ʻO ka pilina ma waena o nā hoa pili, piha i ka mālama, nā hōʻailona o ka nānā a me ke aloha, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ke aloha e nā haku mele, akā kapa ʻia nā mea olaola he pilina pili i ke kāne e pili ana i ke ola a me ka hānau ʻana. ʻOi aku ka makemake o kekahi mau ʻano e lawe i nā helu - e hoʻohua me ka nui o nā hoa i hiki ke hoʻonui i ka helu o nā hua, a laila e hoʻonui ai i ke ola o ka ʻano holoʻokoʻa. Hoʻokumu kekahi i nā kāne monogamous, hiki ke hoʻopau i ka noho ʻana ma hope o ka make ʻana o kekahi o nā hoa. No nā makahiki he nui, ua manaʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka koho mua, akā ʻaʻole pololei kēia. ʻO nā kāne monogamous, ma keʻano he kānāwai, e hānai pū i kā lākou mau keiki, i.e. pale iā ia mai nā mea ʻaihue, loaʻa i ka meaʻai a aʻo iā ia i kekahi mau mākau, ʻoiai ma ka pilina polygamous e hāʻule pinepine kēia mau mea āpau ma nā poʻohiwi palupalu o nā wahine. ʻOiaʻiʻo, aia nā ʻokoʻa, akā i kēia lā ʻaʻole mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana iā lākou. Ua lōʻihi ka hoihoi ʻana o ka poʻe biologists i kekahi mea hoihoi - ke hoʻomau nei nā kāne e hōʻike i nā hōʻailona o ka nānā ʻana i nā wahine, ʻoiai i ka wā i hoʻokumu ʻia ai kā lāua mau kāne a ua noho ʻia no kekahi mau makahiki. He aha ke kumu o kēia ʻano, he aha ka pōmaikaʻi mai ia mea, a he aha nā ʻano evolutionary e pili ana me ia? E loaʻa iā mākou nā pane i kēia mau nīnau ma ka hōʻike o ka hui noiʻi. Hele.
Kumu noiʻi
Hāʻawi ʻia i ke kumuhana o ka haʻawina, ʻaʻole mākou e kālele ana i nā ʻano manu polygamous, akā e kālele ana i nā mea aloha huluhulu i aloha hoʻokahi a no nā mea a pau.
Ma ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka monogamy, pono e hoʻomaopopo he nui nā ʻano o ia mea ma muli o ka lōʻihi: hoʻokahi kau, mau makahiki a no ke ola.
Ma waena o nā manu, ʻo ka monogamy kau ka mea maʻamau. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi ka geese hihiu. Hoʻopili nā wahine i ka pūnana a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā hua, a ʻo ke kāne ke kuleana no ka pale ʻana i ka ʻāina. I ka lua o ka lā ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana, hele ka ʻohana i ka loko iʻa kokoke loa, kahi e aʻo ai nā goslings e ʻimi i ka meaʻai no lākou iho. I ka hopena o ka pilikia ma ka wai, mālama nui ka wahine i nā keiki, akā ʻo ke kāne, e hoʻomanaʻo ana i nā mea nui, ʻauheʻe pinepine. ʻAʻole ka pilina maikaʻi loa, ʻaʻole pili i kou nānā ʻana.
He ʻohana geese hihiu.
Inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā pilina, ʻo ke kumu o ke kūpaʻa, a laila ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā storks i kēia mea. Hoʻokumu lākou i kahi kāne monogamous no ke ola a ʻaʻole hoʻi e hoʻololi i ko lākou wahi e noho ai ke ʻole pono. Hoʻokahi pūnana o nā storks, hiki ke kaumaha a hiki i 250 kg a hiki i 1.5 m ke anawaena, lawelawe iā lākou no nā makahiki he nui inā ʻaʻole e luku ʻia e nā pōʻino kūlohelohe a i ʻole nā hana kanaka. Aia kekahi pūnana ma Czech Republic i hana ʻia i ka makahiki 1864.
