ʻO ka lauoho no ke kanaka o kēia wā ʻaʻole ia he mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o kahi mea o ka ʻike ʻike pilikino, ʻāpana o ke kiʻi a me ke kiʻi. ʻOiai kēia, ʻo kēia mau ʻano horny o ka ʻili he mau hana koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi: pale, thermoregulation, paʻi, etc. Pehea ka ikaika o ko mākou lauoho? E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o lākou ma mua o ka ʻelepani a i ʻole ka lauoho giraffe.
I kēia lā e kamaʻāina mākou i kahi noiʻi i hoʻoholo ai nā ʻepekema mai ke Kulanui o Kaleponi (USA) e hoʻāʻo i ka pili ʻana o ka mānoanoa o ka lauoho a me kona ikaika i nā ʻano holoholona like ʻole, me nā kānaka. ʻO wai ka lauoho ikaika loa, he aha nā waiwai mechanical i loaʻa i nā ʻano lauoho like ʻole, a pehea e hiki ai i kēia noiʻi ke kōkua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano mea hou? Aʻo mākou e pili ana i kēia mai ka hōʻike a nā ʻepekema. Hele.
Kumu noiʻi
ʻO ka lauoho, ʻo ia ka nui o ka protein keratin, ʻo ia ka hana horny o ka ʻili mammalian. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ua like ka lauoho, ka huluhulu a me ka huluhulu. ʻO ke ʻano o ka lauoho he mau papa keratin e uhi ana kekahi i kekahi, e like me nā domino e hāʻule ana ma luna o kekahi. ʻO kēlā me kēia lauoho heʻekolu papa:ʻo ka cuticle ka papa waho a me ka pale; cortex - ka cortex, i loaʻa i ka elongated mea make (mea nui no ka ikaika a me ka elasticity o ka lauoho, e hoʻoholo i kona kala ma muli o ka melanin) a me ka medulla - ka papa waena o ka lauoho, i loko o nā keratin palupalu a me nā lua ea, ʻo ia hoʻi. pili i ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā meaʻai i nā papa ʻē aʻe.
Inā hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka lauoho, loaʻa iā mākou kahi ʻāpana subcutaneous (shaft) a me kahi ʻāpana subcutaneous (bulb or root). Hoʻopuni ʻia ka puʻupuʻu e kahi follicle, ʻo ke ʻano o ia mea e hoʻoholo ai i ke ʻano o ka lauoho ponoʻī: pololei ka follicle poepoe, ʻili iki ka follicle oval, curly ʻo ka follicle-like.
Manaʻo ka nui o nā kānaka ʻepekema e loli ana ka ulu ʻana o ke kanaka ma muli o ka holomua ʻenehana. ʻO ia hoʻi, e lilo ana kekahi mau ʻano a me nā hale i loko o ko mākou kino i mea ʻole - nā mea i nalowale i ko lākou kumu i manaʻo ʻia. Aia i loko o kēia mau ʻāpana kino nā niho naʻauao, ka ʻāpana a me ka lauoho kino. ʻO ia hoʻi, manaʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, e nalo wale kēia mau hale mai ko mākou anatomy. He ʻoiaʻiʻo paha kēia a ʻaʻole paha he paʻakikī ke ʻōlelo, akā no nā poʻe maʻamau, ʻo nā niho naʻauao, no ka laʻana, pili pū me ke kipa ʻana i ka dentist no kā lākou wehe ʻole ʻia.
E like me ka mea, pono ke kanaka i ka lauoho; ʻaʻole paha ia e hana koʻikoʻi i ka thermoregulation, akā he mea nui ia o ka aesthetics. Hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia e pili ana i ka moʻomeheu honua. I nā ʻāina he nui, mai ka wā kahiko mai, ua manaʻo ʻia ka lauoho i ke kumu o ka ikaika a pau, a ʻo ka ʻoki ʻana ua pili pū me nā pilikia olakino a me nā hemahema o ke ola. Ua neʻe ka manaʻo kapu o ka lauoho mai ka hoʻomana shamanic o nā ʻohana kahiko i nā hoʻomana hou aku, nā hana a nā mea kākau, nā mea pena a me nā mea kālai. ʻO ka mea nui, pili pinepine ka nani o ka wahine i ke ʻano o ka lauoho o nā wahine maikaʻi i nānā ʻia a i hōʻike ʻia paha (e like me nā kiʻi pena).
