Ua ʻike nā kānaka a pau, ʻo kēia mau paita ʻeono, i hōʻike pinepine ʻia ma ke ʻano hexadecimal, ua hāʻawi ʻia i ke kāleka pūnaewele ma ka hale hana, a he mea maʻamau. Ua ʻike kekahi poʻe ʻo nā paita mua ʻekolu o ka helu wahi, ʻo ia ka ID mea hana, a ʻo ke koena ʻekolu paita i hāʻawi ʻia iā lākou. Ua ʻike ʻia hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻonohonoho iā ʻoe iho kūʻē helu wahi. Nui ka poʻe i lohe e pili ana i "nā leka uila" ma Wi-Fi.
E noʻonoʻo kākou he aha ia.
ʻO MAC address (media access control address) he mea ʻike kūʻokoʻa i hāʻawi ʻia i kahi adapter network, hoʻohana ʻia i nā pūnaewele o nā kūlana IEEE 802, ʻo Ethernet, Wi-Fi a me Bluetooth. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka "EUI-48 type identifier". Mai ka inoa, ua maopopo he 48 bits ka lōʻihi o ka helu wahi, ʻo ia hoʻi. 6 byte. ʻAʻohe maʻamau i ʻae ʻia no ke kākau ʻana i kahi helu wahi (e kūʻē i kahi helu IPv4, kahi i hoʻokaʻawale mau ʻia nā octets e nā kiko). 00, ʻoiai makemake kekahi mau mea hana lako i ka notation 11 -AB-CD-EF-22-00 a me 11ab.cdef.22.
ʻO ka mōʻaukala, ua hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻōlelo i loko o ka ROM o ka chipset kāleka pūnaewele me ka hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi iā lākou me ka ʻole o ka polokalamu uila, akā i kēia manawa hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ka helu mai ka ʻōnaehana hana. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻonohonoho lima i ka helu MAC o kahi kāleka pūnaewele ma Linux a me MacOS (mau), Windows (kokoke mau, inā ʻae ka mea hoʻokele), Android (aʻa wale ʻia); Me iOS (me ka ʻole o ke aʻa) ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopunipuni.
Hoʻonohonoho ʻōlelo
Aia i loko o ka helu wahi kekahi ʻāpana o ka mea hoʻomaopopo o ka mea hana, OUI, a me kahi mea hōʻike i hāʻawi ʻia e ka mea hana. Ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā mea hōʻailona OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier). hui IEEE. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiki i kona lōʻihi ke 3 bytes wale nō (24 bits), akā 28 a i ʻole 36 bits, mai ia mau poloka (MAC Address Block, MA) o nā ʻano ʻano Large (MA-L), Medium (MA-M) a me Hoʻokumu ʻia nā liʻiliʻi (MA-S). ʻO ka nui o ka poloka i hoʻopuka ʻia, ma kēia hihia, ʻo ia ka 24, 20, 12 bits a i ʻole 16 miliona, 1 miliona, 4 tausani mau helu. Aia ma kahi o 38 tausani mau poloka i hoʻolaha ʻia, hiki ke ʻike ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana pūnaewele he nui, no ka laʻana ai ole ia, .
No wai nā helu wahi?
ʻO ka hana maʻalahi o ka lehulehu Hāʻawi ʻo IEEE i nā ʻike he nui. No ka laʻana, ua lawe kekahi mau hui i nā poloka OUI no lākou iho. Eia kā mākou mau koa:
Mea kūʻai
Ka helu o nā poloka/palapala
Helu helu helu, miliona
Cisco Systems Inc
888
14208
Apple
772
12352
Samsung
636
10144
Huawei Technologies Co.Ltd
606
9696
Intel Inc
375
5776
ARRIS Group Inc.
319
5104
Nokia Hui
241
3856
uku
232
2704
Texas mea hana
212
3392
zte hui
198
3168
Mana Kakau inoa IEEE
194
3072
He Packtt Pack
149
2384
Hon Hai Precision
136
2176
TP-LINK
134
2144
Dell Inc.
