Ma nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni, kahi e hoʻokani ai ka poʻe criminologists i ka hana nui o ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka pākaukau, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike pinepine i ke ʻano o ka mea i haʻalele i kēia mau meheu i ʻike maikaʻi ʻia e ka ʻāʻī o ka paka a i ʻole ma ka nau ʻana i ka paʻa i ka papaʻaina. Ma ke ola maoli, hiki iā ʻoe ke aʻo nui e pili ana iā ia mai ka nau ʻana i ka ʻōpala i loko o ka waha o ke kanaka. I kēia lā e nānā mākou i kahi noiʻi kahi i ʻike ai nā ʻepekema mai ke Kulanui o Copenhagen i ka "chewing gum" i ka wā o ka ʻeli ʻana, aia ma kahi o 5700 mau makahiki. He aha ka ʻike e pili ana i ke kanaka i loaʻa i ka poʻe ʻepekema mai kā lākou ʻike ʻana, ʻo wai ka mea e hiki ke haʻi aku i ka namu kahiko, a pehea e pili ai kēia noiʻi i ka hakakā ʻana i nā maʻi like ʻole i kēia mua aku? Ke kali nei nā pane i kēia mau nīnau iā mākou ma ka hōʻike a ka poʻe ʻepekema. Hele.
Kumu noiʻi
ʻO ke ʻano nui o kēia haʻawina ʻo ka birch resin a i ʻole birch tar. Loaʻa kēia mea ʻeleʻele brownish ma ka hoʻolapalapa ʻana i ka papa luna o ka ʻili birch (birch bark) i loko o kahi pahu pani. Ma lalo o ia mau kūlana, hiki ke hoʻomehana me ka loaʻaʻole o ka oxygen, i.e. hoʻoheheʻe maloʻo. I ka wā o ka hoʻomehana ʻana, hoʻololi ʻia ka ʻili birch i tar.
I ka wā kahiko, ua hana ʻia kēia hana i loko o nā ipu lepo ma luna o ke ahi. I kēlā mau lā, hoʻohana mau ʻia ka tar no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā huahana pōhaku ma ke ʻano he kelu honua. ʻO ka ʻike archaeological mua o ke kā i hoʻohana ʻia e nā kānaka mai ka wā Paleolithic.
Maikaʻi ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ka tar i ka "ʻoihana", pēlā e ʻōlelo ai. Eia naʻe, ua loaʻa i nā kālaihonua nā ʻāpana niho ma nā ʻāpana birch he nui. No ke aha i nau ai ko mākou mau kūpuna i ke kā? Nui nā manaʻo e wehewehe i kēia. ʻO ka mea mua, paʻakikī koke ke kā i ka wā i maʻalili ai, no laila ʻo ka nau ʻana ma muli o ka makemake e hoʻomaʻamaʻa a hoʻomāmā i ka hana. Aia kekahi manaʻo e ʻōlelo ana ua nahu ʻia ke kākā i mea e hōʻemi ai i ka ʻeha i hana ʻia e nā maʻi o ka waha waha, no ka mea, ua manaʻo ʻia ke kākā he antiseptic, ʻoiai he mea nāwaliwali loa. Eia kekahi, manaʻo kekahi poʻe noiʻi ʻo ia ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe niho, a ʻo ke kā ka hana ʻana ma ke ʻano he pulupulu niho kahiko. A ʻo ke kumumanaʻo funniest, akā no laila ʻaʻole ia he mea ʻole, ʻo ia ka leʻaleʻa. Hiki i ka poʻe kahiko ke nahu i ka resin e like me ia, ʻo ia hoʻi. me ke kumu maikai ole.
Ke hana ʻana i ka resin birch i ka hana.
He nui nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ke kumuhana o ka nau ʻana i ka resin e ka poʻe kahiko, akā ʻaʻohe mea i hana nui i ka noiʻi e hāʻawi i nā hopena paʻa. No laila, ua hoʻoholo ka poʻe ʻepekema mai ke Kulanui o Copenhagen e nānā i kahi ʻāpana o ka resin chewed i loaʻa i ka wā o ka ʻeli ʻana ma ka hema o Denmark (1). Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi haʻawina o ka laʻana ʻaʻole wale i loko o ka DNA kanaka, akā pū kekahi DNA microbial, hiki ke haʻi hou aku e pili ana i ka microbiome waha. Ua loaʻa pū kekahi DNA mai nā mea kanu i ʻike ʻia e ke kanaka kahiko ma mua o ka ʻai ʻana i ka resin.
