ʻO ka palapala Mayan wale nō ka ʻōnaehana kākau piha ma ʻAmelika, akā mahalo i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o nā naʻi aupuni Sepania wiwo ʻole, ua poina loa ia e ke kenekulia XNUMX. Eia naʻe, mālama ʻia nā tausani o kēia mau hōʻailona ma nā pōhaku i kālai ʻia, nā frescoes a me nā seramika, a i ke kenekulia XNUMX, ua hele mai kahi haumāna puka Soviet maʻamau me kahi manaʻo i hiki ke wehewehe iā lākou. A e hōʻike ana kēia ʻatikala pehea e hana ai kēia ʻōnaehana.
ʻO ka palapala Mayan kahi ʻōnaehana logosyllabic (verbal-syllabic), kahi o ka hapa nui o nā hōʻailona , e hōʻike ana i nā huaʻōlelo a i ʻole nā manaʻo (no ka laʻana, "pale" a i ʻole "jaguar"), a ʻo ka mea liʻiliʻi - , e hōʻike ana i nā leo o kēlā me kēia syllables (“pa”, “ma”) a hoʻoholo i ke kani o ka huaʻōlelo.
ʻO ka huina, ma kahi o 5000 mau kikokikona i ola a hiki i kēia lā, kahi i ʻike ai nā ʻepekema epigraphic ma mua o hoʻokahi tausani glyphs. ʻO ka nui o lākou he mau ʻano like ʻole (allographs) a i ʻole like ke kani (homophones). Ma kēia ala, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike "wale nō" ma kahi o 500 hieroglyphs, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā alphabets a mākou i maʻa ai, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka Kina me kā lākou 12 mau huaʻōlelo. ʻIke ʻia ka manaʻo phonetic no 000% o kēia mau hōʻailona, a ʻike ʻia ka manaʻo semantic no 80% wale nō, akā hoʻomau kā lākou decoding.
ʻO nā kikokikona Maya mua loa i ʻike ʻia mai ke kenekulia XNUMX BC, a ʻo ka mea hou loa mai ka naʻi ʻana o Sepania i ke kenekulia XNUMX AD. Ua nalowale loa kēia palapala i ke kenekulia XNUMX, i ka wā i pio ai nā aupuni Mayan hope loa.
Kakauolelo rapeti ma
Pehea e heluhelu ai i nā hieroglyphs Mayan
ʻO ka paʻakikī mua i ke aʻo ʻana i nā hieroglyphs Mayan ʻo ia ka maʻalahi o kā lākou hoʻolālā ʻana i loaʻa nā ala like ʻole e kākau ai i ka huaʻōlelo hoʻokahi me ka hoʻololi ʻole i ka heluhelu a me ke ʻano. ʻAe, he hana hana ia, a me he mea lā ua hauʻoli ka poʻe kākau ʻōlelo Mayan a hoʻohana pono i ko lākou kūʻokoʻa hana.
He wehewehe iki# I loko o nā kiʻi kiʻi, ua hōʻike ʻia ka unuhi ʻana o nā hieroglyphs Mayan i ka huaʻōlelo Latina me ka wiwo ʻole. I kēia hihia, hōʻike nā leka nui LOGOGRAMS, a me ka huapalapala liʻiliʻi - syllabograms. Ka palapala aia ma ka italic a ʻo ka unuhi ʻana ma nā kaha puanaʻi “”.
E like me ka ʻōnaehana Latin, ua haku ʻia nā huaʻōlelo Mayan i kekahi mau huaʻōlelo pili, akā ma muli o ke ʻano kiʻi o ke kākau ʻana, ua ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka ʻike ʻana e ka maka ʻike ʻole ma mua o nā ʻōnaehana alphabetic maʻamau.
Kapa ʻia kahi pūʻulu o nā huaʻōlelo he poloka a i ʻole glyph complex. ʻO ka hōʻailona nui loa o ka poloka ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka hōʻailona nui, a ʻo nā mea liʻiliʻi i hoʻopili ʻia i kapa ʻia ʻo nā affixes.
ʻO ka maʻamau, heluhelu ʻia nā huaʻōlelo i loko o kahi poloka glyph mai ka hema a i ka ʻākau a mai luna a lalo. Pēlā nō, kākau ʻia nā kikokikona Mayan mai ka hema a i ka ʻākau a mai luna a lalo i nā kolamu ʻelua poloka.