ʻAʻole pono e mahalo ʻia nā mākau hana o nā storks ke ʻike ʻoe i kēlā mau hale.
ʻAʻole like me nā geese hihiu, he kuleana like nā storks: hānai nā hoa ʻelua i nā hua, ʻimi i ka meaʻai, aʻo i nā keiki e lele a pale iā lākou mai nā pōʻino. He kuleana koʻikoʻi nā ʻano kuʻuna like ʻole i ka pilina pilikua: hīmeni, hula, etc. ʻO ka mea kupanaha loa, ʻaʻole i hana ʻia kēia mau hana i ka wā o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi kāne (ma ka lā mua), akā i ko lākou ola holoʻokoʻa pū kekahi (ʻoiai ke hoʻololi ʻana i ka wahine i ka wā incubation, hana ke kāne i kahi hula liʻiliʻi). Iā mākou, ʻano nani loa kēia, aloha a maikaʻi ʻole hoʻi, no ka mea, mai kahi ʻano olaola ʻaʻohe pono o ia ʻano. Pela anei? A maanei hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaka mālie e noʻonoʻo i ka haʻawina ponoʻī, i manaʻo ʻia e pane i kēia nīnau.
Ethologists* Manaʻo lākou ʻo ka hōʻike mau ʻana o ko lākou mau manaʻo e nā kāne e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i ke kūlana hānau i nā wahine.
Ethology* - he ʻepekema e noiʻi ana i ka ʻano i hoʻoholo ʻia ma ke ʻano genetically, i.e. nā manaʻo.
I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole maopopo i ke kumu e mau ai kēia ʻano ʻaʻole wale i ka wā o ka male mua, akā i ke ola a pau, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā kāne e hoʻolilo i ka ikaika a me ka ikaika i kā lākou mau keiki, ma mua o ka hōʻike ʻana i nā manaʻo no ka wahine. I kēia manawa, nui ka poʻe noiʻi i manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ka ikaika o ka hōʻike ʻana i ke aloha i ka wahine e pili pono i ka maikaʻi o ka male ʻana a, no laila, ʻo nā keiki (ʻo ia ka helu o nā hua i waiho ʻia).
Hula ka manu kane o ka paradaiso i mua o ka wahine. E like me kā mākou e ʻike ai, ʻoi aku ka nani o ke kāne ma mua o ka wahine.
Ua hōʻoia kēia manaʻo e nā nānā. ʻO ka wahine nona kāna hoa kāne he kāne uʻi kākau ʻole a ʻo ka lele mua ma ke kauhale e hoʻoikaika nui i kāna mau keiki ma mua o ke kāne ʻaʻole iʻa a ʻaʻole moa. He mea leʻaleʻa a heʻakaʻaka, akā,ʻo nā hana i hanaʻia e nā kāne i mua o nā wāhine,ʻaʻole ia e hōʻike i ka nani wale nō, akā, i ka ikaika. ʻO ia wale nō ka ʻulaʻula nani, ke mele nani a me nā hōʻike ʻē aʻe o ka nānā ʻana mai nā kāne he mau hōʻailona cognitive wale nō ia no nā wahine, nāna e hoʻololi i ka ʻike e pili ana i ke kāne.
ʻO nā kānaka ʻepekema mai nā kulanui o North Carolina a me Chicago, ka mea a mākou e noʻonoʻo nei i kēia lā, ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei ʻo kēia ʻano o nā kāne e kuhikuhi ana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻano o nā wahine e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana o ka hānau ʻana.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ke kumu hoʻohālike i manaʻo ʻia e nā ʻepekema ma luna o nā hoʻokolohua he nui i hōʻike i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i kēia mau hōʻailona mai nā kāne e hoʻonui i ka hāʻawi ʻana o nā wahine i ke kaʻina hana hānau. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ke kumu o ia mau hopena hoʻoulu ʻia ʻo ia nā pane perceptual e puka mai ana mai nā waiwai o ke kaiapuni, nā hōʻailona a me ka ʻōnaehana nerve ponoʻī. I kēia manawa, ʻike ʻia ma kahi o 100 mau hiʻohiʻona o ia mau "deviations" mai nā ʻōnaehana sensory maʻamau (ka lohe, ʻike a me ka honi).