E nānā i ka kikoʻī o ka lauoho o Venus i hōʻike ʻia (Sandro Botticelli, "Birth of Venus", 1485).
E haʻalele kākou i ka moʻomeheu a me ka nani o ka lauoho a hoʻomaka e noʻonoʻo i ka noiʻi ʻana o nā ʻepekema.
ʻO ka lauoho, ma kekahi ʻano a i ʻole kekahi, aia i nā ʻano mammals. Inā ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi nā kānaka mai kahi ʻano olaola, a laila no nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o ka hulu hipa a me ka hulu holoholona he mau mea koʻikoʻi. I ka manawa like, ma ke ʻano o ko lākou ʻano kumu, ka lauoho kanaka a, no ka laʻana, ʻano like loa ka lauoho elephant, ʻoiai aia nā ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka mea maopopo loa o lākou ka nui, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa o ka lauoho elephant ma mua o kā mākou, akā, e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia, ʻaʻole ikaika.
Ua aʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka lauoho a me ka huluhulu no kekahi manawa lōʻihi. Ua hoʻokō ʻia nā hopena o kēia mau hana ma ka cosmetology a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau, a ma ka ʻoihana māmā (a i ʻole, e like me ka ʻōlelo ʻana a Kalugina L.P. kaulana: "ʻoihana māmā"), a i ʻole ma ka textiles. Eia kekahi, ua kōkua nui ke aʻo ʻana i ka lauoho i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā biomaterials e pili ana i ke keratin, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia i hala ua aʻo lākou e hoʻokaʻawale mai nā kiwi holoholona me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lime.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka keratin e hana i nā gels i hiki ke hoʻoikaika ʻia me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka formaldehyde. Ma hope mai, ua aʻo lākou e hoʻokaʻawale i ke keratin ʻaʻole wale mai nā kiwi holoholona, akā, mai ko lākou hulu, a me ka lauoho kanaka. Ua ʻike ʻia nā mea i hoʻokumu ʻia i ke keratin i kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻonaninani, nā composites a me nā papa papa.
I kēia mau lā, ke ulu wikiwiki nei ka ʻoihana o ke aʻo ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i nā mea paʻa a me ka māmā. ʻO ka lauoho, ʻo ia ke ʻano maoli, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea kūlohelohe e hoʻoulu ai i kēia ʻano noiʻi. E noʻonoʻo i ka ikaika tensile o ka hulu hipa a me ka lauoho kanaka, mai 200 a 260 MPa, e like me ka ikaika kūikawā o 150-200 MPa / mg m-3. A aneane like kēia me ke kila (250 MPa / mg m-3).
ʻO ka hana nui i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā waiwai mechanical o ka lauoho e hoʻokani ʻia e kona hierarchical structure, e hoʻomanaʻo ana i kahi pēpē matryoshka. ʻO ka mea koʻikoʻi nui o kēia ʻano ʻo ia ka cortex i loko o nā cell cortical (diameter e pili ana i 5 μm a me 100 μm ka lōʻihi), ʻo ia ka macrofibrils hui pū ʻia (ka anawaena e pili ana i 0.2-0.4 μm), ʻo ia hoʻi, nā filament waena (7.5 nm). i ke anawaena ), hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kahi matrix amorphous.