Logograms
ʻO nā logograms nā hōʻailona e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano a me ka haʻi ʻana o kahi huaʻōlelo piha. ʻOiai ma kā mākou ʻōnaehana kākau alphabetic-phonetic, e pili ana i ka alphabet Latin, hoʻohana mākou i nā logograms:
- @ (kalepa ma): hoʻohana ʻia i nā helu leka uila a me nā ʻoihana pūnaewele, i hoʻohana mua ʻia i nā palapala uku ma kahi o ka huaʻōlelo Pelekane ma, ʻo ia hoʻi "ma [kumu]"
- £: hōʻailona paona
- & (ampersand): pani i ka conjunction "a"
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā huaʻōlelo ma ka palapala hieroglyphic Mayan he logograms:
He mea paʻakikī loa ka ʻōnaehana me nā logograms, no ka mea, pono ia i kahi hōʻailona kaʻawale no kēlā me kēia mea, manaʻo a i ʻole ka manaʻo. Ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo ka pīpā Kina, aia ma mua o 12 mau huaʻōlelo, ʻaʻole ia he ʻōnaehana logographic maʻemaʻe.
Nā papa hana
Ma waho aʻe o nā logograms, ua hoʻohana nā Mayans i nā syllabograms, kahi i hiki ʻole ai ke hoʻoulu i ka alphabet a mālama i ka maʻalahi o ka ʻōnaehana.
ʻO ka syllabogram a i ʻole phonogram he hōʻailona phonetic e hōʻike ana i kahi syllable. Ma nā ʻōlelo Mayan, hana ia ma ke ʻano he syllable SG (consonant-vowel) a i ʻole me ka syllable S(G), (he consonant sound me ka ʻole o ka vowel).
Ma ka laulā, hahai ka ʻōlelo Mayan i ke ʻano consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC), a e like me ke kumu ʻO ka vowel o ka syllable hope i loko o kahi huaʻōlelo e hoʻopau pinepine ʻia:
ʻO ka mea hoihoi, hiki ke kākau ʻia nā huaʻōlelo i kākau ʻia i loko o ka logogram. Ua hana pinepine ka poʻe Mayan kahiko i kēia, akā ʻaʻole i haʻalele loa i nā logograms.
Hoʻohui phonetic
ʻO nā hoʻohui phonetic kekahi o nā affixes maʻamau i waena o ka poʻe Mayan. He syllabogram kēia e kōkua ana i ka heluhelu ʻana i nā logograms i ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi manaʻo a i ʻole hōʻike i ka haʻi ʻana o ka syllable mua, e maʻalahi ai ka heluhelu ʻana.
Ma ka laʻana ma lalo nei, ʻo ka hōʻailona no "pōhaku" (ma ka hina) ʻo ia ka phonogram no ke kani "ku", i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā huaʻōlelo "ahk" "turtle" a i ʻole "kutz" "turkey" (ke kani vowel hope. hāʻule i nā hihia ʻelua). Akā i ke kākau ʻana iā ia ma ke ʻano he huaʻōlelo ʻokoʻa, ua hoʻohui ʻia ka hoʻohui phonetic "ni", e hōʻoia ana ʻo ia ka huaʻōlelo "pōhaku":
Nā mea hoʻoholo a me nā diacritics
ʻO nā mea hoʻoholo semantic a me nā māka diacritic e kōkua i ka mea heluhelu e hoʻomaopopo i ka ʻōlelo a i ʻole ke ʻano o kahi huaʻōlelo, akā, ʻaʻole like me ka phonetic complements, ʻaʻole lākou i haʻi ʻia ma kekahi ʻano.
Hōʻike ka mea hoʻoholo semantic i nā logogram polysemantic. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi o kahi mea hoʻoholo semantic he palena hoʻonaninani a puni ke kiʻi a i ʻole ka leka. Hoʻohana ʻia ia e hōʻike i nā lā i loko :
Hoʻoholo nā māka diacritic i ka haʻi ʻana o ka glyph. Loaʻa i nā ʻōlelo ʻEulopa nā māka maʻamau, eg.
- cedille: ma ka ʻōlelo Palani, e hōʻike ana i ka huaʻōlelo c ua haʻi ʻia ma ke ʻano he s ma mua o ke k, e like me ke alo.
- ʻO ka Diaresis: ma Kelemānia, hōʻike i ka neʻe ʻana i mua o nā vowels /a/, /o/ a i ʻole /u/, no ka laʻana, schön [ʃøːn] - "nani", schon [ʃoːn] - "ua".