Ke hōʻike hou ke kāne i kāna mau mea maikaʻi ma mua o nā kāne ʻē aʻe, hiki i kēia ke loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi i ke kāne ponoʻī (ʻo ka wahine ke koho pono iā ia). Akā no ka wahine hiki ke lilo kēia i mea pōʻino, no ka mea e hōʻemi ana ia i ka hoʻohua hānau e hiki mai ana. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, loaʻa iā mākou kahi kūlana "ʻoi aku ka manaʻolana". ʻO ke kāne i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā kāne ʻē aʻe a hōʻike mau i nā hōʻailona hoihoi i ka wahine e loaʻa iā ia kāna makemake - ka male ʻana a me ka hānau ʻana, a i ʻole kona ʻano ponoʻī. ʻO ka wahine i manaʻo i ka hana like mai nā kāne ʻē aʻe, akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa iā ia, hiki ke loaʻa iā ia i kahi kūlana pilikia. Nānā nā kānaka ʻepekema i kahi hihia e like me ka hakakā intersexual: ʻo ka hōʻike ʻana o nā kāne iā lākou iho he piʻi nani i waena o ka heluna kanaka, a ulu ke kūʻē i kēia ʻano hana i waena o nā wahine.
Ua hoʻohālike ʻia kēia paio me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano helu helu (neural networks). I nā hiʻohiʻona hopena, hoʻohana ka mea hōʻailona (hōʻailona kumu - kāne) i ka ʻike perceptual o ka mea hoʻokipa (hōʻailona hōʻailona - wahine), e hoʻoulu i nā hōʻailona iā lākou iho i ka pōʻino o ka ʻike. I kekahi manawa, hiki ke hoʻololi i ka manaʻo o nā hōʻailona i ka heluna o nā wahine (kahi ʻano mutation), ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka ikaika o nā hōʻailona mai ke kumu (kāne). ʻO ka hoʻonui lohi ʻana i ia mau hoʻololi e alakaʻi i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole pono loa kekahi ʻano ʻano hōʻailona. E like me ia mau hoʻololi, nalowale kekahi mau hōʻailona, e nalowale ana ko lākou ikaika, akā ala mai nā mea hou, a hoʻomaka hou ke kaʻina hana.
He mea maʻalahi kēia ʻōnaehana wili i ka hana. E noʻonoʻo e ʻike ʻia kahi kāne me kahi hulu ʻālohilohi (hoʻokahi wale nō), kū ʻo ia i waho o nā mea ʻē aʻe, a hāʻawi nā wahine iā ia. A laila, puka mai ke kāne me ʻelua mau hulu ʻālohilohi, a laila ʻekolu, a pēlā aku. Akā ʻo ka ikaika o ia hōʻailona, ma muli o kona ulu ʻana a hoʻolaha, hoʻomaka e hāʻule i ka like. A laila ʻike koke ʻia kahi kāne hiki ke hīmeni nani a hana i nā pūnana. ʻO ka hopena, pau ka maikaʻi o ka plumage nani e like me ka hōʻailona a hoʻomaka e degenerate.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻokoʻa mau ka lula - hiki i kekahi mau paio i waena o nā kāne ke ulu i loko o ka hui ʻokoʻa piha a maikaʻi loa.
ʻO ke kumumanaʻo o ka puka ʻana mai o ka hakakā waena a me ka launa pū ʻana o nā kāne.