ʻO nāʻano mechanical o ka lauoho, konaʻike i ka mahana, ka haʻahaʻa a me ka deformation he hopena pololei ia o ka pilina o nā mea amorphous a me nā crystalline o ka cortex. ʻO nā keratin fibers o ka cortex lauoho kanaka ka mea maʻamau i ka elongation kiʻekiʻe, me ka tensile strain ʻoi aku ma mua o 40%.
ʻO ia ʻano waiwai nui ma muli o ka wehe ʻana o ka hale а-keratin a, i kekahi mau hihia, kona hoʻololi ʻana i b-keratin, ka mea e alakaʻi ai i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka lōʻihi (kahi huli piha o kahi 0.52 nm helix i hohola ʻia i 1.2 nm i ka hoʻonohonoho b). ʻO kēia kekahi o nā kumu nui i nānā pono ai nā haʻawina he nui i ke keratin i mea e hana hou ai i kahi ʻano synthetic. Akā ʻo ka ʻaoʻao o waho o ka lauoho (cuticle), e like me kā mākou i ʻike mua ai, aia nā papa (0.3-0.5 microns mānoanoa a me 40-60 microns ka lōʻihi).
Ma mua, ua hana mua nā ʻepekema i ka noiʻi ʻana i nā waiwai mechanical o ka lauoho o nā kānaka mai nā makahiki like ʻole a me nā lāhui. Ma kēia hana, ua hoʻokau ʻia ka manaʻo nui i ke aʻo ʻana i nā ʻokoʻa o nā waiwai mechanical o ka lauoho o nā ʻano holoholona like ʻole, ʻo ia hoʻi: nā kānaka, nā lio, nā bea, nā puaʻa hihiu, nā capybaras, peccaries, giraffes a me nā elepani.
Nā hopena noiʻi
Kiʻi #1: ʻO ke kino lauoho kanaka (А - cuticle; В - haʻihaʻi cortex; e hōʻike ana i nā wēlau o nā fiber, С - ka ʻili o ka hewa, kahi i ʻike ʻia ai ʻekolu papa; D - ka ʻili ʻaoʻao o ka cortex, e hōʻike ana i ka elongation fiber).
ʻO ka lauoho kanaka makua ma kahi o 80-100 microns ke anawaena. Me ka mālama lauoho maʻamau, holistic ko lākou helehelena (1A). ʻO ka mea i loko o ka lauoho kanaka ka fibrous cortex. Ma hope o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia ua haki ʻokoʻa ka cuticle a me ka cortex o ka lauoho kanaka: ʻokoʻa ka haki ʻana o ka cuticle (crumple), a ua ʻili ʻia nā keratin fibers i loko o ka cortex a huki ʻia i waho o ka hale holoʻokoʻa (1B).
Kiʻi ʻia 1С ʻike maopopo ʻia ka ʻili palupalu o ka cuticle me ka ʻike ʻana i nā papa, e uhi ana i nā papa cuticle a he 350-400 nm ka mānoanoa. ʻO ka delamination i ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻili haʻihaʻi, a me ke ʻano palupalu o kēia ʻili, e hōʻike ana i ke kamaʻilio interfacial nāwaliwali ma waena o ka cuticle a me ka cortex, a ma waena o nā fibers i loko o ka cortex.
Ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā lau keratin i loko o ka cortex (1D). Hōʻike kēia i ka fibrous cortex ke kuleana nui no ka ikaika mechanical o ka lauoho.
Kiʻi No. 2: ʻO ke ʻano o ka lauoho lio (А - cuticle, kekahi mau papa i hoʻololi iki ʻia ma muli o ka mālama ʻole; В - ke ʻano o ka haki ʻana; С - nā kikoʻī o ka haki ʻana o ka cortex, kahi e ʻike ʻia ai ka cuticle haehae; D - nā kikoʻī cuticle).
