I ka makahiki 2012, ua hoʻomaka ke ahi ma ka ʻākau hikina o Moscow. Ua wela kekahi hale kahiko me na kaupaku laau i ke ahi, a pahola koke ke ahi i na hale pili. ʻAʻole hiki i nā poʻe kinai ahi ke hele i kahi - ua piha nā wahi kaʻa a puni i nā kaʻa. Ua uhi ke ahi i hoʻokahi a me ka hapa tausani mika mika. ʻAʻole hiki ke kiʻi i ka hydrant, no laila ua hoʻohana nā mea hoʻopakele i kahi kaʻa ahi a me ʻelua mau helikopter. Ua make kekahi limahana pilikia i ke ahi.
E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma hope, ua hoʻomaka ke ahi ma ka hale o ka hale paʻi puke ʻo Mir.
He mea ʻole paha kēia inoa i ka hapa nui o ka poʻe. ʻO ka hale paʻi puke a me ka hale paʻi puke, kahi ʻuhane ʻē aʻe mai ka wā Soviet, ʻaʻole i paʻi i kekahi mea no kanakolu makahiki, akā no kekahi kumu i hoʻomau ʻia. I ka pau ʻana o nā makahiki XNUMX, aia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka panakalupa, akā ua hoʻihoʻi ʻo ia i kāna mau aie i ka mea a me kāna ʻaiʻē. ʻO kāna moʻolelo holoʻokoʻa o kēia wā he mau laina ʻelua ma Wikipedia e pili ana i ka lele ʻana ma waena o nā ʻano āpau o ka mokuʻāina ʻo MSUP SHMUP FMUP, e hōʻiliʻili ana i ka lepo i loko o nā waihona o Rostec (inā manaʻoʻiʻo ʻoe iā Wikipedia, hou).
Akā ma hope o nā laina birocratic ʻaʻohe huaʻōlelo e pili ana i kahi hoʻoilina nui i waiho ʻia e Mir ma India a pehea i hoʻololi ai i nā ola o kekahi mau hanauna.
I kekahi mau lā i hala aku nei hoʻouna i kahi loulou i , kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai nā puke ʻepekema Soviet. Ua manaʻo wau e hoʻololi kekahi i kā lākou nostalgia i kumu maikaʻi. Ua ʻike ʻia he ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia, akā ʻelua mau kikoʻī i hana ʻole i ka blog - aia nā puke ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania, a ua kūkākūkā nā India iā lākou ma nā ʻōlelo. Ua kākau nā kānaka a pau i ke koʻikoʻi o kēia mau puke no lākou i ka wā kamaliʻi, kaʻana like i nā moʻolelo a me nā hoʻomanaʻo, a ʻōlelo lākou i ka maikaʻi o ka loaʻa ʻana o ia mau puke i kēia manawa.
Googled au, a ʻo kēlā me kēia loulou hou i kāhāhā nui iaʻu - nā kolamu, nā pou, a me nā palapala palapala e pili ana i ke koʻikoʻi o ka palapala Lūkini no ka poʻe o India. Noʻu he mea ʻike ia, a ua hilahila wau e kamaʻilio e pili ana - ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke manaʻoʻiʻo ua hala kahi papa nui.
ʻIke ʻia ua lilo ka palapala ʻepekema Soviet i ʻano hoʻomana ma India. ʻO nā puke o kahi hale paʻi puke i nalowale loa mai iā mākou, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ko lākou kaumaha i ke gula ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o ka honua.
"Ua kaulana loa lākou no ko lākou maikaʻi a me ke kumukūʻai. Loaʻa kēia mau puke a koi ʻia ma nā wahi liʻiliʻi - ʻaʻole ma nā kūlanakauhale nui wale nō. Ua unuhi ʻia nā mea he nui i nā ʻōlelo India - Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Marathi, Gujarati a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ua hoʻonui nui kēia i ka lehulehu. ʻOiai ʻaʻole wau he loea, manaʻo wau ʻo kekahi o nā kumu e hōʻemi ai i ke kumukūʻai ʻo ia ka hoʻāʻo e hoʻololi i nā puke o ke Komohana, he kumukūʻai nui ia i kēlā manawa (a i kēia manawa), "i ʻōlelo mai ai ʻo Damitr, ka mea kākau o ka blog. [ʻO Damitr kahi acronym no ka inoa maoli o ka mea kākau, āna i noi ai ʻaʻole e hoʻolaha i ka lehulehu.]
