E Habr!
Ke hoʻomau nei i kā mākou papahana o nā puke, ua hoʻoholo mākou e hoʻomaopopo i nā kumu o ka "kemika digital" pono mākou e kamaʻilio liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka ʻoihana ʻoihana. Ua maopopo, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa mākou ma ke ala i ʻole e hoʻohuli i ka moʻolelo i kahi haʻiʻōlelo ʻoluʻolu e hōʻike ana i ka papa ʻaina holoʻokoʻa (ma ke ala, ʻo 2019 ka makahiki o ke kānāwai periodic, no ka hoʻohanohano ʻana i ka makahiki 150 o kona ʻike ʻana. ).
Nui ka poʻe, i ka pane ʻana i ka nīnau "He aha ka petrochemical a he aha nā huahana e hana ai?" Pane lākou me ka wiwo ʻole - ka wahie, ka ʻaila a me nā wai wela ʻē aʻe. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, no ka haʻi haʻahaʻa, ʻaʻole ʻoiaʻiʻo loa kēia. Ma ke ʻano he hui petrochemical, ke hana nui nei mākou i ka hana ʻana i ka aila a me nā huahana a me ka hana ʻana i nā mea synthetic i lilo i mea nui o ke kaiapuni o kēlā me kēia kanaka. Aia kekahi manaʻo mai loko o 5 mau mea e hoʻopuni ana iā mākou i kēlā me kēia manawa, 4 i hana ʻia ma muli o ka petrochemical. ʻO kēia nā pahu kamepiula, nā penikala, nā ʻōmole, nā lole, nā bumpers a me nā kaʻa no nā kaʻa, nā puka aniani, ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o kāu mau ʻāpana punahele, nā paipu wai, nā pahu meaʻai, nā mea lapaʻau a me nā mea hoʻohana ... Ma ka laulā, eia kēia:
ʻO Alexey Vinnichenko koʻu inoa, ʻo wau ke kuleana no ka kuhikuhi "Advanced Analytics" ma SIBUR. Ke hoʻohana nei i nā hiʻohiʻona analytical, hoʻonohonoho mākou i nā ʻano kūpono o nā kaʻina hana ʻenehana, e hōʻemi i nā pilikia o ka haki ʻana o nā lako, wānana i nā kumukūʻai mākeke no nā mea maka a me nā huahana, a me nā mea hou aku.
I kēia lā e haʻi aku wau iā ʻoe i ke ʻano o kēia mau huahana a pehea mākou e hana ai iā lākou mai ke kinoea petroleum pili nui.
Alanui kinoea
I ka wā e puhi ai nā mea ʻaila i ka aila, hele pū mai ka ʻaila ʻaila (APG) pili; me ka ʻaila, piʻi pū ka pāpale kinoea, aia ma nā papa o ka honua me ka ʻaila. I loko o nā makahiki Soviet, ua puhi wale ʻia ka hapa nui o ia mea, no ka mea, ʻo nā pilikia kaiapuni ke kumu lua, a no ka hoʻohana ʻana iā APG he mea pono ia e kūkulu i nā ʻoihana waiwai nui, ʻoiai ʻo ka nui o nā māla aila kūloko ma nā wahi paʻakikī o Western Siberia. ʻO ka hopena, ua ʻike maopopo ʻia nā kukui o nā lama ma kahi ākea. I ka wā lōʻihi, ua ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ke kūlana o ka mokuʻāina e pili ana i ka puhi ʻana, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea synthetic, a no laila ua hoʻonui ʻia ka pono o nā mea maka no lākou, a ua hoʻoponopono hou ʻia ka manaʻo i ka pilikia o ka puhi ʻana o APG. ʻOiai ma lalo o ka USSR, ua hoʻomaka ka ʻāina e hoʻomohala i ka hana ʻana o APG i mau huahana pono, akā ua hoʻomaka hou ke kaʻina hana i nā makahiki 2000. ʻO ka hopena, ʻo SIBUR wale nō ka hana i kēia manawa e pili ana i 23 biliona cubic mika o APG i kēlā me kēia makahiki, e pale ana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o 7 miliona mau mea ʻino a me 70 miliona tons o nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo, e like me nā hoʻokuʻu makahiki o nā kaʻa kaʻa ma kahi ʻāina ʻEulopa. .
No laila, kūʻai aku nā hui ʻaila iā mākou i ka ʻaila ʻaila pili. Ua hana mākou i kahi pūnaewele nui o nā pipeline ma Western Siberia, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke kinoea i kā mākou mea kanu hoʻoili kinoea. Ma kēia mau mea kanu, hana ke kinoea i ka hana mua, e hoʻokaʻawale ana i loko o ke kinoea maoli, e hele ana i loko o ka ʻōnaehana lawe kinoea Gazprom a laila e hoʻouna ʻia, no ka laʻana, i kou home inā ʻoe e hoʻohana i ka umu ahi, a me ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "ākea. ʻO ka hapa o nā hydrocarbons māmā" (NGL) he hui ʻia kahi e loaʻa ai iā mākou nā ʻano huahana kemika holoʻokoʻa ma lalo o nā hui like ʻole o ka mahana a me ke kaomi.