123
1968
ʻO Juniper Networks
110
1760
Sagemcom Broadband SAS
97
1552
ʻO Fiberhome Telecommunication Technologies Co. LTD
97
1552
Xiaomi Communications Co Ltd
88
1408
ʻO Guangdong Oppo Mobile Telecommunications Corp.Ltd
82
1312
Loaʻa iā Google he 40 wale nō o lākou, a ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha: ʻaʻole lākou i hana i nā polokalamu pūnaewele he nui.
ʻAʻole hāʻawi ʻia nā poloka MA no ka manuahi, hiki ke kūʻai ʻia no ke kumukūʻai kūpono (me ka ʻole o ka uku inoa inoa) no $3000, $1800 a i ʻole $755. ʻO ka mahalo, no ke kālā hou (i kēlā me kēia makahiki) hiki iā ʻoe ke kūʻai i ka "huna" o ka ʻike lehulehu e pili ana i ka poloka i hāʻawi ʻia. He 232 o lakou i keia manawa, e like me ka mea i ike ia maluna.
I ka manawa hea mākou e pau ai nā helu MAC?
Ua luhi mākou a pau i nā moʻolelo e hele nei no 10 mau makahiki "e pau ana nā helu IPv4." ʻAe, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka loaʻa ʻana o nā poloka IPv4 hou. Ua ʻike ʻia nā helu IP ; Aia nā poloka nunui a me ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻia e nā hui nui a me nā keʻena aupuni o US, akā naʻe, me ka manaʻolana liʻiliʻi e hāʻawi hou iā lākou i ka poʻe nele. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana o NAT, CG-NAT a me IPv6 ua hoʻemi ʻia ka pilikia o ka hemahema o nā helu lehulehu.
Loaʻa i kahi helu MAC he 48 mau bits, a he 46 ka mea i manaʻo ʻia he "pono" (no ke aha? heluhelu ma), e hāʻawi ana i 246 a i ʻole 1014 mau helu, ʻo ia ka 214 mau manawa ʻoi aku ma mua o ka wahi helu IPv4.
I kēia manawa, ma kahi o ka hapalua trillion mau helu wahi i hoʻolaha ʻia, a i ʻole 0.73% wale nō o ka nui o ka nui. Aia nō mākou, mamao loa mai ka pau ʻana o nā helu MAC.
Nā ʻāpana randomness
Hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ua puʻunaue wale ʻia nā OUI, a laila hāʻawi ka mea kūʻai aku i nā ʻōlelo i nā ʻaoʻao pūnaewele. Pela anei? E nānā kāua i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā bits i ka ʻikepili o nā helu MAC o nā mea 802.11 i kaʻu e hoʻohana ai, i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e nā ʻōnaehana ʻae hana i nā pūnaewele uea. . Aia nā ʻōlelo i nā polokalamu maoli i pili i Wi-Fi i nā makahiki he nui ma ʻekolu mau ʻāina. Eia kekahi, aia kahi waihona liʻiliʻi o 802.3 uea LAN mau mea.
E wāwahi kākou i kēlā me kēia helu MAC (ʻeono paita) o kēlā me kēia o nā laʻana i nā bit, byte byte, a nānā i ke alapine o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka bit "1" i kēlā me kēia o nā kūlana 48. Inā hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka bit ma ke ʻano ʻokoʻa, a laila ʻo ka nui o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka "1" he 50%.
