Kamepiula kuantum a me ka helu helu helu - hou , i hoʻohui ʻia i kā mākou wahi ʻike me , a me nā ʻōlelo ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe ʻē aʻe. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke ʻimi i nā mea ma ka Pūnaewele e hui pū ai i ka puzzle ma koʻu poʻo i kapa ʻia "pehea ka hana o na computer quantum". ʻAe, nui nā hana maikaʻi loa, me ka Habr (e nānā. ), nā ʻōlelo e like me ka mea maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka ʻike a me ka pono, akā ʻo ke kiʻi i koʻu poʻo, e like me kā lākou e ʻōlelo nei, ʻaʻole i hoʻohui ʻia.
A i kēia manawa ua hele mai koʻu mau hoa hana i oʻu nei a nīnau mai, "Maopopo iā ʻoe ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o ka computer quantum? Hiki iā ʻoe ke haʻi mai iā mākou?” A laila ʻike wau ʻaʻole wau wale nō ka pilikia me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi kiʻi koʻikoʻi ma koʻu poʻo.
ʻO ka hopena, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia e hōʻuluʻulu i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā kamepiula quantum i loko o kahi kaapuni logic maʻamau pae kumu, me ka ʻole o ka hoʻonaʻauao hohonu ʻana i ka makemakika a me ke ʻano o ka honua quantum, ua wehewehe ʻia ke ʻano o ka lolouila quantum, he aha nā loina e hana ai, a me nā pilikia e kū nei nā ʻepekema i ka wā e hana ai a hoʻohana ai.
Ka papa o nā mea
Hoʻolele
ʻAʻole akamai ka mea kākau i ka helu quantum, a ʻO ka poʻe i manaʻo ʻia o ka ʻatikala ʻo ia ka poʻe IT like, ʻaʻole nā loea quantum, ka mea makemake e hoʻohui i kekahi kiʻi ma ko lākou mau poʻo i kapa ʻia "Pehea ka hana ʻana o nā computer quantum." Ma muli o kēia, ua maʻalahi nā manaʻo he nui i ka ʻatikala e hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i nā ʻenehana quantum ma kahi pae "kumu", akā me ka ʻole. .
Hoʻohana ka ʻatikala ma kekahi mau wahi i nā mea mai nā kumu ʻē aʻe, . Ma nā wahi a pau e hiki ai, hoʻokomo ʻia nā loulou pololei a me nā hōʻailona i ka kikokikona kumu, ka papa a i ʻole ke kiʻi. Inā poina au i kekahi mea (a i ʻole kekahi) ma kahi, e kākau a naʻu e hoʻoponopono.
Hōʻike
Ma kēia mokuna, e nānā pōkole mākou i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke au quantum, he aha ke kumu hoʻoikaika o ka manaʻo o kahi kamepiula quantum, ʻo wai (ʻo ia nā ʻāina a me nā hui) i kēia manawa nā mea pāʻani ma kēia kahua, a kamaʻilio pū kekahi. e pili ana i nā kuhikuhi nui o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka computing quantum.
Pehea i hoʻomaka ai
ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke au quantum i manaʻo ʻia ʻo 1900, i ka wā i hoʻomaka mua ai ʻo M. Planck ʻAʻole i hoʻomau mau ʻia ka ikehu, akā ma nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa. Ua ʻohi ʻia ka manaʻo a hoʻomohala ʻia e nā mea ʻepekema koʻikoʻi o ia manawa - Bohr, Einstein, Heisenberg, Schrödinger, ka mea i alakaʻi i ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi ʻepekema e like me . Nui nā mea maikaʻi ma ka Pūnaewele e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka quantum physics ma ke ʻano he ʻepekema; ma kēia ʻatikala ʻaʻole mākou e noʻonoʻo i kēia me ka kikoʻī, akā pono e hōʻike i ka lā i komo ai mākou i ke au quantum hou.
Ua lawe mai ʻo Quantum physics i nā mea hana a me nā ʻenehana i loko o ko mākou ola o kēlā me kēia lā, me ka ʻole o ia mea he paʻakikī ke noʻonoʻo i ka honua a puni mākou. Eia kekahi laʻana, he laser, i hoʻohanaʻia i kēia manawa ma nā wahi a pau, mai nā mea hana hale (nā pae laser, a me nā mea'ē aʻe) i nā pūnaeweleʻenehana kiʻekiʻe (nā laser no ka hoʻoponoponoʻana i ka hihiʻo, aloha. ). He mea kūpono ke manaʻo e hiki mai ana kekahi me ka manaʻo no ke aha e hoʻohana ʻole ai i nā ʻōnaehana quantum no ka helu ʻana. A laila i ka makahiki 1980 ua hiki mai.
Ua hōʻike ʻo Wikipedia i ka manaʻo mua o ka computing quantum i hōʻike ʻia ma 1980 e kā mākou ʻepekema ʻo Yuri Manin. Akā, ua hoʻomaka maoli lākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana iā ia i ka makahiki 1981, i ka wā i kaulana ʻia ʻo R. Feynman , ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kahi ʻōnaehana quantum ma kahi kamepiula maʻamau i kahi ala kūpono. Hāʻawi ʻo ia i kahi kumu hoʻohālike kumu , ka mea e hiki ai ke hoʻokō i ia ʻano hoʻohālike.
Aia he , kahi ua noʻonoʻo ʻia ma ke kula a me ka kikoʻī, akā e hele pōkole mākou:
ʻO nā mea nui i ka mōʻaukala o ka hana ʻana i nā kamepiula quantum:
- [1994]. P. Kahakai. Hoʻolālā ʻia e
- [1998]. Hana ʻia
- [2001]. Ua hoʻokomo ʻo IBM i ka hoʻokō no ka hoonui ana i ka helu 15
- [2007-2016]. hana a hoʻomohala i kamepiula me 128-2000 qubits
- [2012]. Hoʻokō ʻia ma ke Kulanui o Kaleponi
- [2016]. Google ma kahi kamepiula 9-qubit
- [2017]. (ʻekolu mau ʻātoma)
- [2019]. . 20-qubit kamepiula i ke ao
- [2019]. . 53 qubit kamepiula. ?
E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ua hala nā makahiki 17 (mai 1981 a 1998) mai ka manawa o ka manaʻo a hiki i kona hoʻokō mua ʻana i kahi kamepiula me 2 qubits, a me 21 mau makahiki (mai 1998 a 2019) a hiki i ka manawa i piʻi ai ka nui o nā qubits. i 53. He 11 mau makahiki (mai 2001 a 2012) e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hopena o ka algorithm a Shor (e nānā mākou iā ia i nā kikoʻī hou aku ma hope aku) mai ka helu 15 a hiki i 21. Eia kekahi, ʻekolu mau makahiki i hala aku nei ua hiki mākou i kahi o hoʻokō i ka mea a Feynman i kamaʻilio ai, a aʻo e hoʻohālike i nā ʻōnaehana kino maʻalahi.
Ua lohi ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka quantum computing. Ke alo nei nā ʻepekema a me nā ʻenekinia i nā hana paʻakikī, ʻo nā mokuʻāina quantum he pōkole loa a palupalu, a i mea e mālama ai iā lākou i ka lōʻihi o ka hana ʻana i nā helu, pono lākou e kūkulu i ka sarcophagi no nā ʻumi miliona mau kālā, kahi e mālama ʻia ai ka mahana. aia ma luna o ka ʻole loa, a ua pale nui ʻia mai nā mana o waho. A laila e kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i kēia mau hana a me nā pilikia i ka kikoʻī.
Nā mea pāʻani alakaʻi
Lawe ʻia nā paheʻe no kēia ʻāpana mai ka ʻatikala , mai ka mea noiʻi Alexey Fedorov. E hāʻawi wau iā ʻoe i nā huaʻōlelo pololei:
Ke hoʻomohala nei nā ʻāina holomua ʻenehana a pau i nā ʻenehana quantum. Ke hoʻokomo ʻia nei kahi kālā nui i kēia noiʻi, a ke hana ʻia nei nā papahana kūikawā e kākoʻo i nā ʻenehana quantum.
ʻAʻole wale nā mokuʻāina, akā ke komo pū nei nā hui pilikino i ka heihei quantum. Ma ka huina, Google, IBM, Intel a me Microsoft ua hoʻopuka hou aku nei ma kahi o $0,5 biliona i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kamepiula quantum a hana i nā laboratories nui a me nā kikowaena noiʻi.
Nui nā ʻatikala ma Habré a ma ka Pūnaewele, no ka laʻana, , и , kahi e nānā ʻia ai ke kūlana o kēia manawa me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana quantum ma nā ʻāina like ʻole. ʻO ka mea nui iā mākou i kēia manawa, ʻo nā ʻāina a me nā mea pāʻani e alakaʻi nei i ka ʻenehana e hoʻopukapuka kālā nui i ka noiʻi ʻana i kēia ala, e hāʻawi ana i ka manaʻolana no kahi ala i waho o ka pilikia ʻenehana o kēia manawa.