ʻO ka laina lalo, ʻo ke kāne me ka hōʻailona ʻoi aʻe e koi i ka wahine e waiho ʻaʻole ʻekolu hua, akā ʻehā. He mea maikaʻi kēia no ke kāne - e loaʻa iā ia ka nui o kāna mau keiki me kāna kolamu gene. No ka wahine, ʻaʻole nui loa, no ka mea, e hoʻoikaika nui ʻo ia e hōʻoia i ke ola o nā keiki a pau a hiki i ka makahiki kūʻokoʻa. No laila, hoʻomaka nā wahine e hoʻomohala like me nā kāne i mea e pale aku ai i kā lākou hōʻailona. Hiki ke hopena i ʻelua ala: paio a hui pū.
I ka hihia o ka launa pū ʻana, ulu nā wahine e waiho i nā hua 3, e like me ka mea ma mua o ka ʻike ʻana o kahi hōʻailona ikaika mai nā kāne, akā e hoʻomau i ka pane ʻana i kēia mau hōʻailona. Nui no nā hana hoʻopunipuni wahine ma ke ao kūlohelohe. Ma kēiaʻano,ʻaʻole i hoʻokumuʻia he mau kāne wale nō, akāʻo kahi kāne e kākoʻo ana kekahi i kekahi i ka pae kūpono loa no ka hānauʻana mai ka manaʻo o ka pilina o ka hōʻailona-pane.
ʻAʻole hiki i nā kāne ke hoʻi i hope, ma ka ʻōlelo ʻana. ʻO kā lākou mau hōʻailona hoʻonui i nā wahine e hoʻopuka i kahi paʻa o ʻekolu hua, ʻo ia hoʻi. ʻaʻole e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole pono ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hōʻailona i ka pae mua, no ka mea e alakaʻi ia i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka helu o nā hua i loko o ka clutch i ʻelua. Ua lilo ia i pōʻai ʻino - ʻaʻole hiki i nā kāne ke hōʻemi i ka ikaika o ka hōʻailona a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻonui iā ia, no ka mea, ʻo nā wahine i ka hihia mua e hānau i nā keiki liʻiliʻi, a i ka lua o ka hihia ʻaʻole lākou e pane.
ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻaʻohe kāne a wahine paha he manaʻo ʻino a makemake paha e hoʻokauwā kekahi i kekahi. Hana ʻia kēia kaʻina holoʻokoʻa ma ka pae genetic a pili wale i ka pōmaikaʻi o nā hua o kahi kāne a me ka maikaʻi o ka ʻano holoʻokoʻa.
Nā hopena noiʻi
I ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻohālike makemakika, ua loiloi nā kānaka ʻepekema i nā kūlana e hiki mai ai ka launa pū ʻana. ʻAno nui me ka waiwai maʻamau zf wehewehe i ka hana nui a ka wahine i kāna mau keiki. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ʻae ʻia ka waiwai awelika e hoʻomohala i kona waiwai kūpono zopt, e pili ana i ʻelua mau mea hoʻololi: ʻo ka pōmaikaʻi mai ka hoʻopukapuka kālā (ka helu o nā keiki e ola ana) a me ke kumukūʻai o ke kālā no nā wahine (cf). ʻIke ʻia ka hoʻololi hope ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, e hōʻike ana e ola kekahi mau wahine a hiki ke hoʻohua hou i ka makahiki e hiki mai ana, e hoʻonui ai i ka helu o nā hanauna.
Aia kekahi mau huaʻōlelo e hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i loko o kēia haʻawina e pono e wehewehe iki:
- hōʻailona - ka hōʻike ʻana o ka manaʻo ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā kāne i nā hoa wahine (mele, hula a me nā hana ʻē aʻe) i hana ʻia i nā hui i hoʻokumu ʻia;
- hāʻawi / Nāʻaukā kālā - ka pane o nā wahine i kēia mau hōʻailona, i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka nui o nā hua i loko o ka paʻa, ʻoi aku ka manawa e mālama ai i nā keiki e hiki mai ana, etc.;
- mea pane - ka wahine e pane ana i nā hōʻailona mai ke kāne;
- na lilo - ke kumukūʻai o ka hāʻawi ʻana o nā wahine i nā keiki (manawa i loko o ka pūnana, manawa e ʻimi ai i ka meaʻai, kūlana olakino ma muli o ka nui o nā hua manu i loko o ka puʻu, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe).