Koho Wi-Fi No. 1 (RF)
Laʻana Wi-Fi No. 2 (Belarus)
Koho Wi-Fi No. 3 (Uzbekistan)
LAN laʻana (RF)
Ka helu o nā moʻolelo ma ka waihona
5929000
1274000
366000
1000
Helu bit:
% iki "1"
% iki "1"
% iki "1"
% iki "1"
1
48.6%
49.2%
50.7%
28.7%
2
44.8%
49.1%
47.7%
30.7%
3
46.7%
48.3%
46.8%
35.8%
4
48.0%
48.6%
49.8%
37.1%
5
45.7%
46.9%
47.0%
32.3%
6
46.6%
46.7%
47.8%
27.1%
7
0.3%
0.3%
0.2%
0.7%
8
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
9
48.1%
50.6%
49.4%
38.1%
10
49.1%
50.2%
47.4%
42.7%
11
50.8%
50.0%
50.6%
42.9%
12
49.0%
48.4%
48.2%
53.7%
13
47.6%
47.0%
46.3%
48.5%
14
47.5%
47.4%
51.7%
46.8%
15
48.3%
47.5%
48.7%
46.1%
16
50.6%
50.4%
51.2%
45.3%
17
49.4%
50.4%
54.3%
38.2%
18
49.8%
50.5%
51.5%
51.9%
19
51.6%
53.3%
53.9%
42.6%
20
46.6%
46.1%
45.5%
48.4%
21
51.7%
52.9%
47.7%
48.9%
22
49.2%
49.6%
41.6%
49.8%
23
51.2%
50.9%
47.0%
41.9%
24
49.5%
50.2%
50.1%
47.5%
25
47.1%
47.3%
47.7%
44.2%
26
48.6%
48.6%
49.2%
43.9%
27
49.8%
49.0%
49.7%
48.9%
28
49.3%
49.3%
49.7%
55.1%
29
49.5%
49.4%
49.8%
49.8%
30
49.8%
49.8%
49.7%
52.1%
31
49.5%
49.7%
49.6%
46.6%
32
49.4%
49.7%
49.5%
47.5%
33
49.4%
49.8%
49.7%
48.3%
34
49.7%
50.0%
49.6%
44.9%
35
49.9%
50.0%
50.0%
50.6%
36
49.9%
49.9%
49.8%
49.1%
37
49.8%
50.0%
49.9%
51.4%
38
50.0%
50.0%
49.8%
51.8%
39
49.9%
50.0%
49.9%
55.7%
40
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
49.5%
41
49.9%
50.0%
49.9%
52.2%
42
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
53.9%
43
50.1%
50.0%
50.3%
56.1%
44
50.1%
50.0%
50.1%
45.8%
45
50.0%
50.0%
50.1%
50.1%
46
50.0%
50.0%
50.1%
49.5%
47
49.2%
49.4%
49.7%
45.2%
48
49.9%
50.1%
50.7%
54.6%
No ke aha ka hewa ʻole ma 7 a me 8 mau bits? Loaʻa nā zero i nā manawa a pau.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ke wehewehe nei ka maʻamau i kēia mau bits he mea kūikawā ():
ʻO ka ʻewalu (mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana) o ka byte mua o ka helu MAC i kapa ʻia ʻo Unicast/Multicast bit a hoʻoholo i ke ʻano o ke kiʻi (frame) i hoʻouna ʻia me kēia helu helu, maʻamau (0) a i ʻole hoʻolaha (1) (multicast a i ʻole. hoʻolaha). No ke kamaʻilio maʻamau, unicast network adapter, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia kēia bit i "0" i nā ʻeke a pau i hoʻouna ʻia iā ia.
Ua kapa ʻia ka bit hiku (mai ka hoʻomaka) o ka byte mua o ka helu MAC ʻo ka U/L (Universal/Local) bit a e hoʻoholo ai inā kū hoʻokahi ka helu wahi (0), a i ʻole kū hoʻokahi (1). Ma ka maʻamau, ʻokoʻa nā ʻōlelo a pau "manufacturer-stitched" ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa, no laila ʻo ka hapa nui o nā helu MAC i hōʻiliʻili ʻia aia ka hiku o ka bit i "0". Ma ka papa o nā mea hōʻike OUI i hāʻawi ʻia, aia ma kahi o 130 mau mea komo i loaʻa kahi U/L bit o "1", a ʻike ʻia he mau poloka kēia o nā helu MAC no nā pono kūikawā.