ʻOhi mākou i nā NGL mai kā mākou mau mea kanu Siberia ma o ka ʻōnaehana pipeline a ninini i loko o hoʻokahi paipu nui 1100-kilomita ka lōʻihi - mai ka ʻākau a hiki i ka hema o Western Siberia - e lawe ana i ka huahana i kā mākou kahua hana nui loa ma Tobolsk. Ma ke ala, he kūlanakauhale hoihoi loa, piha i ka mōʻaukala - ʻo Ermak, Mendeleev, nā Decembrist, Dostoevsky, a me Rasputin ʻaʻole mamao loa. ʻO Kremlin pōhaku mua ma Siberia. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi hapa o kēia moʻolelo ma ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni "Tobol", e hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka hopena o Pepeluali. Ma ke ala, ua hana pū kā mākou poʻe limahana ma ke ʻano he mea keu i ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni. Akā, e hoʻi kākou i ka hana ma Tobolsk.
Ma laila mākou e hoʻokaʻawale ai i nā mea maka i loaʻa i loko o nā ʻāpana a me nā hakina, a hana i nā huahana i loko o ke kinoea liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). ʻO ke kinoea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo ia kahi huahana kūʻai mākaukau i hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia i ka mākeke a me nā mea kūʻai aku. Propane, butane - pahu kinoea no nā hale o ka ʻāina, nā kini no ka hoʻopiha ʻana i nā kukui, ka wahie pili i ke kaiapuni no nā kaʻa. Ma keʻano laulā, hiki ke kūʻaiʻia kēia mau mea a pau i ka mea kūʻai. ʻO ia kā mākou hana hapa. Akā he aha ka mea e hana ai me ke koena o nā mea maka, ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ke kinoea liquefied, ma Tobolsk a ma nā hale hana o ka hui ma Tomsk, Perm, Tolyatti, Voronezh a me nā kūlanakauhale ʻē aʻe me kā mākou mea kanu petrochemical.
hale hoʻokaʻawale kinoea. Lako kolamu
Ka hana
Polymers
Hele ʻo LPG ma ke kahua o ka pyrolysis (a i ʻole nā ʻenehana kemika ʻē aʻe), kahi e loaʻa ai iā mākou nā monomers koʻikoʻi no ka hana ʻana i nā polymers - ethylene a me propylene. ʻAʻole ʻike ka mea maʻamau i kēia mau mea, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou e komo i ka mākeke ākea ākea. Hoʻopili mākou i nā monomers i polymers, ʻo ia nā granules plastik. Ma keʻano laulā, ʻokoʻa iki nā polymers iā lākou iho (polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, PET, polystyrene a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) i ke ʻano o nā granule. I kēia manawa, hana mākou i nā ʻano polymers nui - polyethylene (ka polymer kaulana loa i ka honua e pili ana i ka tonnage), polypropylene PVC.
ʻO nā wahi nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polyethylene a me ka polypropylene ka hale a me nā lawelawe kaiāulu, ka meaʻai meaʻai, nā mea kūkulu hale, ka ʻoihana kaʻa, ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā diapers.
ʻO nā umu pyrolysis
Maʻa paha ka PVC i nā mea a pau mai nā puka aniani a me nā paipu. I ka hiki ʻana i ka polystyrene, ʻike ʻoe iā ia kokoke i kēlā me kēia lā. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e hana i nā pā no nā mea kanu a me nā huaʻai ma nā hale kūʻai kūʻai; hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā meaʻai lawe ʻia ma nā hale ʻaina a me nā hale ʻaina. Akā ke hana nei mākou i kahi mana hou o ka polystyrene hoʻonui - kūkulu, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma kāna mau waiwai insulation thermal i ka hulu hipa mineral a me nā mea insulation ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohana ʻia ia e hana i nā hives eco-friendly. E hoʻomanaʻo iā Luzhkov? He mea aloha ʻo ia i nā hives pua.
ʻO nā hua i loko o ka pahu polystyrene foam
Ke kūkulu nei mākou i ka mea kanu petrochemical nui loa ma ka Russian Federation ma Tobolsk, , me ka mana o 2 miliona tons polymers i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Inā lawe ʻoe i nā huahana a pau o kēia mea kanu i hoʻokahi makahiki a hana i nā paipu plastik mai ia mea, hiki ke hoʻololi i nā paipu ʻōpala āpau i ka Russian Federation (ʻoi aku ma mua o 2 miliona mau kilomita o ka lako wai).