Mālama maikaʻi ʻia ka DNA, hauʻoli ka poʻe ʻepekema i hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka genome kanaka piha. ʻO kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻike ʻole ʻia he mea nui i ka archeology a me nā genetics. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, hiki ke loaʻa mua ka genome piha o kahi kanaka kahiko mai kona mau koena (maʻa mau iwi).
Nā hopena noiʻi
Ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā "hōʻike waiwai," ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe kālaihonua i ka nānā ʻana i kēlā me kēia ʻanuʻu no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻike piha loa e pili ana i kā mākou "hoʻopiʻi," nāna i nahu i ka resin birch.
Kiʻi #1
ʻO Radiocarbon dating, i hana ʻia ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka nui o ka isotope radioactive 14C i loko o kahi laʻana e pili ana i nā isotopes paʻa o ke kalapona, ua ʻike ʻia ka gum ma waena o 5858 a me 5661 mau makahiki (1b). Hōʻike kēia i ka lā hoʻohālike i ka wā Neolithic Early. Ua kapa ʻia kēia manawa ʻo "New Stone Age", no ka mea ua ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā huahana pōhaku, a ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻenehana o ka wili ʻana a me ka ʻeli ʻana i nā lua.
ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana kemika me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) i hana i kahi kikoʻī like loa me ka birch tar hou. Ua hōʻike ʻo GC/MS (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka triterpenes betulin a me ka lupeol, kahi mea maʻamau i nā laʻana i lawe ʻia mai ka birch (1c). ʻO ka hōʻoia hou ʻana he birch ka laʻana, ʻo ia nā ʻāpana o nā waikawa dicarboxylic a me nā ʻakika momona momona i ʻike ʻia e ka GC/MS like.
No laila, ua ʻike ka poʻe ʻepekema he birch resin ka makahiki mai 5858 a 5661 mau makahiki (neolithic mua).
ʻO ka ʻanuʻu aʻe ʻo ia ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka DNA, kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ma kahi o 360 miliona mau kaʻina DNA i hui pū ʻia, kokoke i ka hapakolu o ia mau mea hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka genome kuhikuhi kanaka (hg19).
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole o ka DNA kanaka i nā hiʻohiʻona a pau i loko o ka DNA o ka poʻe kahiko: pōkole awelika lōʻihi o nā ʻāpana, hele pinepine. purine* e hoʻokuʻi i ke kuʻi a me ka hoʻonui pinepine ʻana o nā pani i ʻike ʻia cytosine* (C) ma koumine* (T) ma nā ʻāpana 5′ o nā ʻāpana DNA.
Purine* (C5N4H4) ka mea maʻalahi loa o imidazo [4,5-d] pyrimidines.
Cytosine* (C4H5N3O) he hui kino, he kumu nitrogenous, he pyrimidine derivative.
Timin* (C5H6N2O2) he pyrimidine derivative, kekahi o nā kumu nitrogenous ʻelima.
Ua hana pū ʻia ma kahi o 7.3 GB o ka ʻikepili e pili ana i nā kaʻina kanaka ʻole.
Aia ma kahi o ka 30% o ka DNA kanaka endogenous. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia me nā niho a me nā iwi i mālama maikaʻi ʻia.
Ma muli o ka pilina ma waena o nā kaʻina o nā kumu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e pili ana i nā chromosomes X a me Y, ua hiki i nā ʻepekema ke hoʻoholo i ke kāne o ka mea aloha gum kahiko - wahine.
I mea e wānana ai i ke kala o ka lauoho, nā maka a me ka ʻili, ua loaʻa nā genotypes no kanahākūmākahi SNP*i komo i loko o ka ʻōnaehana .
SNP* (hoʻokahi nucleotide polymorphism) - ʻokoʻa i ke kaʻina DNA o hoʻokahi nucleotide i ka nui i ka genome o nā ʻelele o nā ʻano like a i ʻole ma waena o nā ʻāpana homologous o nā chromosomes homologous.
Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia loiloi he ʻeleʻele ka ʻili o ka wahine me ka lauoho ʻeleʻele a me nā maka uliuli.
Kiʻi #2
Ua loaʻa i nā kānaka ʻepekema he 593102 SNP i loko o ka genome ma lalo o ke aʻo ʻana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kahi waihona o>1000 kanaka hou a me> 100 mau genomes kahiko i paʻi mua ʻia.
Ma ke kiʻi 2 hōʻike ʻia nā hopena o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻāpana kumu. ʻO kēia ʻano o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o ka ʻikepili i hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻoholo ʻo ka wahine kahiko nona ka genome e aʻo ʻia nei he mea hahai holoholona ma ke Komohana.ʻO WHG). Hoʻohālikelike nā alele * Ua hōʻoia ka poʻe o kēia wā a me kahi wahine kahiko i kona komo ʻana i kahi hui i hoʻokumu ʻia (2b).