Ua like ke ano o ka lauoho lio me ka lauoho kanaka, koe wale no ke anawaena, he 50% ka nui (150 microns). Ma ke kiʻi 2A Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ka pōʻino o ka cuticle, kahi i pili ʻole ai ka nui o nā papa i ke kumu e like me ka lauoho kanaka. Aia i loko o ka wahi o ka ha'iha'i lio ka ha'iha'i ma'amau a me ka ha'iha'i lauoho (delamination o nā papa cuticle). Ma ka 2B ʻIke ʻia nā ʻano ʻino ʻelua. Ma nā wahi i ʻoki loa ʻia nā lamellae, ʻike ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka cuticle a me ka cortex (2С). Ua haehae ʻia a wehe ʻia kekahi mau fiber ma ka interface. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i kēia mau ʻike me ka ʻike mua ʻana (ka lauoho kanaka), ʻo ia mau hemahema e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka lauoho lio ke koʻikoʻi e like me ka lauoho kanaka i ka wā i huki ʻia ai nā kaula o ka cortex a hemo loa mai ka cuticle. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ua kaʻawale kekahi mau papa mai ke koʻokoʻo, ma muli paha o ke koʻikoʻi tensile (2D).
Kiʻi #3: ʻO ka lauoho bear morphology (А - cuticle; В - ka pōʻino ma nā wahi ʻelua e pili ana i ka wahi ʻāha; С - ka haki ʻana o ka cuticle me ka delamination o nā fibers i loko o ka cortex; D - ʻike ʻia nā kikoʻī o ke ʻano o ka fiber, ʻike ʻia kekahi mau fiber elongated mai ka hale ākea).
ʻO ka mānoanoa o ka lauoho bea he 80 microns. Ua pili loa nā papa cuticle i kekahi i kekahi (3A), a ma kekahi mau wahi he paʻakikī ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā papa pākahi. Ma muli paha o ke kuʻi ʻana o ka lauoho i nā hoa pili. Ma lalo o ke koʻikoʻi tensile, ua māhele maoli kēia mau lauoho me ke ʻano o nā māwae lōʻihi (hoʻokomo ʻia ma 3B), e hōʻike ana me ka hopena nawaliwali o ka cuticle i poino, ua maʻalahi ka delaminate o nā keratin fibers i loko o ka cortex. ʻO ka delamination o ka cortex ke kumu o ka haki ʻana i ka cuticle, e like me ka ʻike ʻia e ke ʻano zigzag o ka haki (3С). ʻO kēia hoʻopaʻapaʻa ka mea e huki ai i kekahi mau fiber mai loko mai o ka cortex (3D).
Kiʻi No. 4: ʻano lauoho puaʻa (А - haʻihaʻi lauoho palahalaha maʻamau; В - ke ʻano o ka cuticle e hōʻike ana i kahi kūlana maikaʻi ʻole o ka pono (hui pū ʻana) o nā papa; С - nā kikoʻī o ke āpau ma ke kikowaena ma waena o ka cuticle a me ka cortex; D - nā pulupulu i hoʻolōʻihi ʻia mai ka huina nui a me nā fibrils protruding).
He mānoanoa ka lauoho puaʻa (230 mm), ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ka lauoho bear. ʻO ka haehae ʻana o ka lauoho puaʻa i ka wā i pōʻino ke ʻike maopopo ʻia (4A) kū pololei i ke kuhikuhi o ke koʻikoʻi tensile.
Ua haehae ʻia nā papa cuticle liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi mai ke kino nui o ka lauoho ma muli o ka hohola ʻana o ko lākou mau kihi (4B).
Ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻāpana luku, ʻike maopopo ʻia ka delamination o nā fibers; ua maopopo hoʻi ua pili paʻa lākou i kekahi i kekahi i loko o ka cortex (4С). ʻO nā pulupulu wale nō ma ke kikowaena ma waena o ka cortex a me ka cuticle i hōʻike ʻia ma muli o ke kaʻawale ʻana (4D), ka mea i hōʻike i ke ʻano o nā fibrils cortical mānoanoa (250 nm ke anawaena). Ua puka liʻiliʻi kekahi o nā fibrils ma muli o ka deformation. Manaʻo ʻia lākou e lilo i mea hoʻoikaika no ka lauoho o ka puaʻa.