Ua hoʻohālike ʻia nā hōʻailona kāne hou a me nā pane wahine iā lākou me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻololi hoʻololi hoʻokahi-locus diallelic, a laila e hoʻohui pū ana i nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike a me ka heluna kanaka. IN wahi *, ka mea e hoomalu ana i ka pane o ka wahine (A), i ka hoomaka ana ua ikeia ke alapine kiʻekiʻe o ka allele -mea pane* (A2), pili i ka manaʻo manaʻo mua
Locus* - kahi o kahi gene kiko'ī ma ka palapala genetic o kahi chromosome.
Alele* - nā ʻano like ʻole o ka gene hoʻokahi i loaʻa i ka loci like o nā chromosomes homologous. Hoʻoholo nā Alleles i ke ala o ka ulu ʻana o kahi ʻano.
Gene pane* (Rsp) he gene i pili pono me ka segregation disorder factor (SD gene), ka allele hana o ia (Rsp+) hiki ke hoopau i ka olelo SD.
Hoʻopaʻa mua ʻia ka locus hōʻailona (B) i ka allele non-signal (B1). A laila hoʻokomo ʻia ka B2 allele, kahi e hōʻike ʻia ai nā hōʻailona kāne.
ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana i nā hōʻailona no nā kāne aia nō kona kumukūʻai (sm), akā hoʻonui i ka haʻawina o ka hoa wahine (A2) ma ka waiwai α. No ka laʻana, hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ka α ma ke ʻano he hua manu keu i loko o kahi paʻa. I ka manawa like, hiki i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka wahine ke hōʻike iā ia iho ma ke ʻano o nā hopena maikaʻi i loaʻa iā ia ma kāna mau keiki.
No laila, ʻo kahi pālua kahi e lawe ai ke kāne i ka allele hōʻailona a lawe ka wahine i ka allele responder (ʻo ia hoʻi.
Nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hui ʻana o nā kāne a me nā wahine e like me ka ratio o nā hōʻailona a me nā pane iā lākou.
Hoʻopilikia ʻia ka heluna o nā keiki e ola ana i ka makahiki e hiki mai ana hilinaʻi mānoanoa* i loko o ka pua a me ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka nui o ka brood ma hope o ka holo ʻana.
Ke hilinaʻi nui * Hana ʻia nā kaʻina hana hilinaʻi i ka wā e hoʻoponopono ʻia ka nui o ka ulu ʻana o ka heluna kanaka e ka nui o kēlā heluna kanaka.
ʻO kekahi hui o nā mea hoʻololi e pili ana i ka make ʻana o nā wahine a me nā kāne ma hope o ka hānau ʻana o nā keiki. Hoʻoholo ʻia kēia mau ʻokoʻa e ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka brood (cm - hāʻawi i nā kāne, cf - hāʻawi a nā wahine), nā kumukūʻai o nā hōʻailona no nā kāne (sm) a me ka make koho ʻole (dm - nā kāne a me df - nā wahine).
ʻO nā wāhine kāne make, nā wāhine kāne make, nā kamaliʻi ʻuʻuku a me nā poʻe hoʻokahi ma mua e hui pū ʻia e hana i mau hui hou a ua pau ka pōʻai makahiki. Ma ke kumu hoʻohālike e aʻo ʻia nei, aia ka manaʻo nui i ka monogamy genetic, no laila ua kāpae ʻia nā ʻano koho a pau (ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻokūkū ma waena o nā poʻe no kahi hoa) mai ka helu ʻana.
ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ka ulu ʻana o nā hōʻailona, nā mea pane a me nā haʻawina.
Hōʻike ka hoʻohālike i ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kaulike paʻa ke hāʻawi nā kāne i nā hōʻailona a pane nā wahine iā lākou. I ke kaulike, ho'iho'i 'ia nā ha'awina a pau i nā keiki i ka pae ma mua o ka puka 'ana o nā hō'ailona kāne hou.
Ma ka pakuhi А Hōʻike ka mea i luna nei i kahi laʻana o ka hoʻololi ʻana i kahi e hoʻi ai ka haʻawina wahine i nā keiki i ka pae maikaʻi loa, ʻo ia ka hopena o ka ulu ʻana o ke ʻano quantitative o ka hāʻawi (ʻo ka laina ʻōmaʻomaʻo kikoʻī ka hāʻawi maoli, a ʻo ka laina ʻōmaʻomaʻo paʻa. ʻo ia ka haʻawina i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma muli o ka nele o ka pane wahine i nā hōʻailona kāne hou). Ma ka pakuhi В Hōʻike ʻia kekahi laʻana ʻē aʻe ke alakaʻi ʻia ka hakakā ʻana i ka nalo ʻana o ka mea pane.
A ma ka pakuhi С ʻElua mau ʻāpana i ʻike ʻia e pili ana i kēia hopena: ka piʻi ʻana o ka hāʻawi ʻia e nā hōʻailona hou (α), a me ke kumukūʻai o nā wāhine no kēia hoʻokomo kālā (cf). Ma ka ʻāpana ʻulaʻula ma ka pakuhi, ʻaʻole e piʻi aʻe nā hōʻailona, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ko lākou kumukūʻai ma mua o ka pōmaikaʻi. Ma nā wahi melemele a me kaʻeleʻele, piʻi ka pinepine o nā hōʻailona, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻonuiʻana i nā hoʻolimalima kālā ma kaʻaoʻao o nā wāhine. Ma ka ʻāpana melemele, loaʻa ka pane i kēia ma ka hōʻemi ʻana i ke ʻano hoʻopukapuka quantitative, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻopaʻa mau ʻana o nā alleles o nā hōʻailona a me nā pane. Ma ka ʻāina ʻeleʻele, kahi i hoʻokomo nui ʻia ai ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana o ka wahine pane, nalowale koke ka allele pane, a ukali ʻia e nā hōʻailona, e like me nā hiʻohiʻona kuʻuna o ka hakakā intersexual (graph. В).
ʻO ka palena kū i waena o ka ʻāpana ʻulaʻula a me ka melemele e hōʻike ana i kahi e loaʻa ai i nā kāne ke kālā hou i nā keiki ma muli o ke kaulike ʻana o nā wahine i ke kumukūʻai o kā lākou hōʻailona. ʻO ka palena ākea e hoʻokaʻawale ana i nā ʻāpana melemele a ʻeleʻele mai ka ʻulaʻula e like me ke ʻano, akā no ke kumu ʻaʻole maopopo. I ka wā e uku ai nā wāhine (cf) he haʻahaʻa, a laila ka waiwai maikaʻi loa o ka haʻawina (zopt) e ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe, a no laila e ʻoi aku ka nui o ka haʻawina wahine ma nā kūlana mua. ʻO ka hopena o kēia ʻo ia ka hāʻawi ʻana o nā hōʻailona i ke kāne me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka pōmaikaʻi mai ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana i loaʻa iā ia, a ua hoʻopau hou ʻia e kāna mau kumukūʻai.