Kuhikuhi hoʻomohala
I kēia manawa (hiki iaʻu ke hewa, hoʻoponopono iaʻu) ʻo nā hana nui (a ʻoi aku ka nui a i ʻole nā hopena koʻikoʻi) o nā mea pāʻani alakaʻi a pau i ʻelua mau wahi:
- Nā kamepiula quantum kūikawā, i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻoholo i hoʻokahi pilikia kikoʻī, no ka laʻana, kahi pilikia optimization. ʻO kahi laʻana o kahi huahana ʻo D-Wave quantum computers.
- Nā lolouila quantum - hiki iā ia ke hoʻokō i nā algorithm quantum arbitrary (Shor, Grover, etc.). Nā hoʻokō mai IBM, Google.
ʻO nā vectors ʻē aʻe o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i hāʻawi ʻia e ka quantum physics iā mākou, e like me:
- i kumu no
- a he nui hou aku
ʻOiaʻiʻo, aia nō ia ma ka papa inoa o nā wahi no ka noiʻi ʻana, akā i kēia manawa ʻaʻohe hopena ʻoi aʻe a emi ʻole paha.
Eia hou, hiki iā ʻoe ke heluhelu , maikaʻi, google "", ʻo kahi laʻana, , и .
Nā kumu kumu. Kuantum mea a me quantum system
ʻO ka mea nui loa e hoʻomaopopo mai kēia ʻāpana ʻo ia
kamepiula nui (ʻaʻole like me nā mea maʻamau) hoʻohana ma ke ʻano he mea lawe ʻike nā mea quantum, a no ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka helu ʻana, pono e hoʻopili ʻia nā mea quantum ʻōnaehana quantum.
He aha ka mea quantum?
Mea kuantum - he mea o ka microworld (quantum world) e hōʻike ana i nā waiwai quantum:
- Loaʻa i kahi mokuʻāina i wehewehe ʻia me nā pae palena ʻelua
- Aia ma kahi superposition o kona kūlana a hiki i ka manawa o ke ana
- Hoʻopili iā ia iho me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hana i nā ʻōnaehana quantum
- Hoʻopiha i ka manaʻo no-cloning (ʻaʻole hiki ke kope ʻia ke kūlana o kahi mea)
E nānā pono kākou i kēlā me kēia waiwai:
Loaʻa i kahi mokuʻāina i wehewehe ʻia me nā pae palena ʻelua (mokuʻāina hope)
ʻO kahi laʻana maʻamau o ka honua maoli he kālā. He mokuʻāina "ʻaoʻao", e lawe ana i ʻelua pae palena - "poʻo" a me "huelo".
Aia ma kahi superposition o kona kūlana a hiki i ka manawa o ke ana
Kiola lākou i ke kālā, lele a wili. ʻOiai ke kaʻapuni ʻana, ʻaʻole hiki ke haʻi i kahi o nā pae palena i loaʻa ai kona mokuʻāina "ʻaoʻao". Akā i ka wā e hoʻokuʻu ai mākou i lalo a nānā i ka hopena, hāʻule koke ka superposition o nā mokuʻāina i hoʻokahi o nā palena palena ʻelua - "poʻo" a me "huelo". ʻO ka paʻi ʻana i ke kālā i kā mākou hihia he ana.
Hoʻopili iā ia iho me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hana i nā ʻōnaehana quantum
He paʻakikī me kahi kālā, akā e hoʻāʻo kāua. E noʻonoʻo ʻoe ua hoʻolei mākou i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana i kahuli lākou e pili ana kekahi i kekahi, ʻo ia ka juggling me nā ʻāpana. I kēlā me kēia manawa o ka manawa, ʻaʻole wale kēlā me kēia o lākou i kahi superposition o nā mokuʻāina, akā pili pū kēia mau mokuʻāina kekahi i kekahi (ua hui pū nā ʻāpana kālā).
Hoʻopiha i ka manaʻo no-cloning (ʻaʻole hiki ke kope ʻia ke kūlana o kahi mea)
ʻOiai e lele a wili ana nā ʻāpana kālā, ʻaʻohe ala e hiki ai iā mākou ke hana i kope o ke kūlana wili o kekahi o nā ʻāpana, kaʻawale mai ka ʻōnaehana. Noho ka ʻōnaehana iā ia iho a lili loa i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i kekahi ʻike i ka honua o waho.
He mau ʻōlelo hou aʻe e pili ana i ka manaʻo ponoʻī "superpositions", ma kahi kokoke i nā ʻatikala āpau e wehewehe ʻia e like me "Aia ma nā mokuʻāina āpau i ka manawa like", ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoiaʻiʻo, akā i kekahi manawa huikau ʻole. Hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia kahi superposition o nā mokuʻāina e like me ka mea i kēlā me kēia manawa he mea quantum aia kekahi mau mea hiki ke hāʻule i loko o kēlā me kēia o kona mau palena pae, a ma ka huina o kēia mau probabilities ua like maoli me 1. Ma hope aku, i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka qubit, e noʻonoʻo mākou i kēia i ka kikoʻī.
No nā kālā, hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia - ma muli o ka wikiwiki mua, ke kihi o ka hoʻolei ʻana, ke kūlana o ke kaiapuni kahi e lele ai ke kālā, i kēlā me kēia manawa o ka manawa ʻokoʻa ka loaʻa ʻana o nā "poʻo" a i ʻole "huelo". A, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua, hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ke kūlana o ia ʻāpana lele e like me "ke noho ʻana ma kona mau palena āpau i ka manawa like, akā me nā ʻano like ʻole o kā lākou hoʻokō."
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēlā me kēia mea i hoʻokō ʻia nā waiwai ma luna aʻe a hiki iā mākou ke hana a mālama ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea lawe ʻike ma ke kamepiula quantum.
Ma kahi liʻiliʻi e kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i ke kūlana o kēia manawa me ka hoʻokō kino ʻana o nā qubits ma ke ʻano he quantum objects, a me nā mea a nā ʻepekema e hoʻohana nei i kēia mana.
No laila, ʻōlelo ka waiwai ʻekolu e hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā mea quantum e hana i nā ʻōnaehana quantum. He aha ka ʻōnaehana quantum?
Pūnaehana kuantum - he ʻōnaehana o nā mea quantum i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me kēia mau waiwai:
- Aia ka ʻōnaehana quantum i kahi kūlana kiʻekiʻe o nā mokuʻāina āpau o nā mea nona ia
- ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻike i ke kūlana o ka ʻōnaehana a hiki i ka manawa o ke ana
- I ka manawa o ke ana, hoʻokō ka ʻōnaehana i kekahi o nā ʻano like ʻole o kona mau palena palena
(a, nānā iki i mua)
Ka hopena no nā papahana quantum:
- Loaʻa i kahi papahana quantum kahi kūlana o ka ʻōnaehana ma ka hoʻokomo, kahi superposition i loko, kahi superposition ma ka puka
- Ma ka hoʻopuka o ka papahana ma hope o ke ana ʻana, loaʻa iā mākou kahi hoʻokō probabilistic o kekahi o nā kūlana hope loa o ka ʻōnaehana (me nā hewa hiki ʻole)
- Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia papahana quantum kahi hoʻolālā chimney (input -> output. ʻAʻohe puka lou, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ke kūlana o ka ʻōnaehana ma waena o ke kaʻina hana.)
Ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o kahi kamepiula quantum a me kahi kamepiula maʻamau
E hoʻohālikelike kākou i ka lolouila maʻamau a me ka computer quantum.
| kamepiula maʻamau | kamepiula nui | |
|
Hoʻolālā
|
0 / 1 | `a|0> + b|1>, a^2+b^2=1` |
|
Hoʻopaʻa
|
transistor semiconductor | Mea kuantum |
|
Mea lawe ʻike
|
Nā pae uila | Polarization, wili,… |
|
Nā hana
|
ʻAʻole, A, A I ʻole, XOR ma luna o nā bits | ʻO nā pahu: CNOT, Hadamard,… |
|
Pilina
|
Pākī semiconductor | Huikau kekahi i kekahi |
|
Algorithms
|
Kūlana (e ʻike iā Whip) | Kūikawā (Shore, Grover) |
|
Kumuhana
|
Kikohoʻe, deterministic | Analog, probabilistic |
pae noʻonoʻo
Ma ka lolouila maʻamau he mea liʻiliʻi kēia. Ua ʻike maikaʻi ʻia e mākou i kēlā me kēia manawa ʻāpana hoʻoholo. Hiki ke lawe i nā waiwai o ka 0 a i ʻole 1. Hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻo ia i ka hana logical unit no ka lolouila maʻamau, akā ʻaʻole kūpono loa no ka wehewehe ʻana i ka mokuʻāina mea quantum, ka mea, e like me kā mākou i ʻōlelo ai, aia i loko o ka nahelehelenā kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ko lākou mau palena.
ʻO kēia kā lākou i hana ai . Ma kona palena palena ʻike ʻo ia i nā mokuʻāina e like me 0 a me 1 , a ma ka superposition e hoike ana ka māhele likelika ma luna o kona mau palena mokuʻāina |0> и |1>:
a|0> + b|1>, такое, что a^2+b^2=1hōʻike ʻo a a me b , a ʻo nā ʻāpana o kā lākou mau modula ke ʻano maoli o ka loaʻa ʻana o ia mau waiwai o nā mokuʻāina palena. |0> и |1>, inā ʻoe e hāʻule i ka qubit me kahi ana i kēia manawa.