Kiʻi #5: ʻElepani lauoho morphology (А - С) a me ka giraffe (D - F). А - cuticle; В - haʻihaʻi lauoho stepwise; С - ʻo nā puka i loko o ka lauoho e hōʻike ana i kahi i haehae ʻia ai nā kaula. D - nā papa cuticular; Е - me ka haʻihaʻi lauoho; F - nā pulupulu i haehae ʻia mai ka ʻili o ka wahi haʻi.
ʻO ka lauoho o kahi pēpē elephant hiki ke ma kahi o 330 microns ka mānoanoa, a i ke kanaka makua hiki ke hiki i 1.5 mm. He paʻakikī ke ʻike ʻia nā papa ma luna o ka ʻili (5A).He mea maʻalahi ka lauoho Elephant i ka haki maʻamau, ʻo ia hoʻi. i ka haʻihaʻi tensile maʻemaʻe. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka morphology o ka ʻili haʻihaʻi e hōʻike ana i kahi hiʻohiʻona paepae (5B), ma muli paha o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hemahema liʻiliʻi ma ka cortex lauoho. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kekahi mau puka liʻiliʻi ma ka ʻili haʻi, kahi i loaʻa ai nā fibrils hoʻoikaika ma mua o ka pōʻino (5С).
He mānoanoa nō hoʻi ka lauoho o ka giraffe (370 microns), ʻoiai ʻaʻole maopopo loa ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā papa cuticle (5D). Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ma muli o kā lākou pōʻino e nā ʻano mea kaiapuni (e laʻa, friction kūʻē i nā lāʻau i ka wā hānai). ʻOiai nā ʻokoʻa, ua like ka haki ʻana o ka lauoho o ka giraffe me ko ka ʻelepani (5F).
Kiʻi No. 6: ʻano lauoho capybara (А - ʻelua ʻāpana cuticular o nā papa; В - ka haki ʻana o ka hale pālua; С - ʻo nā pulupulu ma kahi kokoke i ka palena ʻāhaʻi e ʻike ʻia he palupalu a ʻoʻoleʻa; D - nā fiber elongated mai ka ʻāpana o ka haki ʻana o ka hale pālua).
ʻOkoʻa ka lauoho o ka capybaras a me ka peccaries mai nā lauoho ʻē aʻe i aʻo ʻia. I ka capybara, ʻo ka ʻokoʻa nui ka hele ʻana o kahi hoʻonohonoho cuticle pālua a me kahi ʻano lauoho oval (6A). ʻO ke awāwa ma waena o nā ʻāpana aniani ʻelua o ka lauoho he mea pono e hoʻoneʻe i ka wai mai ka hulu holoholona me ka wikiwiki, a me ka ventilation maikaʻi, e hiki ai ke maloʻo wikiwiki. I ka wā e ʻike ʻia ai i ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻia, ua māhele ʻia ka lauoho i ʻelua ʻāpana ma ke kahawai, a luku ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻāpana (6B). Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a hoʻolōʻihi ʻia nā ʻāpana he nui o ka cortex (6С и 6D).
Kiʻi #7: ʻO ka lauoho Peccary morphology (А - ke ʻano o ka cuticle a me kahi o ka haki; В - morphology o ka luku cortex a me nā kikoʻī o kona ʻano; С - nā pūnaewele paʻa (20 microns ke anawaena), nā paia o ia mea he mau fibers; D - nā paia pūnaewele).
ʻO nā peccaries (ʻohana Tayassuidae, i.e. peccary) he porous cortex ka lauoho, a ʻaʻohe papa ʻokoʻa ka papa cuticle (7A). Loaʻa i ka cortex lauoho nā pūnaewele pani ʻia me ke ana ʻana he 10-30 microns (7B), nā paia o ia mea he keratin fibers (7С). He porous loa kēia mau paia, a ʻo ka nui o hoʻokahi pore ma kahi o 0.5-3 microns (7D).