ʻO ke ākea ka palena, kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai nā hōʻailona a me nā pane (melemele), ʻokoʻa ma muli o ka ikaika o ke koho ʻana a me ka ʻokoʻa genetic o ka allele o ka mea pane. No ka laʻana, inā he 0.9 ka alapine allele mua o ka mea pane ma kahi o 0.99 i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi #2, ʻo ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā hōʻailona e hopena i ke koho ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma luna o nā mea pane (ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻokoʻa genetic mua) a hoʻonui ka ʻāpana ʻeleʻele i ka hema.
Hiki ke loaʻa nā hōʻailona kāne inā hiki mai lākou me kahi kumukūʻai e hōʻemi i ka hāʻawi ʻana o ke kāne i ke keiki o kēia manawa (parameterized sfec), pela pili pono hooikaika kino* ʻo ke kāne a me ka wahine, ma mua o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ke ola o ke kāne.
Hoʻoikaika kino* - ka hiki ke hana hou i na kanaka me kekahi genotype.
ʻO ka pilina ma waena o nā kumukūʻai fecundity a me nā hōʻailona (hema) a me ka pilina ma waena o nā kumukūʻai viability a me nā hōʻailona.
Ma ke ʻano o ka momona, ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hōʻailona kāne (wahi melemele), ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā kāne a pau i nā keiki ma mua o ka hōʻailona ʻana. I kēia hihia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hāʻawi ʻana o nā wahine ma mua o ka puka ʻana o nā hōʻailona kāne.
ʻOi aku ka nui o ka hoʻopukapuka wahine, ke hoʻoponopono ʻia nā kumukūʻai kāne e ka fecundity (ma mua o ka viability), e hoʻonui i ka helu awelika o nā keiki i kēlā me kēia pālua, akā ʻaʻole i uku piha. I ka wā lōʻihi, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka haʻawina wahine e hoʻonui i ka helu awelika o nā keiki a hiki i ka holo ʻana akā e hoʻemi ana i ka awelika o ka wahine. Ke alakaʻi nei kēia i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi kaulike hou ma waena o kēia mau pūʻali ʻelua, kahi i haʻahaʻa ai ka helu awelika o nā keiki ma mua o ke ʻano o ka viability maʻamau a i nā kūlana mua (ma mua o ka hōʻike ʻana o nā hōʻailona).
Mai ka manaʻo makemakika, e like me kēia: inā hoʻonui nā hōʻailona kāne i ka momona ma 1% (akā, ʻaʻole e hoʻonui i ka viability), a laila hoʻonui nā kumukūʻai wahine no nā keiki i ka 1.3%, akā i ka manawa like e piʻi aʻe ko lākou make ma 0.5. %, a ke emi nei ka heluna o na hua no ka lua ma 0.16%.
Inā ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka waiwai awelika o ka haʻawina wahine ma mua o ka pae maikaʻi loa (no ka laʻana, ma muli o nā hopena o ke kaiapuni), a laila i ka wā e hōʻike ʻia ai nā hōʻailona e hoʻoulu ai i ka ulu ʻana o nā kumukūʻai, ala mai kahi ʻōnaehana kaulike, ʻo ia. ka launa pū ʻana o nā kāne. Ma ia kūlana, ʻaʻole hoʻonui wale nā hōʻailona kāne i ka hāʻawi ʻana o nā wahine i nā keiki, akā i ko lākou olakino.
ʻO ia ʻano hana o nā kāne a me nā wahine e ulu pinepine ʻia ma muli o nā loli o waho (ka ea, kahi noho, ka nui o nā meaʻai i loaʻa, etc.). Ma muli o kēia, ʻōlelo ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻo ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka monogamy i kekahi mau ʻano hou, ʻoiai he polygamous ko lākou mau kūpuna, no ka neʻe ʻana a, no laila, he hoʻololi i ke kaiapuni.
No ka ʻike kikoʻī hou aku me nā nuances o ke aʻo ʻana, manaʻo wau e nānā и iāia.