Papa kino
Ma ka pae ʻenehana o kēia manawa o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ʻo ka hoʻokō kino o kahi liʻiliʻi no kahi kamepiula maʻamau transistor semiconductor, no quantum, e like me kā mākou i ʻōlelo mua ai, kekahi mea quantum. Ma ka ʻāpana aʻe e kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia manawa ma ke ʻano he media kino no nā qubits.
Ke kikowaena kikowaena
No ka lolouila maʻamau kēia kekaha uila - nā pae uila, ke alo a i ʻole ka ʻole o kēia manawa, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, no ka quantum - like kūlana o kahi mea quantum (ka kuhikuhi ʻana o ka polarization, spin, etc.), aia paha i kahi kūlana superposition.
Nā hana
No ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kaʻapuni logic ma kahi kamepiula maʻamau, hoʻohana mākou i kaulana , no nā hana ma nā qubits pono e hele mai me kahi ʻōnaehana ʻokoʻa loa o nā hana, i kapa ʻia . Hiki i nā puka ke hoʻokahi-qubit a i ʻole pālua-qubit, e pili ana i ka nui o nā qubits e hoʻololi ʻia.
Nā laʻana o nā puka quantum:
Aia kahi manaʻo hoʻonohonoho valve universal, ua lawa ia e hana i ka helu quantum. Eia kekahi laʻana, aia kekahi pūʻulu holoʻokoʻa me ka puka Hadamard, ka puka hoʻololi pae, ka puka CNOT, a me ka puka π⁄8. Me kā lākou kōkua, hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i ka helu quantum ma kahi hoʻonohonoho qubits.
Ma kēia ʻatikala ʻaʻole mākou e noho kikoʻī i ka ʻōnaehana o nā puka quantum; hiki iā ʻoe ke heluhelu hou aʻe e pili ana iā lākou a me nā hana loiloi ma nā qubits, no ka laʻana, . ʻO ka mea nui e hoʻomanaʻo:
- Pono nā hana ma nā mea quantum i ka hana ʻana i nā mea hoʻohana loiloi hou (kuantum gates)
- Hele mai nā ʻīpuka kuantum i nā ʻano hoʻokahi-qubit a me pālua-qubit.
- Aia nā pūʻulu āpau o nā ʻīpuka i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ka helu quantum
Pilina
ʻAʻole pono iā mākou hoʻokahi transistor; i mea e hoʻokō ai i ka helu ʻana, pono mākou e hoʻopili i nā transistors he nui i kekahi, ʻo ia hoʻi, e hana i kahi chip semiconductor mai nā miliona o nā transistors e kūkulu ai i nā kaapuni logical. a, i ka hopena, e kiʻi i kahi mea hana hou i kona ʻano maʻamau.
Hoʻokahi qubit he mea ʻole loa iā mākou (maikaʻi, inā ma nā ʻōlelo hoʻonaʻauao wale nō),
no ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā helu, pono mākou i kahi ʻōnaehana qubits (mea quantum)
ka mea, e like me kā mākou i ʻōlelo ai, ua hana ʻia e ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā qubits me kekahi i hiki ke hoʻololi i kā lākou mau mokuʻāina i kahi ʻano hoʻonohonoho.
Algorithms
ʻO nā algorithms maʻamau i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e ke kanaka a hiki i kēia lā ʻaʻole kūpono loa no ka hoʻokō ʻana ma kahi kamepiula quantum. ʻAe, ma ka laulā ʻaʻohe pono. Pono nā kamepiula quantum e pili ana i ka logic gate ma luna o nā qubits i ka hana ʻana i nā algorithms ʻokoʻa loa, quantum algorithms. ʻO nā algorithm quantum kaulana loa, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻekolu:
- (factorization)
- (ʻimi wikiwiki i kahi waihona i hoʻonohonoho ʻole ʻia)
- (pane i ka nīnau, hana mau a kaulike paha)
Kumuhana
A ʻo ka ʻokoʻa nui loa ʻo ia ka loina hana. No ka lolouila maʻamau kēia kikohoʻe, strictly deterministic principle, ma muli o ka mea inā mākou e hoʻonoho i kahi kūlana mua o ka ʻōnaehana a hāʻawi iā ia ma o kahi algorithm i hāʻawi ʻia, a laila e like ka hopena o nā helu ʻana, ʻaʻole pili i ka nui o kā mākou holo ʻana i kēia helu. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo kēia ʻano ka mea a mākou e manaʻo ai mai kahi kamepiula.
Holo ka lolouila quantum analogue, probabilistic principle. ʻO ka hopena o kahi algorithm i hāʻawi ʻia i kahi kūlana mua laʻana mai kahi puʻunaue kūpono nā hoʻokō hope loa o ka algorithm me nā hewa hiki.
ʻO kēia ʻano probabilistic o ka quantum computing ma muli o ke ʻano nui o ka honua quantum. "ʻAʻole ke Akua e pāʻani me ka honua.", wahi a Einstein kahiko, akā ʻo nā hoʻokolohua a me nā nānā ʻana i kēia manawa (i ka paradigm ʻepekema o kēia manawa) e hōʻoia i ka ʻokoʻa.
Hoʻokō kino o nā qubits
E like me kā mākou i ʻōlelo ai, hiki ke hōʻike ʻia kahi qubit e kahi mea quantum, ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi mea kino e hoʻokō i nā waiwai quantum i hōʻike ʻia ma luna. ʻO ia hoʻi, ma ke ʻano koʻikoʻi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mea kino i loko o nā mokuʻāina ʻelua a ʻo kēia mau mokuʻāina ʻelua i kahi kūlana superposition hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e kūkulu i kamepiula quantum.
"Inā hiki iā mākou ke hoʻokomo i kahi atom i ʻelua mau pae like ʻole a mālama iā lākou, a laila loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi qubit. Inā hiki iā mākou ke hana i kēia me kahi ion, he qubit. Ua like ia me kēia manawa. Inā mākou e holo i ka uaki a me ka counterclockwise i ka manawa like, loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi qubit.
he nui na к , kahi e noʻonoʻo ʻia ai nā ʻano hoʻokō kino o ka qubit i kēia manawa, e papa inoa mākou i nā mea kaulana loa a maʻamau:
- a me nā manaʻo exotic ʻē aʻe (anions, etc.)
ʻO kēia ʻano like ʻole, ʻo ka mea i hoʻomohala ʻia ʻo ia ke ala mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā qubits, e pili ana i . , , a hoʻohana nā mea pāʻani alakaʻi ʻē aʻe e kūkulu i kā lākou ʻōnaehana.
ʻAe, heluhelu hou aku hiki qubits mai .
Nā kumu kumu. Pehea ka hana o ka computer quantum
Lawe ʻia nā mea no kēia ʻāpana (hana a me nā kiʻi) mai ka ʻatikala .
No laila, e noʻonoʻo e loaʻa iā mākou kēia hana:
Aia kahi hui o ʻekolu poʻe: (A)ndrey, (B)olodya a me (C)erezha. ʻElua mau kaʻa kaʻa (0 a me 1).
Ua ʻike ʻia hoʻi:
- (A) Andrey, (B) He mau hoaaloha ʻo Olodya
- (A)ndrey, (C)erezha he mau enemi
- He ʻenemi ʻo (B)olodya lāua ʻo (C)erezha
Hana: E hoʻokomo i nā kānaka ma nā kaʻa kaʻa no laila Max(mau hoa) и Min(mau ʻenemi)
Rating: L = (helu o nā hoaaloha) - (helu o nā ʻenemi) no kēlā me kēia koho noho
IMPORTANT: Ke manaʻo nei ʻaʻohe heuristics, ʻaʻohe hopena maikaʻi loa. I kēia hihia, hiki ke hoʻopau wale ʻia ka pilikia ma ka ʻimi piha ʻana i nā koho.
Hoʻoholo ma ke kamepiula maʻamau
Pehea e hoʻoponopono ai i kēia pilikia ma kahi kamepiula maʻamau (super) (a i ʻole cluster) - maopopo ia pono ʻoe e ʻimi i nā koho āpau. Inā loaʻa iā mākou kahi ʻōnaehana multiprocessor, a laila hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohālikelike i ka helu ʻana o nā hopena ma waena o nā kaʻina hana a laila e hōʻiliʻili i nā hopena.
Loaʻa iā mākou 2 mau koho hoʻokipa (kaʻa 0 a me ka taxi 1) a me 3 mau kānaka. Wahi hoʻonā 2 ^ 3 = 8. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hele i nā koho 8 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka calculator, ʻaʻole pilikia kēia. I kēia manawa e hoʻopili i ka pilikia - loaʻa iā mākou he 20 poʻe a me ʻelua mau kaʻa kaʻa, ka wahi hoʻonā 2^20 = 1. ʻAʻohe mea paʻakikī. E hoʻonui kākou i ka heluna o ka poʻe i 2.5 manawa - e lawe i 50 poʻe a me ʻelua mau kaʻaahi, aia ka wahi hoʻonā i kēia manawa. 2^50 = 1.12 x 10^15. Ke hoʻomaka nei kahi kamepiula maʻamau (super) i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi. E hoonui kakou i ka heluna kanaka i 2 manawa, 100 kanaka e haawi mai ia kakou 1.2 x 10 ^ 30 hiki ke koho.