E like me kāu e ʻike ai ma ke kiʻi 7A, me ke kākoʻo ʻole o ka fibrous cortex, ua haki ka cuticle ma ka laina haʻihaʻi, a huki ʻia nā ʻili ma kekahi mau wahi. Pono kēia lauoho lauoho e hoʻonui i ka lauoho, e hoʻonui i ka nui o ka holoholona, he mea pale paha ia no ka peccary. Kūleʻa maikaʻi ka lauoho Peccary i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa i ka hoʻolōʻihi.
Ma hope o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka lauoho o nā holoholona like ʻole, a me kā lākou ʻano o ka pōʻino ma muli o ke ʻano ʻino, ua hoʻomaka nā ʻepekema e wehewehe i nā waiwai mechanical.
Kiʻi 8: deformation diagram no kēlā me kēia ʻano lauoho a me ke kiʻikuhi o ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻokolohua no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻikepili (strain rate 10-2 s-1).
E like me ka ʻike ʻia ma ka pakuhi ma luna nei, ʻokoʻa loa ka pane ʻana i ka hohola ʻana i ka lauoho o nā ʻano holoholona like ʻole. No laila,ʻo ka lauoho o ke kanaka, ka lio, ka puaʻa a me ka bea i hōʻike i ka hopena e like me ka hopena o ka hulu hipa (ʻaʻole i ka mea'ē aʻe, akā, he mea textile).
Ma kahi modulus elastic kiʻekiʻe o 3.5–5 GPa, aia nā ʻōpuni i kahi ʻāpana laina (elastic), a ukali ʻia e kahi pāpū me ka hoʻonui lohi ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi a hiki i kahi kānana o 0.20–0.25, a laila piʻi nui ka wikiwiki o ka paʻakikī a hiki i kahi. ʻO ke kaumaha o ka hemahema o 0.40. ʻO ka ʻāina pāpū e pili ana i ka wehe ʻana а-Helical structure o keratin intermediate filaments, i kekahi mau mea hiki ke hoʻololi i loko b-pepa (nā hale palahalaha). ʻO ka hoʻopau piha ʻana e alakaʻi i kahi deformation o 1.31, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka hopena o kēia pae (0.20-0.25).
Hoʻopuni ʻia ka ʻāpana like me ka ʻili o ka crystalline e kahi matrix amorphous ʻaʻole e loli. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao amorphous he 55% o ka nui o ka nui, akā inā wale nō ke anawaena o nā filament waena he 7 nm a ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou e 2 nm o nā mea amorphous. Ua loaʻa ia mau hōʻailona pololei i nā haʻawina mua.
I ka wā paʻakikī o ka hoʻololi ʻana, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma waena o nā fila cortical a ma waena o nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e like me nā microfibrils, nā filament waena, a me ka matrix amorphous.
Hōʻike ka lauoho Giraffe, elephant a me ka peccary i kahi pane paʻakikī paʻakikī me ka ʻole o ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā pāpū a me nā wahi o ka paʻakikī wikiwiki (nā piko). He haʻahaʻa ka modulus elastic a ma kahi o 2 GPa.
ʻAʻole like me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, hōʻike ka lauoho capybara i kahi pane i hōʻike ʻia e ka paʻakikī wikiwiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā koʻikoʻi. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia nānā ʻana me ke ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka lauoho o ka capybara, a i ʻole ke ʻano o ka loaʻa ʻana o ʻelua ʻāpana symmetrical a me kahi ʻāpana longitudinal ma waena o lākou.
Ua hana mua ʻia nā haʻawina mua e hōʻike ana i ka emi ʻana o ka modulus o Young (longitudinal elastic modulus) me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka lauoho i nā ʻano holoholona like ʻole. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia mau hana he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa ka modulus Young's peccary ma mua o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe, ma muli paha o ka porosity o kona ʻano lauoho.