Mai ka ʻeono a hiki i nā ʻāpana mua o ka byte mua, ʻo nā ʻāpana o ka paina ʻelua a me ke kolu i nā mea hōʻike OUI, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā bits i nā 4-6 bytes o ka helu wahi i hāʻawi ʻia e ka mea hana e puʻunaue like ʻia. .
No laila, ma ka helu MAC maoli o ka mea hoʻopili pūnaewele, ua like maoli nā bits a ʻaʻohe manaʻo ʻenehana, koe naʻe nā ʻāpana lawelawe ʻelua o ka byte kiʻekiʻe.
Laha
Ke noʻonoʻo nei ʻo wai nā mea hana uila uila i kaulana loa? E hoʻohui kākou i ka ʻimi ʻana ma ka waihona OUI me ka ʻikepili mai ka laʻana No. 1.
Mea kūʻai
Kaʻana like o nā mea hana, %
Apple
26,09
Samsung
19,79
ʻO Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd
7,80
Xiaomi Communications Co Ltd
6,83
ʻO Sony Mobile Communications Inc
3,29
LG Electronics (Hoʻopuka Paʻa Paʻa)
2,76
ASUSTek KOMPUTER INC.
2,58
TCT mobile ltd
2,13
zte hui
2,00
ʻAʻole i loaʻa i ka waihona IEEE
1,92
Lenovo Mobile Communication Technology Ltd.
1,71
ʻ Corporationlelo Nokia
1,68
Murata Manufacturing
1,31
InPro Comm
1,26
Microsoft Corporation
1,11
ʻO Shenzhen TINNO Mobile Technology Corp.
1,02
ʻO Motorola (Wuhan) Mobility Technologies Communication Co. Ltd.
0,93
Nokia Hui
0,88
ʻO Shanghai Wind Technologies Co. Ltd
0,74
ʻO Lenovo Mobile Communication (Wuhan) Company Limited
0,71
Hōʻike ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka ʻoi aku o ka pōmaikaʻi o ka poʻe kākau inoa pūnaewele uea i kahi wahi i hāʻawi ʻia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka māhele o nā polokalamu Apple.
Kupanaha
He kū hoʻokahi anei nā helu MAC? Ma ke kumumanaʻo, ʻae, no ka mea, pono kēlā me kēia mea hana mea hana (MA block nona) e hāʻawi i kahi kikoʻī kūʻokoʻa no kēlā me kēia mea hoʻopili pūnaewele i hana ʻia. Eia naʻe, kekahi mau mea hana chip, ʻo ia hoʻi:
- 00:0A:F5 Airgo Networks, Inc. (i kēia manawa Qualcomm)
- 00:08:22 InPro Comm (i kēia manawa MediaTek)
E hoʻonoho i nā bytes hope ʻekolu o ka helu MAC i kahi helu maʻamau, ʻike ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻomaka hou ʻana o kēlā me kēia mea. He 1 tausani ia mau helu wahi ma ka'u la'ana No. 82.
Hiki iā ʻoe, ʻoiaʻiʻo, hoʻonoho iā ʻoe iho i kahi ʻōlelo haole, ʻokoʻa ʻole ma ka hoʻonohonoho pono ʻana iā ia "e like me kou hoalauna", e hoʻomaopopo iā ia me kahi sniffer, a i ʻole ke koho wale ʻana. Hiki nō hoʻi ke hoʻonohonoho iā ʻoe iho i kahi helu kūʻokoʻa ʻole ma o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i kahi hoʻonohonoho hoʻonohonoho o kahi alalai e like me Mikrotik a i ʻole OpenWrt.
He aha ka hopena inā ʻelua mau mea ma ka pūnaewele me ka helu MAC like? Aia nā mea a pau i ka logic o nā lako pūnaewele (wired router, wireless network controller). ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻaʻole e hana nā mea ʻelua a i ʻole e hana ma waena. Mai ka manaʻo o nā kūlana IEEE, ua manaʻo ʻia ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻopunipuni ʻana i ka helu MAC e hoʻohana ʻia, no ka laʻana, MACsec a i ʻole 802.1X.