ʻO ia, ʻaʻole hiki ke helu ʻia kēia hana i kahi manawa kūpono.
Hoʻopili i kahi supercomputer
ʻO ka lolouila ikaika loa i kēia manawa ʻo ka helu 1 o , kēia , huahua 122 . E manaʻo mākou he 100 mau hana e helu ai i hoʻokahi koho, a laila e hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia no 100 poʻe e pono ai mākou:
(1.2 x 10^30 100) / 122×10^15 / (606024365) = 3 x 10^37 makahiki.
E like me kā mākou e ʻike ai i ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka ʻikepili mua, ulu ka wahi hoʻonā e like me ke kānāwai mana, ma ka hihia maʻamau, no nā N bits iā mākou he 2 ^ N nā koho hoʻonā hiki, no ka N liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi (100) hāʻawi iā mākou i ka helu ʻole (ma ka pae ʻenehana i kēia manawa) wahi hoʻonā.
Aia kekahi mau koho? E like me kāu i manaʻo ai, ʻae, aia.
Akā ma mua o ko mākou komo ʻana i ka pehea a me ke kumu e hiki ai i nā kamepiula quantum ke hoʻoponopono pono i nā pilikia e like me kēia, e hoʻokaʻawale i kahi manawa e hoʻopaʻa hou i ke ʻano o ia mau mea. puunaue probability. Mai hopohopo, he ʻatikala loiloi kēia, ʻaʻohe makemakika paʻakikī ma ʻaneʻi, e hana mākou me ka hiʻohiʻona maʻamau me kahi ʻeke a me nā pōpō.
He mea hoʻohui liʻiliʻi wale nō, ke kumumanaʻo probability a me kahi mea hoʻokolohua ʻē
E lawe kāua i ʻeke a hoʻokomo i loko 1000 keokeo a me 1000 pōpō eleele. E hana mākou i kahi hoʻokolohua - lawe i ka pōpō, kākau i ke kala, hoʻihoʻi i ka pōleʻa i ka ʻeke a hoʻohui i nā pōpō i loko o ka ʻeke.
Ua hana ʻia ka hoʻokolohua 10 mau manawa, huki mai 10 poepoe eleele. Malia paha? Pono. Hāʻawi kēia laʻana iā mākou i kekahi manaʻo kūpono o ka hāʻawi maoli ʻana i loko o ka ʻeke? ʻAʻole maopopo. He aha ka mea e pono ai ke hana - pololei, pe hana hou i ka hoʻokolohua i hoʻokahi miliona mau manawa a helu i nā alapine o nā pōpō ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo. Loaʻa iā mākou, no ka laʻana 49.95% ʻeleʻele a me 50.05% keʻokeʻo. Ma keia hihia, ua oi a emi iki paha ke ano o ka mahele ana a makou (e lawe aku i hookahi poepoe).
ʻO ka mea nui e hoʻomaopopo i kēlā he ʻano probabilistic ka hoʻokolohua ponoʻī, me hoʻokahi laʻana (pōpō) ʻaʻole mākou e ʻike i ke ʻano maoli o ka puʻunaue, pono mākou e hana hou i ka hoʻokolohua i nā manawa he nui a me ka awelika o na hopena.
E hoʻohui i kā mākou ʻeke 10 ʻulaʻula a me 10 ʻōmaʻomaʻo (hewa). E hana hou i ka hoʻokolohua 10 manawa. INhuki mai 5 ʻulaʻula a me 5 ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Malia paha? ʻAe. Hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo i kekahi mea e pili ana i ka puʻunaue maoli - ʻAʻole. He aha nā mea e pono ai - pono, maopopo iā ʻoe.
No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka puʻunaue likelika, pono e hōʻike pinepine i nā hopena o kēlā me kēia kanaka mai kēia puʻunaue a me ka awelika o nā hopena.
Hoʻohui i ka manaʻo me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa
I kēia manawa ma kahi o nā pōlele ʻeleʻele a me ke keʻokeʻo, e lawe kākou i nā pōlele pila a hoʻokomo i loko o kahi ʻeke 1000 pōpō me ka helu 2, 1000 me ka helu 7 a me 10 pōpō me nā helu ʻē aʻe. E noʻonoʻo kākou i kahi mea hoʻokolohua i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia i nā hana maʻalahi loa (e lawe i ka pōpō, e kākau i ka helu, e hoʻihoʻi i ka pōleʻa i loko o ka ʻeke, e hui i nā pōpō i loko o ka ʻeke) a hana ʻo ia i kēia i 150 microseconds. ʻAe, he mea hoʻokolohua i ka wikiwiki (ʻaʻole hoʻolaha lāʻau!!!). A laila ma 150 kekona e hiki iā ia ke hana i kā mākou hoʻokolohua 1 miliona mau manawa a hāʻawi mai iā mākou i nā hopena maʻamau.
Noho lākou i ka mea hoʻokolohua i lalo, hāʻawi iā ia i kahi ʻeke, huli aʻe, kali 150 kekona a loaʻa:
helu 2 - 49.5%, helu 7 - 49.5%, nā helu i koe i ka huina - 1%.
ʻAe pololei kēlā, ʻO kā mākou ʻeke he kamepiula quantum me kahi algorithm e hoʻonā i ko mākou pilikia, a he mau pōpō hiki ke hoʻonā. No ka mea, ʻelua mau haʻina kūpono, a laila e hāʻawi mai kahi kamepiula quantum iā mākou i kekahi o kēia mau hoʻonā kūpono me ka like like, a me 0.5% (10/2000) hewa., a mākou e kamaʻilio ai ma hope.
No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hopena o kahi kamepiula quantum, pono ʻoe e holo i ka quantum algorithm i nā manawa he nui ma ka hoʻonohonoho ʻikepili hoʻokomo like a me ka awelika o ka hopena.
Scalability o ka lolouila quantum
E noʻonoʻo ʻoe no kahi hana e pili ana i 100 poʻe (wahi hoʻonā 2^100 hoʻomanaʻo mākou i kēia), ʻelua wale nō hoʻoholo pololei. A laila, inā e lawe mākou i 100 qubits a kākau i kahi algorithm e helu ana i kā mākou pahuhopu pahuhopu (L, e ʻike i luna) ma luna o kēia mau qubits, a laila e loaʻa iā mākou kahi ʻeke i loaʻa nā pōpō 1000 me ka helu o ka pane pololei mua, 1000 me ka helu o ka pane pololei ʻelua a me 10 pōlele me nā helu ʻē aʻe. A i loko o ia 150 kekona e hāʻawi mai kā mākou mea hoʻokolohua iā mākou i kahi kuhi o ka puʻunaue kūpono o nā pane pololei.
Hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ka manawa hoʻokō o kahi algorithm quantum (me kekahi mau manaʻo) mau O (1) e pili ana i ka nui o ka lumi hoʻonā (2^N).
A ʻo kēia ka waiwai o kahi kamepiula quantum - holo manawa mau e pili ana i ka piʻi ʻana o ka mana kānāwai paʻakikī o ka wahi hoʻonā ke kī.
Qubit a me nā honua like
Pehea e hana ai kēia? He aha ka mea e hiki ai i ke kamepiula quantum ke hana i nā helu me ka wikiwiki? E pili ana i ke ʻano quantum o ka qubit.
E nānā, ua ʻōlelo mākou ua like ka qubit me kahi mea quantum ʻike i kekahi o kāna mau mokuʻāina ʻelua ke nānā ʻia, akā ma ka "ʻano hihiu" aia i loko nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe o nā mokuʻāina, 'o ia ho'i, aia i loko o nā moku'āina palena 'elua i ka manawa ho'okahi (me kekahi mea hiki).
E lawe (A)ndreya a noʻonoʻo i kona kūlana (ʻo ia ka kaʻa - 0 a i ʻole 1) ma ke ʻano he qubit. A laila loaʻa iā mākou (ma ka quantum space) ʻelua honua like, i hoʻokahi (A) noho ma ka taxi 0, ma kahi honua ʻē aʻe - ma ka taxi 1. I ʻelua kaʻa kaʻa i ka manawa like, akā, me ka loaʻa ʻana o ia i kēlā me kēia o lākou i ka wā o ka nānā ʻana.
E lawe (B) ʻōpio a e noʻonoʻo pū kākou i kona kūlana he qubit. ʻElua mau honua like ʻole e ala mai. Akā i kēia manawa kēia mau lua honua (A) и (AT) mai launa ole. He aha ka mea e pono ai ke hana pili ʻōnaehana? Pololei, pono mākou i kēia mau qubits nakinaki (pilikia). Lawe mākou a huikau (A) me (B) - loaʻa iā mākou kahi ʻōnaehana quantum o ʻelua qubits (A, B), hoomaopopo ana iloko ona iho eha pili pili honua like. Hoʻohui (S)ergey a loaʻa iā mākou kahi ʻōnaehana ʻekolu qubits (ABC), hoʻokō ʻewalu pili pili honua like.