He mea ʻike nō hoʻi he ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo ka peccary ma kona lauoho (ʻelua kala). ʻO nā haʻihaʻi tensile pinepine i ka wahi keʻokeʻo o ka lauoho. ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka pale ʻana o ka wahi ʻeleʻele ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā melanosomes, i loaʻa wale i ka lauoho ʻeleʻele.
He ʻokoʻa maoli kēia mau ʻike a pau, akā ʻo ka nīnau nui: ke pāʻani nei ka nui o ka lauoho i kona ikaika?
Inā mākou e wehewehe i ka lauoho i loko o nā mammals, hiki iā mākou ke hōʻike i nā mea nui i ʻike ʻia e nā mea noiʻi:
- i ka nui o nā lauoho, ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa ma ka ʻaoʻao waena a liʻiliʻi i ka hopena; ʻOi aku ka mānoanoa o ka hulu o nā holoholona hihiu ma muli o ko lākou wahi noho;
- ʻO nā ʻokoʻa o ke anawaena o nā lauoho o kekahi ʻano e hōʻike ana he ʻokoʻa ka mānoanoa o ka hapa nui o ka lauoho i loko o ka laulima mānoanoa no kekahi ʻano holoholona. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ka mānoanoa o ka lauoho ma waena o nā ʻelele like ʻole o ka ʻano like, akā ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka hopena o kēia ʻokoʻa;
- He ʻokoʻa ka mānoanoa lauoho o nā ʻano mammals (e like me ka cliche e like me ke kani ʻana).
Ma ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana i kēia mau ʻike ākea ākea a me nā ʻikepili i loaʻa i ka wā o nā hoʻokolohua, ua hiki i nā ʻepekema ke hoʻohālikelike i nā hopena āpau e hana i nā pilina ma waena o ka mānoanoa o ka lauoho a me kona ikaika.
Kiʻi No. 9: ka pilina ma waena o ka mānoanoa o ka lauoho a me kona ikaika i nā ʻano holoholona like ʻole.
Ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa o ke anawaena o ka lauoho a me ka hoʻonui ʻia, ua hoʻoholo nā ʻepekema e ʻike inā hiki ke wānana ʻia ko lākou mau koʻikoʻi tensile ma muli o nā helu Weibull, hiki ke helu pono i nā ʻokoʻa i ka nui o ka laʻana a me ka nui o nā hemahema.
Ua manaʻo ʻia he ʻāpana lauoho me ka leo V i loko o n nā mea o ka leo, a me kēlā me kēia ʻāpana leo V0 loaʻa ka puʻunaue like o nā hemahema. Ke hoʻohana nei i ka manaʻo loulou nāwaliwali loa, ma kahi pae uila i hāʻawi ʻia σ mea hiki P ka mālama ʻana i ka pono o kahi ʻāpana lauoho i hāʻawi ʻia me ka leo V hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he huahana o nā mea like ʻole o ka mālama ʻana i ka pono o kēlā me kēia o nā mea leo, ʻo ia hoʻi:
P(V) = P(V0) · P(V0)… · P(V0) = · P(V0)n
auhea ka leo V loaʻa n nā mea leo V0. E like me ka piʻi ʻana o ka voltage P(V) emi maoli.
Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka māhele Weibull ʻelua-parameter, hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ka hiki ʻole o ka hāʻule o ka leo holoʻokoʻa e like me:
1 - P = 1 - exp [ -V/V0 · ((σ/σ0)m]
kahi σ - ka uila i hoʻohana ʻia, ʻO σ0 ke ʻano (kumu) ikaika, a m — Weibull modulus, he ana o ka hoololi waiwai. He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka piʻi ʻana o ka luku me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka laʻana V ma ka uila mau σ.
Ma ka pakuhi 9A Hōʻike ʻia ka māhele Weibull o nā koʻikoʻi hemahema hoʻokolohua no ka lauoho kanaka a me ka lauoho capybara. Ua wānana ʻia nā pihi no nā ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano #2 me ka waiwai like o m me ka lauoho kanaka (m = 0.11).