He aha inā inā ʻoe e hoʻokomo i kahi MAC me ka hiku a i ʻole ʻewalu bit i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i "1", ʻo ia hoʻi. ka helu wahi a i ʻole multicast? ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻaʻole e hoʻolohe kāu pūnaewele i kēia, akā ʻaʻole e hoʻokō ʻia kēlā ʻōlelo i ka maʻamau, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana ʻole.
Pehea ka hana randomization
Ua ʻike mākou i mea e pale ai i ka nānā ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka poʻe ma ka nānā ʻana a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā ea, ua hoʻohana nā ʻōnaehana hana kelepona MAC i ka ʻenehana randomization no kekahi mau makahiki. ʻO ka manaʻo, i ka nānā ʻana i nā nalu e ʻimi i nā pūnaewele ʻike ʻia, hoʻouna ke kelepona i kahi ʻeke (hui pūʻulu) o ke ʻano noi noi 802.11 me ka helu MAC ke kumu:
Hiki iā ʻoe ke kuhikuhi ʻaʻole i ka "stitched", akā i kahi helu kumu packet ʻē aʻe, e hoʻololi ana me kēlā me kēia pōʻai scanning, i ka manawa, a i ʻole ma kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe. He hana anei? E nānā i nā helu helu o nā helu MAC i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai ka lewa e ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "Wi-Fi Radar":
Laʻana holoʻokoʻa
Laʻana wale nō me ka ʻole 7th bit
Ka helu o nā moʻolelo ma ka waihona
3920000
305000
Helu bit:
% iki "1"
% iki "1"
1
66.1%
43.3%
2
66.5%
43.4%
3
31.7%
43.8%
4
66.6%
46.4%
5
66.7%
45.7%
6
31.9%
46.4%
7
92.2%
0.0%
8
0.0%
0.0%
9
67.2%
47.5%
10
32.3%
45.6%
11
66.9%
45.3%
12
32.3%
46.8%
13
32.6%
50.1%
14
33.0%
56.1%
15
32.5%
45.0%
16
67.2%
48.3%
17
33.2%
56.9%
18
33.3%
56.8%
19
33.3%
56.3%
20
66.8%
43.2%
21
67.0%
46.4%
22
32.6%
50.1%
23
32.9%
51.2%
24
67.6%
52.2%
25
49.8%
47.8%
26
50.0%
50.0%
27
50.0%
50.2%
28
50.0%
49.8%
29
50.0%
49.4%
30
50.0%
50.0%
31
50.0%
49.7%
32
50.0%
49.9%
33
50.0%
49.7%
34
50.0%
49.6%
35
50.0%
50.1%
36
50.0%
49.5%
37
50.0%
49.9%
38
50.0%
49.8%
39
50.0%
49.9%
40
50.0%
50.1%
41
50.0%
50.2%
42
50.0%
50.2%
43
50.0%
50.1%
44
50.0%
50.1%
45
50.0%
50.0%
46
50.0%
49.8%
47
50.0%
49.8%
48
50.1%
50.9%
ʻOkoʻa loa ke kiʻi.
ʻO ka 8th bit o ka byte mua o ka helu MAC e pili pū ana me ke ʻano Unicast o ka helu SRC i loko o ka ʻeke noi noiʻi.
Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka bit 7 i Local ma 92.2% o nā hihia, ʻo ia hoʻi. Me ke kūlana kūpono o ka hilinaʻi, hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo he nui maoli nā helu helu i hōʻiliʻili ʻia, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o 8% maoli. I kēia hihia, ʻo ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā bits i ka OUI no ia mau ʻōlelo maoli e pili ana me ka ʻikepili ma ka papa mua.
ʻO wai ka mea hana, e like me ka OUI, nona nā ʻōlelo kuhi hewa (ʻo ia hoʻi me ka 7th bit ma "1")?