ʻO ke kumu o ka computing quantum (ka hoʻokō ʻana i ke kaulahao o nā ʻīpuka quantum ma luna o kahi ʻōnaehana o nā qubits pili) ʻo ia ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka helu ʻana i nā honua like ʻole i ka manawa like.
A ʻaʻole pili ka nui o lākou, 2^3 a i ʻole 2^100, e hoʻokō ʻia ka quantum algorithm i ka manawa palena ma luna o kēia mau honua like a e hāʻawi mai iā mākou i kahi hopena, ʻo ia kahi laʻana mai ka māhele likelika o nā pane o ka algorithm.
No ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻana, hiki i kekahi ke noʻonoʻo i kēlā holo ka lolouila quantum ma ka pae kuantum 2^N kaʻina hoʻonā like, Ke hana nei kēlā me kēia o lākou i kahi koho hiki, a laila hōʻiliʻili i nā hopena o ka hana - a hāʻawi iā mākou i ka pane ma ke ʻano o kahi superposition o ka hopena (ka hāʻawi like ʻana o nā pane), kahi e hoʻāʻo ai mākou i hoʻokahi manawa (no kēlā me kēia hoʻokolohua).
E hoʻomanaʻo i ka manawa i koi ʻia e kā mākou mea hoʻokolohua (150 µs) e hoʻokō i ka hoʻokolohua, e lilo kēia i mea pono iā mākou i kahi ʻoi aku, ke kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i nā pilikia nui o nā kamepiula quantum a me ka manawa decoherence.
Kuantum algorithms
E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo mua ʻia, ʻaʻole pili nā algorithm maʻamau e pili ana i ka loiloi binary i kahi kamepiula quantum e hoʻohana ana i ka loiloi quantum (kuantum gates). No ia, he mea pono e hoʻopuka i nā mea hou e hoʻohana piha i ka hiki ke loaʻa i ke ʻano quantum o ka helu.
ʻO nā algorithms kaulana loa i kēia lā:
ʻAʻole like me nā mea maʻamau, ʻaʻole like nā kamepiula quantum.
He helu liʻiliʻi wale nō o nā algorithm quantum i loaʻa i kēia manawa.
Спасибо no ka loulou i , kahi wahi, wahi a ka mea kākau (), ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā ʻelele maikaʻi loa o ka honua quantum-algorithmic a hoʻomau i ka ʻohi.
Ma kēia ʻatikala ʻaʻole mākou e loiloi kikoʻī i nā algorithm quantum; nui nā mea maikaʻi loa ma ka Pūnaewele no kēlā me kēia pae o ka paʻakikī, akā pono mākou e hele pōkole i nā mea kaulana loa ʻekolu.
ʻO ka algorithm a Shor.
ʻO ka algorithm quantum kaulana loa (i haku ʻia i ka makahiki 1994 e ka mea makemakika Pelekane ), ka mea i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻoholo i ka pilikia o ka helu ʻana i nā helu i loko o nā kumu prima (pilikia factorization, discrete logarithm).
ʻO kēia algorithm ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he laʻana i ka wā e kākau ai lākou e hack koke ʻia kāu ʻōnaehana panakō a me nā ʻōlelo huna. Ke noʻonoʻo nei i ka lōʻihi o nā kī i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia lā ʻaʻole i emi iho ma mua o 2048 bits, ʻaʻole i hiki mai ka manawa no kahi pāpale.
I kēia lā, ʻoi aku ma mua o ka haʻahaʻa. Nā hualoaʻa Factorization maikaʻi loa me ka Algorithm a Shor - Helu и , ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 2048 mau bits. No nā hopena i koe mai ka pākaukau, he ʻokoʻa helu ʻana, akā ʻo ka hopena maikaʻi loa e like me kēia algorithm (291311) mamao loa mai ka noi maoli.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke heluhelu hou aku e pili ana i ka algorithm a Shor, no ka laʻana,. E pili ana i ka hoʻokō pono - .
ʻO kekahi ʻO ka paʻakikī a me ka mana pono e helu i kahi helu 2048-bit he kamepiula me . Moe maluhia mākou.
ʻO ka algorithm a Grover
- ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka pilikia helu, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka ʻimi ʻana i ka hoʻonā ʻana i ka hoohalike F(X) = 1, kahi o F от n nā mea hoʻololi. Ua noi ʻia e kekahi kanaka makemakika ʻAmelika в .
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka algorithm a Grover e ʻimi и moʻo helu. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻoponopono nā pilikia ma o ka ʻimi piha ʻana i waena o nā mea hoʻonā he nui. Loaʻa paha kēia i nā lanakila wikiwiki nui i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā algorithm maʻamau, ʻoiai me ka ʻole o ka hāʻawi ʻana "" laulaha.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke heluhelu hou akuole . ^ E Ha yM. ʻOi aku Aia kekahi wehewehe maikaʻi o ka algorithm e hoʻohana ana i ka laʻana o nā pahu a me ka pōleʻa, akā, ʻaʻole naʻe, no nā kumu ma waho o ka mana o kekahi, ʻaʻole wehe kēia pūnaewele iaʻu mai Rusia. Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe ua ālai ʻia, no laila eia kahi hōʻuluʻulu pōkole:
ʻO ka algorithm a Grover. E noʻonoʻo ʻoe he N ʻāpana o nā pahu i pani ʻia. Ua nele lākou a pau koe hoʻokahi, aia i loko o ka poepoe. ʻO kāu hana: e ʻike i ka helu o ka pahu i loaʻa ai ka pōleʻa (ʻike pinepine ʻia kēia helu ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka leka w).
Pehea e hoʻoponopono ai i kēia pilikia? ʻO ke ala naʻaupō loa, ʻo ia ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka wehe ʻana i nā pahu, a ma hope paha e ʻike ʻoe i kahi pahu me kahi kinipōpō. Ma ka awelika, ʻehia mau pahu e pono ke nānā ʻia ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi pahu me ka pōlele? Ma ka awelika, pono ʻoe e wehe i ka hapalua o nā pahu N/2. ʻO ka mea nui ma ʻaneʻi, inā mākou e hoʻonui i ka helu o nā pahu i 100 manawa, a laila e hoʻonui ʻia ka helu awelika o nā pahu e pono e wehe ʻia ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pahu me ka pōleʻa e like me 100 mau manawa.
I kēia manawa, e wehewehe hou kāua. Mai wehe mākou i nā pahu iā mākou iho me ko mākou mau lima a nānā i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi pōleʻa i loko o kēlā me kēia, akā aia kekahi mea waena, e kapa iā ia ʻo Oracle. Haʻi mākou i ka Oracle, "heluhelu pahu helu 732," a nānā ʻoiaʻiʻo a pane ʻo Oracle, "ʻaʻohe pōleʻa i ka pahu helu 732." I kēia manawa, ma kahi o ka ʻōlelo ʻana i ka nui o nā pahu e pono ai mākou e wehe ma ka awelika, ʻōlelo mākou "ehia mau manawa ma ka awelika e hele ai mākou i ka Oracle i mea e ʻike ai i ka helu o ka pahu me ka pōpō"
Ua ʻike ʻia inā e unuhi mākou i kēia pilikia me nā pahu, ka pōpō a me ka Oracle i loko o ka ʻōlelo quantum, loaʻa iā mākou kahi hopena kupaianaha: e ʻike i ka helu o ka pahu me ka pōleʻa ma waena o nā pahu N, pono mākou e hoʻopilikia i ka Oracle e pili ana iā SQRT wale nō. (N) manawa!
ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo ka paʻakikī o ka hana ʻimi e hoʻohana ana i ka algorithm a Grover e hoʻemi ʻia e ke kumu huinahā o nā manawa.
Deutsch-Jozi algorithm
Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm (i kapa ʻia ʻo Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm) - [quantum algorithm](%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC), предложенный и в , a lilo i hoʻokahi o nā laʻana mua o nā algorithms i hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻokō ʻia ma . _
ʻO ka pilikia ʻo Deutsch-Jozsi ka mea e hoʻoholo ai inā paʻa ka hana o kekahi mau mea hoʻololi binary F(x1, x2, ... xn) (lawe i ka waiwai 0 a i ʻole 1 no nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa) a i ʻole kaulike (no ka hapalua o ka domain e pono ai. ka waiwai 0, no ka hapalua 1). I kēia hihia, manaʻo ʻia he priori i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hana he mau a kaulike paha.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke heluhelu . ʻO kahi wehewehe maʻalahi:
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka algorithm Deutsch (Deutsch-Jozsi) ma luna o ka ikaika ʻino, akā hiki iā ia ke hana wikiwiki ma mua o ka mea maʻamau. E noʻonoʻo ʻoe aia kahi kālā ma ka papaʻaina a pono ʻoe e ʻike inā he hoʻopunipuni a ʻaʻole paha. No ka hanaʻana i kēia, ponoʻoe e nānā i ke kālā iʻelua manawa a hoʻoholo: "nā poʻo" a me nā "huelo" heʻoiaʻiʻo,ʻelua "poʻo",ʻelua "huelo" he hoʻopunipuni. No laila, inā ʻoe e hoʻohana i ka Deutsch quantum algorithm, a laila hiki ke hana ʻia kēia hoʻoholo me ka nānā hoʻokahi - ana.