Epilogue
Ua hōʻike kēia haʻawina i ka pilina ma waena o ka polygamy a me ka monogamy mai kahi hiʻohiʻona evolutionary. I loko o ke aupuni manu, ua hoʻāʻo mau nā kāne e ʻoi aku kekahi i kekahi i mea e loaʻa ai ka manaʻo o ka wahine: me ka ʻulaʻula nani, ka hula nani, a i ʻole ka hōʻike ʻana i ko lākou hiki ke kūkulu. ʻO kēia ʻano ma muli o ka hoʻokūkū ma waena o nā kāne, ʻo ia ka mea maʻamau o nā ʻano polygamous. Mai ka hiʻohiʻona o nā wahine, hiki i kēia mau hōʻailona āpau ke loiloi i nā ʻano o ke kāne e hoʻoili ʻia i kā lākou mau keiki maʻamau. Eia naʻe, i ka wā lōʻihi, ua hoʻomaka nā kāne e ulu i ke ʻano i ʻoi aku ka mālamalama o kā lākou mau hōʻailona ma mua o nā mea hoʻokūkū. ʻO nā wahine, ua ulu aʻe e kūʻē i kēlā mau hōʻailona. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, pono mau ke kaulike. Inā like ʻole nā kumukūʻai o nā wahine no nā keiki i nā pono, a laila ʻaʻohe kumu o ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā kumukūʻai. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomoe ʻana i 3 mau hua a ola i ke kaʻina hana o ka incubating a me ka hānai ʻana i nā hua ma mua o ka waiho ʻana i ʻelima a make e hoʻāʻo e pale iā lākou.
Hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka heluna kanaka, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ulu ʻana - ma ke ala o ka hui pū ʻana. I loko o nā pālua monogamous, hoʻomau nā kāne e hōʻike iā lākou iho i ko lākou nani a pau, a pane nā wahine i kēia me ka hāʻawi maikaʻi loa i nā keiki.
ʻAʻole kaumaha ka honua o nā holoholona hihiu i nā loina pono, nā kānāwai a me nā kuʻuna, a ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā hana āpau e ka evolution, genetics a me ka makewai no ka hānau ʻana.
Malia paha no ka romantics ka wehewehe ʻepekema o ke aloha ʻēheu e like me ka prosaic, akā manaʻo nā ʻepekema ʻē aʻe. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, he aha ka mea i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke ʻano o ke kaulike a me ka pilina maoli ma waena o ka wahine a me ke kāne, e noʻonoʻo ana i nā pono o nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua a me ka manaʻo i ka pōmaikaʻi o nā hanauna e hiki mai ana.
Pōʻalima ma waho:
ʻOiai ʻaʻohe inoa maikaʻi loa o kēia mau manu (Grebes), nani wale kā lākou hula hui.
2.0 o waho:
ʻO nā manu o ka paradaiso he laʻana nui (ʻoiaʻiʻo) o nā ʻano hōʻailona like ʻole i hoʻouna ʻia e nā kāne i nā wahine i ka wā pūnana (BBC Earth, leo-leo ʻia e David Attenborough).
Mahalo no ka nānā ʻana, noho ʻimi a hauʻoli maikaʻi i ka hopena pule a pau! 🙂
Mahalo no kou noho pū ʻana me mākou. Makemake ʻoe i kā mākou ʻatikala? Makemake ʻoe e ʻike i nā mea hoihoi hou aʻe? E kākoʻo iā mākou ma ke kau ʻana i kahi kauoha a i ʻole ka ʻōlelo ʻana i nā hoaaloha, 30% ho'ēmi no nā mea hoʻohana Habr ma kahi kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa o nā kikowaena helu komo, i hana ʻia e mākou no ʻoe: (loaʻa me RAID1 a me RAID10, a hiki i 24 cores a hiki i 40GB DDR4).
ʻO Dell R730xd 2 mau manawa maʻalahi? Eia wale nō ma Netherlands! Dell R420 - 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB - mai $99! Heluhelu e pili ana
Source: www.habr.com