He physicist ʻo ia ma ke aʻo ʻana a manaʻo ʻo ia he bibliophile. He kanaka noiʻi a kumu makemakika ʻo ia i kēia manawa. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Damitr e hōʻiliʻili i nā puke i ka hopena o 90s. A laila ʻaʻole i paʻi hou ʻia lākou ma India. I kēia manawa, loaʻa iā ia ma kahi o 600 mau puke Soviet - ʻo kekahi āna i kūʻai aku ai i ka lua a i ʻole mai nā mea kūʻai puke ʻelua, hāʻawi ʻia kekahi iā ia. “Ua maʻalahi kēia mau puke iaʻu e aʻo, a makemake au i nā poʻe he nui e heluhelu pū kekahi. ʻO ia ke kumu i hoʻomaka ai kaʻu blog. "
Pehea i hele mai ai nā puke Soviet i India
ʻElua mau makahiki ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II, ua pau ʻo India i ka noho ʻana i panalāʻau Pelekane. ʻO nā manawa o ka hoʻololi nui ka mea paʻakikī a paʻakikī. Ua lilo ʻo Independent India i piha i nā poʻe o nā manaʻo like ʻole, i kēia manawa ua loaʻa iā lākou ka manawa e neʻe ai i nā kumu i kahi a lākou e ʻike ai he kūpono. Ua pohihihi no hoi ka honua a puni. Ua ho'āʻo ka Soviet Union a me ʻAmelika e hōʻea, me he mea lā, i kēlā me kēia kihi e hoʻowalewale iā lākou i loko o ko lākou kahua hoʻomoana.
Ua haʻalele ka poʻe Muslim a hoʻokumu iā Pakistan. Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia nā ʻāina palena e like me nā manawa a pau, a ua hoʻomaka ke kaua ma laila. Ua kākoʻo ʻo ʻAmelika iā Pakistan, ua kākoʻo ka Soviet Union iā India. I ka makahiki 1955, ua kipa aku ke Kuhina Nui o Inia i Moscow, a ua hana hou o Khrushchev i ka makahiki hookahi. Pēlā i hoʻomaka ai kahi pilina lōʻihi a pili loa ma waena o nā ʻāina. ʻOiai i ka wā i hakakā ai ʻo India me Kina i ka makahiki 60, ua kū ʻole ka USSR, akā ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kōkua kālā no India, kahi i hoʻopōʻino i ka pilina me ka PRC.
Ma muli o ka pilina me ka Union, ua ikaika ka neʻe ʻana o ka komunista ma India. A laila hele nā moku me nā puke puke i India, a hele mai iā mākou nā kilomika o nā pahu kiʻiʻoniʻoni me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni India.
"Ua hiki mai nā puke a pau iā mākou ma o ka Communist Party of India, a ua hoʻopiha ke kālā mai ke kūʻai aku i kā lākou kālā. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ma waena o nā puke ʻē aʻe, aia nā kai a me nā kai o nā puke o Lenin, Marx a me Engels, a he nui nā puke e pili ana i ke akeakamai, sociology a me ka mōʻaukala. Akā ma ka makemakika, ma ka ʻepekema, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi. ʻOiai, i loko o kekahi o nā puke e pili ana i ka physics, ua wehewehe ka mea kākau i ka materialism dialectical i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o nā mea hoʻololi kino. ʻAʻole wau e ʻōlelo inā kānalua paha ka poʻe i nā puke Soviet i kēlā mau lā, akā i kēia manawa ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea hōʻiliʻili o nā palapala Soviet he poʻe hema hema a hema paha.
Ua hōʻike mai ʻo Damitr iaʻu i kekahi mau kikokikona mai ka India "left-leaning publication" ʻO ka Frontline i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i ke kenekulia o ka ʻOkakopa Revolution. I loko o kekahi o lākou, ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo Vijay Prashad Ua ʻike mua ʻia kēlā hoihoi i Rusia, i ka makahiki 20, i ka wā i hoʻoulu ʻia ai nā India e ka hoʻokahuli ʻana i ko mākou aupuni tsarist. I kēlā manawa, ua unuhi huna ʻia nā hōʻike communist a me nā ʻōlelo politika ʻē aʻe i nā ʻōlelo India. I ka hopena o 20s, ua kaulana nā puke "Soviet Russia" na Jawaharal Nehru a me "Letters from Russia" na Rabindranath Tagore i waena o nā poʻe ʻōiwi India.
ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha ua ʻoluʻolu loa ka manaʻo o ke kipi iā lākou. Ma ke kūlana o ka panalāʻau Pelekania, ʻo nā huaʻōlelo "kapitalism" a me "imperialism" ma ke ʻano he ʻano like ʻole ka pōʻaiapili i hoʻokomo ʻia e ke aupuni Soviet i loko o lākou. Akā he kanakolu mau makahiki ma hope mai, ʻaʻole wale ka palapala kālai'āina i kaulana ma India.
No ke aha i makemake nui ai ka poʻe ma India i nā puke Soviet?
No India, ua unuhi ʻia nā mea a pau a mākou i heluhelu ai. Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Pushkin, Chekhov, Gorky. ʻO ke kai o nā puke a nā keiki, no ka laʻana, "Deniska's stories" a i ʻole "Chuk and Gek". Mai waho mai, ʻike mākou ʻo India, me kāna mōʻaukala waiwai kahiko, makemake nui i nā moʻolelo pohihihi a me nā moʻolelo kupua, akā ua pio nā keiki India e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā a me ka maʻalahi o nā puke Soviet.
I ka makahiki i hala aku nei, ua kiʻi ʻia kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni palapala "Red Stars Lost in the Fog" e pili ana i ka palapala Soviet ma India. Ua nānā nui nā alakaʻi i nā puke a nā keiki i ulu ai nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni. No ka laʻana, ua kamaʻilio ʻo Rugvedita Parakh, he kanaka oncologist mai India, e pili ana i kona ʻano penei: "ʻO nā puke Lūkini kaʻu punahele no ka mea ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻāʻo e aʻo. ʻAʻole lākou e hōʻike i ka pono o ka moʻolelo, e like me Aesop a me ka Panchatantra. ʻAʻole maopopo iaʻu ke kumu e piha ai nā puke maikaʻi e like me kā mākou puke "Shyama's Mother" i nā clichés.
"ʻO ka mea i ʻokoʻa iā lākou ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻāʻo e mālama i ke ʻano o ke keiki me ka maʻalahi a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa. ʻAʻole lākou e hōʻino i ko lākou naʻauao, "wahi a ka psychologist Sulbha Subrahmanyam.
Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 60, ua paʻi puke ka Hale Paʻi puke o nā haole. Ma hope mai, ua māhele ʻia i mau ʻāpana like ʻole. Ua hoʻopuka ʻo "Progress" a me "Rainbow" i nā puke a nā keiki, nā moʻolelo moʻokalaleo, a me nā moʻolelo politika ʻole (e like me kā lākou e kapa ai i kēia manawa). Ua paʻi ka Leningrad "Aurora" i nā puke e pili ana i ke kiʻi. Ua hoʻopuka ka hale paʻi ʻo Pravda i ka magazine magazine Misha, no ka laʻana, loaʻa nā moʻolelo moʻolelo, nā huaʻōlelo no ke aʻo ʻana i ka ʻōlelo Lūkini, a me nā ʻōlelo no ka launa pū ʻana me nā keiki mai ka Soviet Union.
ʻO ka hope, ua hoʻopuka ka hale paʻi puke ʻo Mir i nā palapala ʻepekema a me nā ʻenehana.
"ʻO nā puke ʻepekema, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua kaulana, akā ʻo ka hapa nui o ka poʻe i makemake nui i ka ʻepekema, a he mau mea liʻiliʻi kēia. Malia paha ua kōkua pū ka kaulana o nā mele Lūkini ma ka ʻōlelo India (Tolstoy, Dostoevsky). He ʻuʻuku a laha loa nā puke i manaʻo ʻia ua aneane hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia. No ka laʻana, i ka wā o nā haʻawina kula, ʻoki lākou i nā kiʻi mai kēia mau puke," wahi a Damitr.