Nā pilikia o nā kamepiula quantum
I ka hoʻolālā ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kamepiula quantum, ke kū nei nā ʻepekema a me nā ʻenekinia i nā pilikia he nui, a hiki i kēia lā ua hoʻoholo ʻia me nā pae like ʻole o ka kūleʻa. Wahi a () hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia mau pilikia:
- ʻO ka noʻonoʻo i ke kaiapuni a me ka pilina me ke kaiapuni
- ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili o nā hewa i ka wā helu
- Nā pilikia me ka hoʻomaka mua ʻana o nā mokuʻāina qubit
- Paʻakikī i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana multi-qubit
Manaʻo nui wau e heluhelu i ka ʻatikala "”, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻōlelo e pili ana iā ia.
E hoʻonohonoho i nā pilikia nui a pau i ʻekolu pūʻulu nui a nānā pono i kēlā me kēia:
Hoʻokaʻawale
.
Kūlana quantum mea palupalu loaʻO nā qubits i kahi kūlana i hoʻopili ʻia ʻaʻole paʻa loa, Hiki i kekahi mana o waho ke hoʻopau i kēia pilina. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka mahana ma ka hapa liʻiliʻi o kahi degere, kaomi, kahi photon maʻamau e lele kokoke ana - hoʻopau kēia mau mea i kā mākou ʻōnaehana.
No ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia pilikia, kūkulu ʻia ka sarcophagi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, kahi i ʻoi aku ka mahana (-273.14 degere Celsius) ma luna o ka ʻole ʻole, me ka hoʻokaʻawale loa ʻana o ke keʻena kūloko me ka mea hana mai nā hopena āpau (hiki) o ke kaiapuni waho.
ʻO ka lōʻihi loa o ke ola ʻana o kahi ʻōnaehana quantum o kekahi mau qubits i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, i ka wā e paʻa ai kona mau waiwai quantum a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka helu ʻana, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka manawa decoherence.
I kēia manawa, ʻo ka manawa decoherence i nā hopena quantum maikaʻi loa aia ma ke kauoha o ʻumi a me nā haneli microseconds.
He mea kupanaha kahi āu e nānā ai o nā ʻōnaehana quantum a pau i hana ʻia. Aia kēia ʻatikala i ʻelua mau mea hana kiʻekiʻe e like me nā laʻana - mai IBM a mai . E like me kā mākou e ʻike ai, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka manawa decoherence (T2) ma mua o 200 μs.
ʻAʻole au i ʻike i ka ʻikepili pololei ma Sycamore, akā i ka hapa nui hāʻawi ʻia nā helu ʻelua - 1 miliona helu helu i 200 kekona, ma kekahi wahi - no 130 kekona me ka nalowale ʻole o nā hōʻailona mana, etc.. I kēlā me kēia hihia, hāʻawi kēia iā mākou ʻO ka manawa decoherence ma kahi o 150 μs. E hoomanao i ko makou mea hoʻokolohua me ka ʻeke? ʻAe, eia ʻo ia.
| Inoa kamepiula | N Qubits | Ua hui pū ʻia ʻo Max | T2 (µs) |
| IBM Q System One | 20 | 6 | 70 |
| Google Sycamore | 53 | 4 | ~ 150-200 |
He aha ka decoherence e hoʻoweliweli iā mākou?
ʻO ka pilikia nui, ʻo ia ma hope o 150 μs, e hoʻomaka kā mākou ʻōnaehana computing o N entangled qubits e hoʻopuka i ka leo keʻokeʻo probabilistic ma kahi o ka māhele probabilistic o nā hoʻonā kūpono.
ʻO ia hoʻi, pono mākou:
- E hoʻomaka i ka ʻōnaehana qubit
- Hana i ka helu (chain of gate operations)
- Heluhelu i ka hopena
A hana i kēia mau mea a pau i 150 microseconds. ʻAʻohe oʻu manawa - ua lilo ka hopena i paukena.
Akā ʻaʻole ʻo ia wale nō…
Nā Haʻia
E like me kā mākou i ʻōlelo ai, ʻO nā kaʻina hana quantum a me ka computing quantum he probabilistic ma ke ʻano, ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou ke maopopo i ka 100% i kekahi mea, akā me kekahi mea kūpono. Hoʻopilikia hou ʻia ke kūlana ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo Pilikia ka helu helu quantum. ʻO nā ʻano nui o nā hewa i ka quantum computing:
- Hoʻokumu ʻia nā hewa deoherence e ka paʻakikī o ka ʻōnaehana a me ka launa pū ʻana me ke kaiapuni o waho
- Nā hewa helu helu puka puka (ma muli o ke ʻano quantum o ka helu helu)
- Nā hewa i ka heluhelu ʻana i ke kūlana hope (hopena)
Nā hewa e pili ana i ka decoherence, e ʻike koke i ka wā e hoʻopili ai mākou i kā mākou qubits a hoʻomaka e hana i nā helu. ʻO ka nui o nā qubits a mākou e hoʻopili ai, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka ʻōnaehana, a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka luku ʻana. ʻO ka sarcophagi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, nā keʻena i pale ʻia, ʻo kēia mau hana ʻenehana āpau e kuhikuhi pono ana i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o nā hewa a hoʻonui i ka manawa decoherence.
Helu helu helu puka puka - i kekahi hana (puka) ma qubits hiki, me kekahi probability, pau me ka hewa, a me ka hoʻokō 'ana i ka algorithm pono mākou e hana i haneri o ka puka, no laila, e noonoo i ka mea a mākou e loaʻa ma ka hopena o ka hoʻokō 'ana o kā mākou algorithm. ʻO ka pane maʻamau i ka nīnau ʻo "He aha ke kūpono o ka hālāwai ʻana me kahi dinosaur ma kahi ʻeleʻele?" - 50x50, e hui ʻoe a ʻaʻole paha.
No ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pilikia, ʻaʻole hana nā ʻano hoʻoponopono hewa maʻamau (ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka helu ʻana a me ka averaging) i ka honua quantum ma muli o ka theorem no-cloning. No ka mea i ka quantum computing pono e hana . Ma ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, lawe mākou i nā qubit maʻamau a hana i 1 o lākou qubit pono me ka hapa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
Akā, eia kekahi pilikia e ala mai - huina helu o na qubits. E nānā, e ʻōlelo mākou he kaʻina hana me 100 qubits, kahi o 80 qubits i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻoponopono hewa, a laila he 20 wale nō kā mākou i koe no ka helu ʻana.
Nā hewa i ka heluhelu ʻana i ka hopena hope - e like me kā mākou e hoʻomanaʻo nei, hōʻike ʻia ka hopena o ka helu quantum iā mākou ma ke ʻano hāʻina likelika o nā pane. Akā ʻo ka heluhelu ʻana i ka mokuʻāina hope hiki ke hāʻule me ka hewa.
Ma ka like Aia nā papa hoʻohālikelike o nā kaʻina hana ma nā pae hewa. No ka hoʻohālikelike, e lawe i nā kaʻina hana like me ka laʻana mua - IBM и :
| lolo uila | 1-Qubit Gate Fidelity | 2- ʻO ka ʻīpuka ʻo Qubit Fidelity | Heluhelu Pono |
| IBM Q System One | 99.96% | 98.31% | - |
| Google Sycamore | 99.84% | 99.38% | 96.2% |
he mea he ana o ka like ana o na mokuaina kuantum elua. Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ka nui o ka hewa e like me 1-Fidelity. E like me kā mākou e ʻike ai, ʻo nā hewa ma nā ʻīpuka 2-qubit a me nā hewa heluhelu ke kumu nui o ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā algorithms paʻakikī a lōʻihi ma nā kamepiula quantum i loaʻa.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke heluhelu makahiki mai e hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia o ka hoʻoponopono hewa.
Hoʻolālā kaʻina hana
Ma ke kumumanaʻo mākou e kūkulu a hana kaapuni o na kakini o na qubits pili, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā mea a pau. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻāpana quantum āpau (nā mea hana) i ke ʻano e hāʻawi ai i ka ʻeha ka hihia o hoʻokahi qubit wale nō me kona mau hoalauna, aole oi aku mamua o eono.
Inā pono mākou e hoʻopili i ka qubit 1, e ʻōlelo, me ka 12, a laila pono mākou e kūkulu i kaulahao o nā hana quantum hou, hoʻokomo i nā qubits hou aʻe, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e hoʻonui ai i ka pae hewa holoʻokoʻa. ʻAe, a mai poina e pili ana manawa decoherence, malia paha i ka pau ana o ka hoopili ana i na qubits i ke kaapuni au e pono ai, e pau ana ka manawa a e lilo ke kaapuni holookoa. maikaʻi keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo generator.
Mai poina hoʻi i kēlā He ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o nā mea hana quantum a pau, a ʻo ka papahana i kākau ʻia ma ka emulator ma ke ʻano "all-to-all connectivity" e pono e "hoʻohui hou" i loko o ka hoʻolālā o kahi chip kikoʻī. Aia nō e hana i keia hana.
