūloko i nā ʻoihana kalepa i hoʻohana i nā ʻoihana kōkua like e kūʻai aku i ka ʻike pūnaewele i nā hui kalepa.
Akā ua loaʻa iā Minitel ke kālā. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale loa i ka Pūnaewele ʻo ia kona ʻano decentralized multi-layered a me kona ʻano maʻalahi. Ua ʻae ʻo IP i nā pūnaewele me nā waiwai kino ʻokoʻa e hana me ka ʻōnaehana helu hoʻokahi, a ua hōʻoia ʻo TCP i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā ʻeke i ka mea loaʻa. ʻo ia wale nō. ʻO ka maʻalahi o ka papahana hana pūnaewele maʻamau i hiki ke hoʻohui i kahi noi iā ia. ʻO ka mea nui, hiki i kēlā me kēia mea hoʻohana ke hāʻawi i nā hana hou inā hiki iā ia ke hoʻohuli i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e hoʻohana i kāna polokalamu. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka hoʻoili ʻana i nā faila me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka FTP kekahi o nā ala kaulana loa e hoʻohana ai i ka Pūnaewele i nā makahiki mua, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa nā kikowaena i hāʻawi i nā faila āu i makemake ai koe wale nō ma ka waha o ka waha. No laila, ua hana nā mea hoʻohana i nā protocol like ʻole no ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā papa inoa o nā kikowaena FTP - no ka laʻana, Gopher, Archie a me Veronica.
ʻO ke kumumanaʻo, ua like ka maʻalahi, a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi kūhelu o nā hui honua a me nā pilikua telecommunications e lawelawe ma ke ʻano he hana pūnaewele. Eia nō naʻe, ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa, ua mau ke kahua me TCP/IP, a ʻo kāna mea hoʻoholo koʻikoʻi ke code i holo mua ma nā tausani a laila ma nā miliona o nā mīkini.
ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka mana o ka papa noiʻi i nā kihi loa o ka pūnaewele ua alakaʻi i kahi hopena koʻikoʻi. ʻO ia ke ʻano o nā hui nui, maʻa i ka hoʻokele ʻana i kā lākou ʻoihana ponoʻī, hiki ke ʻoluʻolu. Hiki i nā hui ke hoʻonohonoho i kā lākou mau leka uila ponoʻī a hoʻouna a loaʻa i nā leka uila me ka mālama ʻole ʻia o nā mea āpau ma ka kamepiula o kekahi. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopaʻa inoa i kā lākou mau inoa inoa ponoʻī, hoʻonohonoho i kā lākou mau pūnaewele ponoʻī i hiki i nā poʻe a pau ma ka Pūnaewele, akā mālama pono iā lākou ma lalo o kā lākou mana.
ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻo ka hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi loa o ka hoʻolālā multi-layered a me ka decentralization ʻo ia ka World Wide Web. No ʻelua mau makahiki, ʻo nā ʻōnaehana mai nā kamepiula kaʻana manawa o nā makahiki 1960 a i nā lawelawe e like me CompuServe a me Minitel i hoʻohuli ʻia i kahi pūʻulu liʻiliʻi o nā lawelawe hoʻololi ʻike kumu - leka uila, nā ʻaha kūkā a me nā lumi kamaʻilio. Ua lilo ka pūnaewele i mea hou loa. ʻO nā lā mua o ka pūnaewele, i loko o nā ʻaoʻao kūʻokoʻa, hana lima ʻia, ʻaʻohe mea like me ia i kēia lā. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka lele ʻana mai kahi loulou i ka loulou ua loaʻa i kahi hoʻopiʻi ʻē aʻe, a hāʻawi i nā ʻoihana i ka manawa e hoʻolako i nā hoʻolaha kūʻai haʻahaʻa loa a me ke kākoʻo o nā mea kūʻai aku. ʻAʻohe o nā mea hoʻolālā pūnaewele i hoʻolālā no ka pūnaewele. ʻO ia ka hua o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o Tim Berners-Lee, he ʻenekini Pelekane ma ka European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN), nāna i hana i ka makahiki 1990 me ka pahuhopu o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ʻike ma waena o nā mea noiʻi laboratory. Eia naʻe, maʻalahi ka noho ʻana ma TCP/IP a hoʻohana i kahi ʻōnaehana inoa inoa i hana ʻia no nā kumu ʻē aʻe no nā URL āpau. Hiki i ka mea me ka Internet ke hana i ka punaewele, a ma ka waena o nā makahiki 90, me he mea lā e hana ana nā mea a pau—nā hale kūlanakauhale, nā nūpepa kūloko, nā ʻoihana liʻiliʻi, a me nā mea leʻaleʻa o nā ʻano āpau.
ʻO ka pilikino
Ua haʻalele wau i kekahi mau hanana koʻikoʻi ma kēia moʻolelo e pili ana i ka piʻi ʻana o ka Pūnaewele, a waiho ʻia paha ʻoe me kekahi mau nīnau. No ka laʻana, pehea i loaʻa ai i nā ʻoihana a me nā mea kūʻai aku ke komo i ka Pūnaewele, kahi i hoʻokumu mua ʻia ma NSFNET, kahi pūnaewele i kākoʻo ʻia e ke aupuni US i manaʻo ʻia e lawelawe i ke kaiāulu noiʻi? No ka pane ʻana i kēia nīnau, ma ka ʻatikala aʻe, e hoʻi mākou i kekahi mau hanana koʻikoʻi aʻu i ʻōlelo ʻole ai i kēia manawa; nā hanana i hoʻololi mālie akā inevitably i ka Pūnaewele ʻepekema mokuʻāina i mea pilikino a kalepa.
He aha hou aʻe e heluhelu ai
- ʻO Janet Abatte, ka haku ʻana i ka Pūnaewele (1999)
- ʻO Karen D. Fraser "NSFNET: He Hoʻohui no ka ʻupena kiʻekiʻe, hōʻike hope" (1996)
- ʻO John S. Quarterman, The Matrix (1990)
- Peter H. Salus, Casting the Net (1995)
Source: www.habr.com