Alele* - nā ʻano like ʻole o ka gene hoʻokahi, aia ma nā ʻāpana like o nā chromosomes homologous. Hoʻoholo nā Alleles i ke ala o ka ulu ʻana o kekahi ʻano.
Hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia mau hopena e ka loiloi qpAdm. Hōʻike kēia hōʻike ʻana i kahi hiʻohiʻona laina maʻalahi, ka mea i manaʻo ʻia he kumu 100% WHG no ka wahine kahiko, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻolei ʻia no kahi hiʻohiʻona paʻakikī (2c).
No ka hoʻohālikelike nui ʻana i ka ʻauhau ʻauhau o nā kaʻina ʻaʻole kanaka i ka hāpana, ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo MetaPhlan2, kahi mea hana i hoʻolālā ʻia no ka ʻauhau ʻauhau o nā kaʻina pōkole i loaʻa. ʻano pū pana pana*.
ʻano pū pana* - ke ʻano o ka hoʻokaʻina ʻana i nā ʻāpana lōʻihi o ka DNA, i ka wā e loaʻa ai kahi laʻana nui o nā ʻāpana DNA cloned e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hoʻihoʻi i ke kaʻina DNA kumu.
Kiʻi #3
Ma ka "origami" 3 hōʻike i nā hualoaʻa o kahi kānana mea nui e hoʻohālikelike ana i ka haku mele microbial o ka laʻana haʻawina a me 689 microbiome profiles mai ka Human Microbiome Project (HMP). Aia ka hui ʻana ma waena o ka ʻikepili hāpana a me ka ʻikepili HMP, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua like loa lākou. ʻIke ʻia kēia ma 3b, e hōʻike ana i ka hana microbial o ka resin i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ka mea like mai ʻelua mau ʻāpana lepo (ua hana ʻia ka hōʻiliʻili ma kahi hoʻokahi) a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ka microbial haku o nā kānaka hou.
Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi ʻike kikoʻī o ka haku mele microbial i ka hele ʻana o ka bacteria Neisseria subflava и ʻO Rothia mucilaginosa, a me Porphyromonas gingivalis, ʻO Tannerella forsythia и ʻO Treponema denticola. Eia kekahi, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana o ka maʻi Epstein-Barr.
ʻO kekahi mau ʻano streptococci no ka hui Mitis, me ʻO Streptococcus viridans и ʻO Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Papa 1: Ka papa inoa o nā ʻauhau kanaka ʻole a pau i loaʻa ma ka laʻana birch tar.
Ua kūkulu hou ʻia kahi genome consensus mai nā kaʻina hoʻohui kumu S. pneumoniae a me ka manaʻo o ka heluna o nā pūnaewele heterozygous. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi mau kānana (kiʻi #4).
Kiʻi #4
No ka nānā ʻana i ka virulence o nā maʻi S. pneumoniaelawe ʻia mai ka resin kahiko, ua hoʻohālikelike nā ʻepekema i nā contigs (kahi pūʻulu o nā ʻāpana DNA overlapping) me kahi waihona piha o nā kumu virulence, e ʻae iā lākou e ʻike i nā genes ʻike ʻia. ʻinoʻino* S. pneumoniae.
Pilikino* - ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hiki ke hoʻopili i ke kino i aʻo ʻia.
He iwakāluakūmāono mau kumu virulence o S. pneumoniae i ʻike ʻia i ka laʻana kahiko, me ka capsular polysaccharides (CPS), streptococcal enolase (Eno), a me ka pneumococcal surface antigen A (PsaA).
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻike ʻana o ka laʻana resin kahiko i ke ʻano o nā ʻano mea kanu ʻelua: birch (Betula pendula) a me ka hazelnut (Corylus avellana). Eia kekahi, ua ʻike ʻia ma kahi o 50000 mau kaʻina e pili ana i ka mallard (Anas platyrhynchos, he ʻano ʻiole).
No ka ʻike kikoʻī hou aku me nā nuances o ke aʻo ʻana, manaʻo wau e nānā и iāia.
Epilogue
Hiki ke kapa ʻia kēia haʻawina ʻokoʻa, no ka nui o ka ʻike i loaʻa. Ma mua, hiki ke hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia ka genome piha o kahi kanaka kahiko mai kona mau koena (iwi a me nā niho), akā ma kēia hana, ua hiki i nā ʻepekema ke loaʻa iā ia mai ka chewed birch resin.