ʻO ka pilina kiʻekiʻe a me ka helu kiʻekiʻe o nā qubits no nā pahu kiʻekiʻe like:
| Inoa kamepiula | N Qubits | Ua hui pū ʻia ʻo Max | T2 (µs) |
| IBM Q System One | 20 | 6 | 70 |
| Google Sycamore | 53 | 4 | ~ 150-200 |
A, no ka hoohalike ana, papaʻaina me ka ʻikepili mai ka hanauna mua o nā mea hana. E hoʻohālikelike i ka helu o nā qubits, ka manawa decoherence a me ka helu kuhi me ka mea i loaʻa iā mākou i kēia manawa me ka hanauna hou. Eia naʻe, lohi ka holomua, akā ke neʻe nei.
No laila:
- I kēia manawa ʻaʻohe hale kūkulu pili piha me ka> 6 qubits
- No ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka qubit 0 s ma kahi kaʻina hana maoli, no ka laʻana, pono paha ʻo qubit 15 i mau hana hou aku.
- ʻOi aku ka nui o nā hana -> nā hewa hou aʻe -> ka mana ikaika o ka decoherence
Nā hopena
ʻO ka Decoherence ka moena Procrustean o ka helu quantum hou. Pono mākou e hoʻokomo i nā mea a pau i 150 μs:
- Hoʻomaka mua o ke kūlana mua o nā qubits
- Ka helu ʻana i kahi pilikia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā puka quantum
- Hoʻoponopono i nā hewa e loaʻa ai nā hopena kūpono
- E heluhelu i ka hopena
A hiki i kēia manawa, hoʻopōʻino nā hopena koi e hoʻokō i ka manawa paʻa 0.5s coherence ma kahi kamepiula quantum ma muli o :
Ana mākou i ka manawa coherence qubit ma mua o 0.5 s, a me ka pale magnetic ke manaʻo nei mākou e hoʻomaikaʻi kēia i ka lōʻihi ma mua o 1000 s
Hiki iā ʻoe ke heluhelu e pili ana i kēia ʻenehana a i ʻole he laʻana .
ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ke kūlana ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka wā e hana ana i nā helu paʻakikī e pono e hoʻohana i nā kaʻa hoʻoponopono hewa quantum, kahi e ʻai ai i ka manawa a me nā qubits i loaʻa.
A ʻo ka mea hope loa, ʻaʻole ʻae nā hale hana hou i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hoʻolālā entanglement ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o 1 i ka 4 a i ʻole 1 i ka 6 ma ke kumu kūʻai liʻiliʻi.
Nā ala e hoʻoponopono ai i nā pilikia
No ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia i luna, hoʻohana ʻia nā ala a me nā ʻano hana i kēia manawa:
- Ke hoʻohana nei i nā keʻena cryochamber me nā mahana haʻahaʻa (10 mK (–273,14°C))
- Ke hoʻohana nei i nā ʻāpana hana i pale nui ʻia mai nā mana o waho
- Ke hoʻohana nei i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoponopono hewa ʻo Quantum (Logic Qubit)
- Ke hoʻohana nei i nā optimizers i ka wā e hoʻonohonoho ai i nā kaapuni no kahi kaʻina hana kikoʻī
Ke hana ʻia nei ka noiʻi no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka manawa decoherence, e ʻimi ana i nā hoʻokō kino hou (a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ʻike ʻia) o nā mea quantum, ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā kaʻa hoʻoponopono, etc., etc. Aia ka holomua (e nānā ma luna o nā hiʻohiʻona o nā pahu kiʻekiʻe ma mua a i kēia lā), akā i kēia manawa ua lohi, lohi loa.
D-Kukui
D-Wave 2000Q 2000-qubit kamepiula. Puna:
Ma waena o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o Google no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka quantum supremacy me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kaʻina hana 53-qubit, и mai ka hui D-Wave, kahi i huikau ka nui o nā qubits i nā tausani. ʻAe, ʻoiaʻiʻo, inā hiki i ka 53 qubits ke hoʻokō i ka quantum supremacy, a laila he aha ke kamepiula me 2048 qubits hiki? Akā ʻaʻole maikaʻi nā mea a pau ...
I ka pōkole (i lawe ʻia mai ka wiki):
Pūnaewele hana ma ke kumu (), hiki ke hoʻoponopono i kahi papa liʻiliʻi loa o nā pilikia optimization, a ʻaʻole kūpono no ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā algorithm kuʻuna kuʻuna a me nā puka quantum.
No nā kikoʻī hou aku hiki iā ʻoe ke heluhelu, no ka laʻana, , (makaʻala, ʻaʻole hiki ke wehe ʻia mai Rusia), a i ʻole в mai kona . Ma ke ala, makemake nui wau i ka heluhelu ʻana i kāna blog ma ka laulā, nui nā mea maikaʻi ma laila
Ma keʻano laulā, mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā hoʻolaha, loaʻa i nā kaiāulu ʻepekema nā nīnau e pili ana i nā kamepiula D-Wave. No ka laʻana, ma 2014, ua nīnau ʻo IBM i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo D-Wave Ua hiki i ka manawa ma 2015, ua kūʻai ʻo Google, me NASA i kekahi o kēia mau kamepiula quantum a ma hope o ka noiʻi. , ʻo ia, hana ka lolouila a helu wikiwiki i ka pilikia ma mua o ka mea maʻamau. Hiki iā ʻoe ke heluhelu hou aʻe e pili ana i ka ʻōlelo a Google a, no ka laʻana, .
ʻO ka mea nui, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā kamepiula D-Wave, me kā lākou mau haneli a me nā tausani qubits e helu a holo i nā algorithm quantum. ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke holo i ka algorithm a Shor ma luna o lākou, no ka laʻana. ʻO nā mea a pau e hiki iā lākou ke hana, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i kekahi mau mīkini quantum e hoʻoponopono i kahi pilikia optimization. Hiki iā mākou ke noʻonoʻo ʻo D-Wave kahi quantum ASIC no kahi hana kikoʻī.
He mea liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ka quantum computer emulation
Hiki ke hoʻolikelike ʻia ka computing quantum ma ke kamepiula maʻamau. ʻOiaʻiʻo, :
- Hiki ke kūlana o ka qubit helu paʻakikī, e noho ana mai ka 2x32 a i ka 2x64 bits (8-16 bytes) e pili ana i ka hoʻolālā hana.
- Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ka mokuʻāina o N qubits pili i nā helu paʻakikī 2^N, ʻo ia hoʻi. 2^(3+N) no ka hale hana 32-bit a me 2^(4+N) no ka 64-bit.
- Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia kahi hana quantum ma N qubits e kahi matrix 2^N x 2^N.
A laila:
- No ka mālama ʻana i nā mokuʻāina emulated o 10 qubits, pono ʻo 8 KB
- No ka mālama ʻana i nā mokuʻāina o 20 qubits pono ʻoe i 8 MB
- No ka mālama ʻana i nā mokuʻāina o 30 qubits, pono ʻo 8 GB
- Pono ʻo 40 Terabytes e mālama i nā mokuʻāina o 8 qubits
- No ka mālama ʻana i nā mokuʻāina o 50 qubits, pono 8 Petabytes, etc.
No ka hoʻohālikelike, () lawe wale i 2.8 Petabytes o ka hoʻomanaʻo.
- 49 qubit i hāʻawi ʻia i ka makahiki i hala i ka supercomputer Kina nui loa ()
Hoʻoholo ʻia ka palena o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i kahi kamepiula quantum ma nā ʻōnaehana maʻamau e ka nui o ka RAM e pono ai e mālama i ke kūlana o nā qubits.
Paipai au i ka heluhelu . Mai laila mai:
Ma ke kaʻina hana - no ka hoʻohālikelike pololei ʻana o kahi kaapuni 49-qubit i loaʻa i kahi 39 "cycles" (nā papa kūʻokoʻa o nā puka) 2^63 hoonui paʻakikī - 4 Pflops o ka supercomputer no 4 hola
ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i kahi kamepiula quantum 50+ qubit ma nā ʻōnaehana kahiko i manaʻo ʻia he hiki ʻole i ka manawa kūpono. ʻO kēia ke kumu i hoʻohana ai ʻo Google i kahi kaʻina hana 53-qubit no kāna hoʻokolohua quantum supremacy.
ʻO ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ka helu helu quantum.
Hāʻawi ʻo Wikipedia iā mākou i ka wehewehe ʻana o ka quantum computing supremacy:
Kuantum supremacy - hiki nā mea hana e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia i hiki ʻole i nā kamepiula kahiko ke hoʻoponopono.
ʻO ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o ka quantum supremacy ʻo ia hoʻi, no ka laʻana, hiki ke hoʻoponopono ʻia ka factorization o nā helu nui me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka algorithm Shor i ka manawa kūpono, a i ʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā molekala kemika paʻakikī i ka pae quantum, a pēlā aku. ʻO ia hoʻi, ua hiki mai kahi au hou.