Ua kākau ʻo Deepa Bhashti iā ia no ka Calvert Journal i ka heluhelu ʻana i nā puke ʻepekema, ʻaʻole ʻike nā kānaka a ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike e pili ana i kā lākou mea kākau. ʻAʻole like me nā papa mele, he mau limahana maʻamau kēia o nā keʻena noiʻi:
"I kēia manawa ua haʻi mai ka Pūnaewele iaʻu [kahi i hele mai ai kēia mau puke], me ka ʻole o ka ʻike e pili ana i nā mea kākau, e pili ana i kā lākou moʻolelo pilikino. ʻAʻole naʻe i haʻi mai ka Pūnaewele iaʻu i nā inoa o Babkov, Smirnov, Glushkov, Maron a me nā ʻepekema ʻē aʻe a me nā ʻenekinia mai nā keʻena aupuni i kākau i nā puke e pili ana i nā mea e like me ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka mokulele, ka hoʻoili wela a me ka hoʻoili nui ʻana, nā ana radio a me nā mea hou aku.
ʻO koʻu makemake e lilo i astrophysicist (a hiki i ka wā i hoʻonāwaliwali ʻia e ka physics ma ke kula kiʻekiʻe) i loaʻa mai kahi puke polū liʻiliʻi i kapa ʻia ʻo Space Adventures at Home na F. Rabitsa. Ua ho'āʻo wau e ʻike ʻo wai ʻo Rabitsa, akā ʻaʻohe mea e pili ana iā ia ma kekahi pūnaewele punahele Soviet. ʻIke ʻia, lawa nā hua mua ma hope o koʻu inoa hope iaʻu. ʻAʻole paha i hoihoi ka moʻolelo o nā mea kākau i ka ʻāina hānau a lākou i lawelawe ai.
"ʻO kaʻu mau puke punahele ʻo ia nā puke a Lev Tarasov," wahi a Damitr, "ʻO kona pae o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ke kumuhana, kona ʻike, he mea kupaianaha. ʻO ka puke mua aʻu i heluhelu ai, ua kākau pū ʻo ia me kāna wahine ʻo Albina Tarasova. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo "Nīnau a me nā pane ma ke kula Physics." Ma laila, ua wehewehe ʻia nā manaʻo kuhi he nui mai ke kula haʻawina ma ke ʻano he kamaʻilio. Ua wehewehe nui kēia puke iaʻu. ʻO ka puke ʻelua aʻu i heluhelu ai iā ia ʻo "Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics." Nānā ia i ka mechanics quantum me ka ikaika makemakika. Ma laila hoʻi, he kamaʻilio ma waena o ka physicist kahiko, ka mea kākau a me ka mea heluhelu. Heluhelu pū wau i kāna "This Wonderful Symmetrical World", "Nā Kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka Refraction of Light", "A World Built on Probability". He mea koʻikoʻi kēlā me kēia puke a ua laki wau i ka hiki ke hāʻawi aku iā lākou i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. "
Pehea i mālama ʻia ai nā puke ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka USSR
Ma ka makahiki 80, ua nui ka helu o nā puke Soviet ma India. ʻOiai ua unuhi ʻia lākou i nā ʻōlelo kūloko he nui, ua aʻo maoli nā keiki India e heluhelu i kā lākou ʻōlelo maoli mai nā puke Lūkini. Akā me ka hāʻule ʻana o ka Union ua pau nā mea a pau. I kēlā manawa, aia ʻo India i kahi pilikia hoʻokele waiwai, a ua ʻōlelo ke Kuhina o ko Rūkia ʻaʻole makemake i nā pilina kūikawā me New Delhi. Mai ia manawa mai, ua ho'ōki lākou i ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka unuhi a me ka hoʻopuka ʻana i nā puke ma India. I nā makahiki 2000, ua nalowale loa nā puke Soviet mai nā papa.
He mau makahiki wale nō i lawa no ka poina ʻana o ka palapala Soviet, akā me ka laha nui o ka Pūnaewele, ua hoʻomaka kona kaulana hou. Ua ʻākoakoa ka poʻe hoihoi i nā kaiāulu ma Facebook, kākau ma nā blog ʻokoʻa, ʻimi i nā puke āpau i loaʻa iā lākou, a hoʻomaka i ka helu helu.