ʻO nā anawaena maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia: puaʻa - 235 µm, lio - 200 µm, peccary - 300 µm, bea - 70 µm, lauoho ʻelepani - 345 µm a me giraffe - 370 µm.
Ma muli o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e hiki ke hoʻoholo i ke koʻikoʻi haki P(V) = 0.5, hōʻike kēia mau hopena i ka emi ʻana o ke koʻikoʻi hemahema me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke anawaena lauoho ma waena o nā ʻano.
Ma ka pakuhi 9B hōʻike i nā koʻikoʻi o ka haki ʻana i 50% o ka hiki ʻole ke hāʻule (P(V) = 0.5) a me ka awelika o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi wāwahi no nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole.
Ua maopopo i ka piʻi ʻana o ke anawaena o ka lauoho mai 100 a 350 mm, e emi ana kona koʻikoʻi haki mai 200-250 MPa a i 125-150 MPa. ʻO ka Weibull distribution simulation hopena i ʻaelike maikaʻi loa me nā hopena nānā maoli. ʻO ka lauoho peccary wale nō ka mea i porous loa. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka ikaika maoli o ka lauoho peccary ma mua o ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e Weibull distribution modeling.
No ka ʻike kikoʻī hou aku me nā nuances o ke aʻo ʻana, manaʻo wau e nānā и iāia.
Epilogue
ʻO ka hopena nui o nā ʻike ma luna nei, ʻaʻole like ka lauoho mānoanoa me ka lauoho ikaika. ʻOiaʻiʻo, e like me ka ʻōlelo a ka poʻe ʻepekema ponoʻī, ʻaʻole kēia ʻōlelo i ʻike ʻia no ka millennium, no ka mea, ua hana ʻia nā ʻike like i ka wā e aʻo ai i ka uea metala. ʻAʻole ʻo ka helu ma ʻaneʻi i ka physics, mechanics a i ʻole biology, akā i nā helu helu - ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mea, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hemahema.
Manaʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻo ka hana a mākou i loiloi ai i kēia lā e kōkua i kā lākou mau hoa hana e hana i nā mea synthetic hou. ʻO ka pilikia nui, ʻoiai ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻenehana hou, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hana i kahi mea e like me ka lauoho kanaka a i ʻole elephant. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻo ka hana ʻana i kahi mea liʻiliʻi he mea paʻakikī, ʻaʻole e haʻi i kona ʻano paʻakikī.
E like me kā mākou e ʻike ai, ua hōʻike ʻia kēia haʻawina ʻaʻole wale ka silika spider i kūpono i ka manaʻo o nā ʻepekema ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoikaika no nā mea ultra-ikaika a me nā mea māmā e hiki mai ana, akā hiki i ka lauoho kanaka ke kāhāhā me kāna mau mea mechanical a me ka ikaika kupaianaha.
Mahalo no ka heluhelu ʻana, noʻonoʻo a hauʻoli maikaʻi nā kāne. 🙂
Kekahi mau hoʻolaha 🙂
Mahalo no kou noho pū ʻana me mākou. Makemake ʻoe i kā mākou ʻatikala? Makemake ʻoe e ʻike i nā mea hoihoi hou aʻe? E kākoʻo iā mākou ma ke kau ʻana i kahi kauoha a i ʻole ka ʻōlelo ʻana i nā hoaaloha, , he analogue kū hoʻokahi o nā kikowaena hoʻokomo-level, i hana ʻia e mākou no ʻoe: (loaʻa me RAID1 a me RAID10, a hiki i 24 cores a hiki i 40GB DDR4).
ʻO Dell R730xd 2 mau manawa maʻalahi ma Equinix Tier IV kikowaena data ma Amsterdam? Eia wale nō ma Netherlands! Dell R420 - 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB - mai $99! Heluhelu e pili ana
Source: www.habr.com