Akā aia kekahi hapa i ka huaʻōlelo o ka wehewehe ʻana, "ʻaʻole hiki i nā kamepiula kahiko ke hoʻonā" ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ia ka mea inā ʻoe e hana i kahi kamepiula quantum o 50+ qubits a holo i kahi kaapuni quantum ma luna, a laila, e like me kā mākou i kūkākūkā ai ma luna, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka hopena o kēia kaapuni ma kahi kamepiula maʻamau. ʻo ia 'a'ole hiki i ka lolouila kahiko ke hana hou i ka hopena o ia kaapuni.
ʻO ka manaʻo kiʻekiʻe maoli a i ʻole ka hopena, he nīnau noʻonoʻo. Akā e hoʻomaopopo i ka mea a Google i hana ai a me ke kumu o ia mea pono.
ʻO ka ʻōlelo a Google Quantum Supremacy
Sycamore 54-qubit processor
No laila, i ʻOkakopa 2019, ua hoʻopuka nā mea hoʻomohala Google i kahi ʻatikala ma ka puke ʻepekema Nature "" Ua hoʻolaha nā mea kākau i ka hoʻokō o ka quantum supremacy no ka manawa mua ma ka mōʻaukala me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka 54-qubit Sycamore processor.
ʻO nā ʻatikala ʻo Sycamore ma ka pūnaewele e pili pinepine i kahi kaʻina hana 54-qubit a i ʻole kahi kaʻina hana 53-qubit. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo e like me , ʻO ke kaʻina hana ma ke kino he 54 qubits, akā ʻaʻole hana kekahi o lākou a ua lawe ʻia i waho o ka lawelawe. No laila, ʻoiaʻiʻo, loaʻa iā mākou kahi kaʻina hana 53-qubit.
Ma ka pūnaewele ma laila nā mea e pili ana i kēia kumuhana, ʻokoʻa ka pae o ia mea mai i luna .
Ua haʻi aku ka hui quantum computing o IBM . Ua ʻōlelo ka hui e hoʻokō ka kamepiula maʻamau i kēia hana ma ka hihia ʻoi loa i 2,5 mau lā, a ʻoi aku ka pololei o ka pane ma mua o ka kamepiula quantum. Ua hana ʻia kēia hopena ma muli o nā hopena o kahi loiloi theoretical o kekahi mau ʻano loiloi.
A, ʻoiaʻiʻo, i kāna ʻAʻole hiki iaʻu ke haʻalele i kēia ʻōlelo. ʻO kāna me na loulou a pau e like me ka mea maʻamau, pono lākou e hoʻolilo i kou manawa. Ma ka hub kēia FAQ, a e ʻike pono e heluhelu i nā manaʻo, aia nā loulou i nā palapala preliminary i leaked online ma mua o ka hoʻolaha kūhelu.
He aha kā Google i hana maoli ai? No ka ʻike kikoʻī, e heluhelu iā Aaronson, akā pōkole maanei:
Hiki iaʻu, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ke haʻi aku iā ʻoe, akā manaʻo wau he naʻaupō. Penei ka helu ʻana: hana ka mea hoʻokolohua i kahi kaapuni kuantum C (ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi kaʻina maʻamau o 1-qubit a me 2-qubit puka ma waena o nā hoalauna kokoke loa, me ka hohonu o, no ka laʻana, 20, e hana ana ma kahi pūnaewele 2D o n = 50-60 qubits). Hoʻouna ka mea hoʻokolohua iā C i ka lolouila quantum, a noi iā ia e hoʻopili iā C i kahi kūlana mua o 0, e ana i ka hopena ma ke kumu {0,1}, e hoʻihoʻi i kahi kaʻina n-bit i ʻike ʻia (string), a e hana hou i kekahi. tausani a miliona paha. ʻO ka hope, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kona ʻike no C, hana ka mea hoʻokolohua i kahi hoʻokolohua helu e ʻike ai inā pili ka hopena me ka hoʻopuka i manaʻo ʻia mai ka computer quantum.
Pōkole loa:
- Hoʻokumu ʻia kahi kaapuni maʻamau o ka lōʻihi 20 o 53 qubits me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā puka
- Hoʻomaka ke kaapuni me ke kūlana mua [0…0] no ka hoʻokō
- ʻO ka hoʻopuka ʻana o ke kaʻapuni he kaula kikoʻī (laʻana)
- ʻAʻole maʻamau ka māhele ʻana o ka hopena (interference)
- Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka māhele ʻana o nā laʻana i loaʻa me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia
- Hoʻopau i ka Quantum Supremacy
ʻO ia hoʻi, ua hoʻokō ʻo Google i kahi pilikia synthetic ma kahi kaʻina hana 53-qubit, a hoʻokumu i kāna koi no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka quantum supremacy ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike i kēlā kaʻina hana ma nā ʻōnaehana maʻamau i ka manawa kūpono.
No ka hoomaopopo- ʻAʻole hōʻemi kēia ʻāpana i ka holomua o Google, He mea maikaʻi loa ka poʻe ʻenekinia, a ʻo ka nīnau inā hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia kēia ʻano he quantum superiority a ʻaʻole paha, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua, ʻoi aku ka philosophical ma mua o ka ʻenekinia. Akā, pono mākou e hoʻomaopopo i ka loaʻa ʻana o ia ʻano kiʻekiʻe o ka helu helu, ʻaʻole mākou i holomua i kahi pae i ka hiki ke holo i ka algorithm a Shor ma nā helu 2048-bit.
Hōʻuluʻulu
ʻO nā kamepiula quantum a me ka computing quantum he mea hoʻohiki maikaʻi loa, ʻōpio loa a hiki i kēia manawa ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻenehana ʻikepili.
ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka quantum computing e ʻae iā mākou e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia:
- Hoʻohālike i nā ʻōnaehana kino paʻakikī ma ka pae quantum
- ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻonā ʻia ma ke kamepiula maʻamau ma muli o ka paʻakikī o ka helu
ʻO nā pilikia nui i ka hana ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i nā kamepiula quantum:
- Hoʻokaʻawale
- Nā hewa (decoherence and gate)
- Hoʻolālā kaʻina hana (nā kaapuni qubit pili piha)
ʻO ke kūlana o kēia manawa:
- ʻOiaʻiʻo - ka hoʻomaka mua .
- ʻAʻohe mea hoʻohana pāʻoihana REAL i kēia manawa (a ʻaʻole maopopo i ka wā e loaʻa ai)
He aha ke kōkua:
- ʻO kekahi ʻano ʻike kino e hōʻemi ana i ke kumukūʻai o nā uea a me nā kaʻina hana
- ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i kahi mea e hoʻonui ai i ka manawa decoherence ma ke ʻano o ka nui a/a i ʻole e hōʻemi i nā hewa
I koʻu manaʻo (purely personal opinion), i ka paradigm ʻepekema o kēia manawa ʻaʻole mākou e loaʻa i ka kūleʻa nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana quantum, ma ʻaneʻi mākou e pono ai i kahi holomua qualitative ma kekahi wahi o ka ʻepekema kumu a i hoʻohana ʻia paha, e hāʻawi i ka impetus i nā manaʻo a me nā ala hou.
I kēia manawa, loaʻa iā mākou ka ʻike ma ka papahana quantum, hōʻiliʻili a hana i nā algorithm quantum, hoʻāʻo i nā manaʻo, etc., etc. Ke kali nei mākou i kahi holomua.
hopena
Ma kēia ʻatikala, ua hele mākou i nā milestones nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka quantum computing a me quantum computers, nānā i ke kumu o kā lākou hana, nānā i nā pilikia nui e kū nei i nā ʻenekinia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hana ʻana o nā mea hana quantum, a nānā pū hoʻi i ke ʻano o ka multi-qubit. ʻO nā D-kamepiula ʻoiaʻiʻo. ʻO Wave a me Google ka hoʻolaha hou ʻana no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka quantum supremacy.
Aia ma hope o nā hiʻohiʻona nā nīnau no ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā kamepiula quantum (nā ʻōlelo, nā ala, nā ʻano, a me nā nīnau e pili ana i ka hoʻokō kino kikoʻī o nā mea hana, pehea e mālama ʻia ai nā qubits, pili, heluhelu, etc. ʻO kēia paha ke kumuhana o ka ʻatikala aʻe a i ʻole nā ʻatikala.
Mahalo iā ʻoe no kou nānā ʻana, manaʻolana wau e pono kēia ʻatikala i kekahi.
(C)
Mahalo
no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana a me nā manaʻo ma ke kumu kumu, a me ka ʻatikala
no nā manaʻo waiwai ʻike ma , a ʻaʻole iā ia wale nō, ka mea i kōkua nui iaʻu e noʻonoʻo i kēia puzzle.
I nā mea kākau o nā ʻatikala a me nā puke i hoʻohana ʻia nā mea i kākau ʻia i kēia ʻatikala.
Ka papa inoa o nā kumuwaiwai
Nā ʻatikala o kēia manawa mai [The National Academies Press]
Nā ʻatikala mai Habr (ma ke ʻano maʻamau)
Nā ʻatikala i koho ʻole ʻia (akā ʻaʻole i emi iki) mai ka Pūnaewele
Nā papa a me nā haʻiʻōlelo
Source: www.habr.com