25 kg ʻeke o polypropylene granules
Ke kūʻai aku nei mākou i nā plastics i loko o nā granules - ʻo ia ke ʻano maʻalahi loa no ka lawe ʻana (hiki iā ʻoe ke ninini i nā granule i loko o kahi ʻeke 25 kg a i ʻole i loko o nā ʻeke nui no nā keneta) a no ka hana ʻana ma hope o ka mea kūʻai aku. Ma laila pono ʻoe e ninini i kēia plastik i loko o nā pahu a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma lalo o ke kaomi a me ka mahana e pono ai, e hana ana i nā ʻano i makemake ʻia a hāʻawi i nā ʻano i makemake ʻia.
ʻO ka lima o nā granules plastik
No ke aha i nā mahana like ʻole a me nā puʻe - no ka mea mai ka polymer like hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i kekahi mau ʻano plastic i ʻokoʻa i ko lākou mau waiwai kino a me nā kemika. No ka laʻana, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā granule like e hana i kahi ʻeke ʻeke lahilahi a me kahi paipu paʻa. ʻO nā mea kūʻai aku, e loaʻa ana i nā granules mai iā mākou, hiki ke hoʻohui i nā mea hoʻohui iā lākou e hoʻokō i nā waiwai i makemake ʻia. No laila, nui nā mana like ʻole o ka ʻano plastic like.
Hana pū mākou i ka PET, kahi a Coca-Cola a me PepsiCo e hoʻohana ai e hana i nā ipu no kā lākou huahana.
Lapa
No laila. Hana pū mākou i ka lāʻau. ʻElua mau lāʻau ma ka honua - kūlohelohe a me ka synthetic. Eia kekahi, pili paʻa ke kumukūʻai a me ke koi no ka synthetic i ke kumukūʻai a me ke koi no ka kūlohelohe. Ua hana ʻia kēia ma ka mōʻaukala, ʻoiai ua komo mua ka lāʻau kūlohelohe i ka mākeke. E hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka lāʻau kūlohelohe e ka poʻe mahiʻai ma kēlā me kēia ʻāina hema, a laila hāʻawi lākou i nā ʻoihana hoʻoponopono. ʻO Synthetic kahi huahana petrochemical.
, ke kumu nui o ka pulupulu maoli
Ke kūʻai aku nei mākou i ka lāʻau lapaʻau i nā hui kaʻa ma nā briquettes.
Palepa Rubber
ʻO nā hui ʻo Tire nā mea kūʻai nui o ka lāʻau; hāʻawi mākou iā Bridgestone, Pirelli, Michelin, Continental a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe. I ka manawa like, he mea kakaikahi no ka ʻoihana Lūkini i kēia lā, loaʻa iā mākou nā ʻenehana holomua kūʻokoʻa. No ka laʻana, ma ke kumu o kā mākou ʻenehana, me nā hoa India, ke kūkulu nei mākou i kahi mea kanu hou ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo Gujarat (ʻaʻole mamao loa mai Goa).
Akā ʻaʻole wale nā panaka - ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻike nui ʻia, akā nā mea pono hoʻi i hana ʻia mai ka lāʻau. ʻO kēia nā ʻano pahu like ʻole, nā pahu no nā kaʻa, nā huahana he nui no ka ʻoihana paipu, aia nō hoʻi i kēlā me kēia hale, a me nā wāwae no nā kāmaʻa.
Voronezhsintezkauchuk
ʻO kēia, ma ke ala, ʻo ia ka nani o nā petrochemical ma ke ʻano he ʻoihana. Hiki iā ʻoe ke unuhi i kekahi mea a hele e kūʻai aku, a i ʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻimi i kahi ala e hana ai a loaʻa i nā huahana ʻē aʻe me ka waiwai hoʻohui kiʻekiʻe.
E hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo
No ke ʻano o ke kani ʻana, ua lilo nā polymers a me nā huahana petrochemical ʻē aʻe i mea hoʻohui i ke ola o ka poʻe hou. ʻO kahi hapa no ka mea he mea hou kēia mau mea mai ka ʻike honua, nui nā moʻolelo a me nā moʻolelo weliweli e ʻōlelo nei pono ʻoe e makaʻala me nā mea synthetic ma ke ʻano no ka mea he mau kemika. Ma ke ala, ma kekahi o kēia mau pou, e hoʻopiʻi nā hoa hana i kekahi o nā moʻolelo kaulana loa e pili ana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka plastic i loko o ka microwave e hōʻino i kou olakino a me kou ʻano, a ʻo kāu soda punahele i loko o ke aniani ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka. hoʻokahi soda i loko o ka ʻōmole plastik.
* mau, koe na hoao makapo
ʻO kahi bonus no ka poʻe heluhelu a hiki i ka hopena ʻo kā mākou kiʻi kiʻi, e wehewehe kikoʻī ana i kekahi o nā pae o ka hana ʻana i nā polymers.
Source: www.habr.com