Ua ʻike lākou ua nau ʻia ka ʻōpala kahiko, 5700 mau makahiki, e kekahi wahine me ka ʻili ʻeleʻele, ka lauoho ʻeleʻele a me nā maka uliuli. Ua hōʻoia hou kēia wehewehe ʻana i ka ʻili o ka ʻili ma waena o nā kamaʻāina o ke komohana o Eurasia ma hope. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēlā mau hiʻohiʻona o waho me nā ʻelele o ka poʻe hunter-gatherers o ke Komohana, ʻo ia paha ka wahine i loaʻa mai ka genome mai ka hāpana.
ʻO ka maikaʻi o ke aʻo ʻana i ka resin chewed ʻo ia ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka microbial composition o ka waha waha o kahi kanaka kahiko. Ua hōʻike kēia hōʻike i ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi mau ʻano bacteria (Neisseria subflava, ʻO Rothia mucilaginosa, Porphyromonas gingivalis, ʻO Tannerella forsythia и ʻO Treponema denticola). Eia kekahi, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana o ka maʻi maʻi Epstein-Barr, ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha, ʻoiai ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o kēia maʻi maʻi i waena o nā poʻe hou (90-95% o ka heluna kanaka makua kāna mea lawe).
Ua loaʻa pū kekahi mau ʻano streptococci mai ka hui Mitis, me ʻO Streptococcus viridans и ʻO Streptococcus pneumoniae.
No nā makemake gastronomic o ka wahine kahiko, ʻo ka loiloi o nā kaʻina DNA ʻole kanaka, ʻaʻole i pili pū me nā maʻi maʻi a i ʻole bacteria, loaʻa nā ʻāpana o ka birch, nā hazelnuts a me nā ducks mallard. Hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ʻo kēia mau mea kanu a me nā holoholona ke kumu o ka meaʻai no ka poʻe kahiko o ia au. Eia nō naʻe, aia ka manawa kūpono e komo ai ka DNA o kēia mau mea kanu a me nā holoholona i loko o ka resin no ka mea ua ʻai ka wahine kahiko iā lākou ma mua koke o ka nau ʻana i ka resin. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, he hanana kaʻawale paha kēia.
No ke aha he kumu maikaʻi loa ka resin no ka DNA kanaka kahiko? ʻO ka mea ʻo ia i ka wā o ke kaʻina ʻana, "hoʻopaʻa ʻia" ʻo DNA me ka resin a mālama ʻia i loko ma muli o kāna mau waiwai aseptic a hydrophobic.
I ka wā e hiki mai ana, hoʻolālā ka poʻe ʻepekema e kālailai i nā laʻana ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻia, e kōkua ana e hoʻomaopopo hou i ke ola o ka poʻe kahiko. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka microbial composition o nā laʻana kahiko e hāʻawi i ka ʻike i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā microbes waha a me kekahi mau pathogens.
ʻOiai, ʻo ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka ʻike he nui e pili ana i kahi kanaka mai kahi ʻāpana resin i kuha ʻia i 5700 mau makahiki i hala aku nei he hana kupaianaha. No kekahi, ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi ka ʻike mai ka wā i hala, ʻoi aku ka mamao loa. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o kā mākou ʻike i ko mākou mau kūpuna, ʻoi aku ka nui o ko mākou hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ko mākou ʻano maoli.
Pōʻalima ma waho:
He wikiō e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana i ka ʻuala ma ke ao hou.
2.0 o waho:
Nostalgia liʻiliʻi :)
Mahalo no ka nānā ʻana, noho ʻimi a hauʻoli maikaʻi i ka hopena pule a pau! 🙂
Kekahi mau hoʻolaha 🙂
Mahalo no kou noho pū ʻana me mākou. Makemake ʻoe i kā mākou ʻatikala? Makemake ʻoe e ʻike i nā mea hoihoi hou aʻe? E kākoʻo iā mākou ma ke kau ʻana i kahi kauoha a i ʻole ka ʻōlelo ʻana i nā hoaaloha, , he analogue kū hoʻokahi o nā kikowaena hoʻokomo-level, i hana ʻia e mākou no ʻoe: (loaʻa me RAID1 a me RAID10, a hiki i 24 cores a hiki i 40GB DDR4).
ʻO Dell R730xd 2 mau manawa maʻalahi ma Equinix Tier IV kikowaena data ma Amsterdam? Eia wale nō ma Netherlands! Dell R420 - 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB - mai $99! Heluhelu e pili ana
Source: www.habr.com