Mea hana na OUI
Kaʻana like i waena o nā helu wahi a pau
ʻAʻole i loaʻa i ka waihona IEEE
62.45%
Google Inc.
37.54%
hoomaha
0.01%
Eia kekahi, ʻo nā ʻōlelo āpau āpau i hāʻawi ʻia iā Google no ka OUI like me ka prefix DA:A1:19. He aha kēia prefix? E nānā kākou i loko .
private static final MacAddress BASE_GOOGLE_MAC = MacAddress.fromString("da:a1:19:0:0:0");Hoʻohana ʻo Stock Android i kahi OUI kūikawā, i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia i ka wā e ʻimi ai i nā pūnaewele uea ʻole, kekahi o nā mea liʻiliʻi me ka hiku o ka bit set.
E helu i ka MAC maoli mai ka hoʻokahi
E ʻike kākou ma laila:
private static final long VALID_LONG_MASK = (1L << 48) - 1;
private static final long LOCALLY_ASSIGNED_MASK = MacAddress.fromString("2:0:0:0:0:0").mAddr;
private static final long MULTICAST_MASK = MacAddress.fromString("1:0:0:0:0:0").mAddr;
public static @NonNull MacAddress createRandomUnicastAddress(MacAddress base, Random r) {
long addr;
if (base == null) {
addr = r.nextLong() & VALID_LONG_MASK;
} else {
addr = (base.mAddr & OUI_MASK) | (NIC_MASK & r.nextLong());
}
addr |= LOCALLY_ASSIGNED_MASK;
addr &= ~MULTICAST_MASK;
MacAddress mac = new MacAddress(addr);
if (mac.equals(DEFAULT_MAC_ADDRESS)) {
return createRandomUnicastAddress(base, r);
}
return mac;
}
Maʻemaʻe ka helu helu holoʻokoʻa, a i ʻole kona mau paita haʻahaʻa ʻekolu Random.nextLong(). "Hoʻihoʻi waiwai o MAC maoli" he scam. Me ka hilinaʻi kiʻekiʻe, hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo e hoʻohana nā mea hana kelepona Android i nā OUI ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole i kākau inoa ʻia. ʻAʻole loaʻa iā mākou ka code source iOS, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o kahi algorithm like i hoʻohana ʻia ma laila.
ʻAʻole hoʻopau ka mea i luna i ka hana o nā hana ʻē aʻe no ka de-anonymizing Wi-Fi mea kākau inoa, e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana o nā kahua ʻē aʻe o ke kiʻina noi noiʻi, a i ʻole ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka pili pinepine o nā noi i hoʻouna ʻia e ka hāmeʻa. Eia naʻe, pilikia loa ka nānā pono ʻana i kahi mea kākau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ala waho. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻikepili i hōʻiliʻili ʻia no ka nānā ʻana i ka haʻahaʻa awelika/peak ma ka wahi a me ka manawa, ma muli o nā helu nui, me ka ʻole o ka kuhikuhi ʻana i nā mea hana a me nā kānaka. ʻO ka poʻe "i loko" wale nō, nā mea hana kelepona OS ponoʻī, a me nā noi i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka ʻikepili pololei.
He aha ka pilikia e pili ana i ka ʻike ʻana o kekahi i ka helu MAC o kāu kelepona? Hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka hōʻole ʻana i nā hoʻouka kaua no nā ʻupena uea a me ka uea. No ka mea kelepona, ʻoi aku, me kekahi mea hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i ka manawa o kona ʻike ʻia ma kahi i hoʻokomo ʻia ai ka sensor. Ma ka hoʻopunipuni ʻana i ka helu wahi, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻāʻo e "hoʻohālike" i kāu hāmeʻa, hiki ke hana wale inā ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia nā hana palekana hou (ʻae a/a i ʻole hoʻopunipuni). ʻO 99.9% o ka poʻe ma aneʻi ʻaʻohe mea e hopohopo ai.
ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka helu MAC ma mua o ka mea i ʻike ʻia, akā ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi ma mua o ka hiki.
Source: www.habr.com