ʻO ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni "Red Stars Lost in the Fog," i waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, i haʻi i ka manaʻo o ka poʻe hoʻopuka hou i ka manaʻo ʻaʻole e hōʻiliʻili a hoʻopaʻa inoa, akā hoʻopuka hou i nā puke kahiko. Ua hoʻāʻo mua lākou e ʻimi i ka poʻe paʻa kope, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou, no laila hoʻomaka lākou e hōʻiliʻili i nā kope i koe, unuhi hou i nā mea i nalowale, a paʻi.
Mai ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni "Red Stars Lost in the Fog."
Akā inā hiki ke poina i ka moʻolelo moʻolelo me ke kākoʻo ʻole, ua koi ʻia nā palapala ʻepekema e like me ka wā ma mua. Wahi a Damitra, hoʻohana mau ʻia i nā pōʻai kula:
"He nui nā kumu aʻoaʻo a me nā kumu kula, nā physicists i ʻike ʻia, hāʻawi mai iaʻu i nā puke Soviet. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻenekinia e hana nei i kēia lā i aʻo ʻia ma lalo o lākou.
ʻO ka kaulana o kēia lā ma muli o ka hoʻokolohua IIT-JEE paʻakikī loa no ka ʻenekinia. Nui nā haumāna a me nā kumu e pule wale no nā puke o Irodov, Zubov, Shalnov a me Wolkenstein. ʻAʻole maopopo iaʻu inā kaulana nā puke moʻolelo Soviet a me nā puke a nā keiki i ka hanauna hou, akā ʻike ʻia ʻo Irodov's Solution of Basic Problems in Physics i ke kūlana gula.
ʻO ka hale hana a Damitra, kahi āna e hoʻoheluhelu ai i nā puke.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana - ʻo ia hoʻi nā puke ʻepekema - ʻo ia ka hana a kekahi poʻe hoihoi: "E like me kaʻu ʻike, ʻelua wale nō poʻe ma waho oʻu e hōʻiliʻili i nā puke Soviet, ʻaʻole kēia he hana maʻamau. I kēlā me kēia makahiki, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi a me ka liʻiliʻi o nā puke uhi paʻa; ʻoiai, ua paʻi ʻia ka hope o lākou ma mua o kanakolu makahiki i hala. He liʻiliʻi a liʻiliʻi nā wahi e loaʻa ai nā puke Soviet. Nui nā manawa aʻu i manaʻo ai ʻo ka puke aʻu i ʻike ai ʻo ia ke kope hope loa.
Ma waho aʻe, ʻo ka ʻohi puke iā ia iho he leʻaleʻa make. He kakaikahi loa kaʻu i ʻike ai i ka poʻe (ʻoiai ke noho nei au i ke kula haʻawina) a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā puke ma ka home.
Ke paʻi hou ʻia nei nā puke a Lev Tarasov ma nā hale hoʻopuka Lūkini like ʻole. Ua hoʻomau ʻo ia i ke kākau ʻana ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka Union, i ka wā i lawe ʻole ʻia ai lākou i India. Akā ʻaʻole wau e hoʻomanaʻo i kona inoa i kaulana nui ʻia i waena o mākou. ʻO nā ʻenekini huli ma nā ʻaoʻao mua e hōʻike i nā Lvov Tarasovs ʻokoʻa loa. Manaʻo wau he aha ka manaʻo o Damitr e pili ana i kēia?
A i ʻole he aha ka manaʻo o ka poʻe hoʻopuka inā ʻike lākou ʻo "Mir", "Progress" a me "Rainbow", nona nā puke a lākou e makemake ai e paʻi, aia nō ia, akā aia wale nō ma nā papa inoa o nā hui kānāwai. A i ke ahi ʻana o ka hale paʻi puke ʻo Mir, ʻo kā lākou hoʻoilina puke ka helu hope loa i kūkākūkā ʻia ma hope.
I kēia manawa, loaʻa iā lākou nā manaʻo like ʻole i ka USSR. He nui ko'u mau kuee iloko ona. Akā no kekahi kumu, ʻo ke kākau ʻana a me ka ʻae ʻana iā Damitro ʻaʻole wau i ʻike i kēia mea he mea hilahila a me ke kaumaha.
Source: www.habr.com