Ma ke kākau ʻana a Mayan, ʻo kahi māka diacritic maʻamau he mau kiko ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o luna (a i ʻole lalo) o kahi poloka o nā glyphs. Hōʻike lākou i ka mea heluhelu i ka hana hou ʻana o kahi syllable. No laila ma ka laʻana ma lalo o ka syllable "ka" ua kope ʻia:
Polyphony a me ka homophony
Hoʻopili hou ka polyphony a me ka homophony i ke kākau ʻana o Mayan. Me ka polyphony, ʻōlelo ʻia ka hōʻailona like a heluhelu ʻokoʻa. Ma ka palapala hieroglyphic Mayan, no ka laʻana, ua hōʻike ʻia ka huaʻōlelo tuun a me ka syllable ku e ka hōʻailona like:
'o ia ho'i, hō'ike 'ia ka leo like e nā hō'ailona like 'ole. No laila, ma ka palapala Mayan, ua ʻōlelo ʻia nā huaʻōlelo "snake", "ʻehā" a me "lani", akā ua kākau ʻokoʻa:
Kauoha huaʻōlelo
ʻAʻole like me ka ʻōlelo Pelekania, e hoʻohana ana i kahi kūkulu kumuhana-Verb-Object, hoʻohana ka ʻōlelo Mayan i kahi kauoha Verb-Object-Subject. Ma muli o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kikokikona hieroglyphic Mayan kahiko me kahi lā a ʻaʻohe mea hoʻohui, ʻo ka papa kuhikuhi maʻamau ka Date-Verb-Subject.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā kikokikona i loaʻa i kālai ʻia ma nā hale monumental a wehewehe i ke ola o nā mōʻī a me nā moʻolelo o nā aliʻi aliʻi. I loko o ia mau palapala, noho nā lā i ka 80% o ka hakahaka. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā huaʻōlelo e hoʻokahi a ʻelua mau poloka glyphs, a ukali ʻia e nā inoa lōʻihi a me nā poʻo inoa.
ʻAnohewa
Ua loaʻa i ka poʻe Mayan nā pūʻulu inoa ʻelua. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Set A me nā huaʻōlelo transitive a me Set B me nā huaʻōlelo intransitive. ʻO ka pinepine, hoʻohana ka poʻe Mayan i nā huaʻōlelo hoʻokahi kanaka ʻekolu ("ʻo ia, ʻo ia, ʻo ia," "ʻo ia, ʻo ia, ʻo ia") mai ka set A. Hoʻohana ʻia nā huaʻōlelo mai kēia pūʻulu me nā noun a me nā huaʻōlelo. Hoʻokumu ʻia ke kolu o ka mea hoʻokahi e nā prefix penei:
- u- ma mua o nā huaʻōlelo a i ʻole nā huaʻōlelo e hoʻomaka ana me ka consonant
- ya-, ye-, yi-, yo-, yu- ma mua o nā huaʻōlelo a i ʻole nā huaʻōlelo e hoʻomaka ana me nā leo leo a, e, i, o, u.
I ka hihia mua, hoʻohana ʻia nā hōʻailona aʻe:
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kekahi o kēia mau huaʻōlelo e hōʻike i ke kolu o ka mea hoʻokahi:
E nānā i ka prefix /u/ ma ka laʻana mua. He mana maʻalahi kēia o ke ʻano mua ma ka laina ʻekolu o ka kiʻi mua.
Nā syllabograms no ka prefix -ya:
No oukou-:
Ma ka la'ana ma lalo nei, ua ho'olima 'ia ka 'oe-sign:
No yi:
Ma kēia laʻana, ua hoʻohuli ʻia ʻo yi 90° ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe no nā kumu nani:
No kou-:
No kou-:
Nouns
Ua loaʻa i ka poʻe Mayan nā ʻano inoa ʻelua: "possessed" a "absolute" (unpossessed).
ʻAʻohe affixes i nā inoa piha, me ʻelua ʻokoʻa:
- ʻo ka suffix -ʻo ia nā ʻāpana kino
- ʻo ka suffix -aj ka mea e ʻaʻahu ai nā kānaka, e like me nā mea nani
ʻAe
ʻAʻohe kāne ma ka ʻōlelo Mayan, koe wale nā nouns e wehewehe ana i kahi ʻoihana a i ʻole kūlana, no ka laʻana, "kākau", "queen", "king", etc. No ia mau huaʻōlelo mākou e hoʻohana ai:
- prefix Ix- no na wahine
- prefix Aj- no na kane
Nā Verbs
Mālama ʻia ka hapa nui o nā puke Mayan kahiko ma nā hale monumental, a haʻi lākou i nā moʻolelo o nā aliʻi. ʻO ia hoʻi, aneane pau nā huaʻōlelo i kākau ʻia ma ke kanaka ʻekolu a loaʻa koke ma hope o nā lā. ʻO ka pinepine i loko o ia mau palapala he mau huaʻōlelo intransitive ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopili i nā mea.
No ka wā i hala (e kūkākūkā ʻia nei) ʻo ka suffix -iiy, a no ka wā e hiki mai ana ka suffix -oom:
ʻO ka manawa pinepine ma hope o ka huaʻōlelo hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ka hōʻailona -aj, ka mea e hoʻohuli ai i kahi aʻa transitive (hiki ke hoʻomalu i kahi mea) i kahi huaʻōlelo intransitive, no ka laʻana, chuhk-aj ("ua hopu ʻia ʻo ia"):
Hoʻomaopopo maʻalahi ʻia kekahi o nā ʻano huaʻōlelo transitive e ka prefix u- (nā huaʻōlelo kanaka ʻekolu) a me ka suffix -aw. No ka laʻana, e pili ana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke aupuni, ua hoʻohana nā kikokikona i ka huaʻōlelo uchʻam-aw Kʻawiil - "lawe ʻo ia iā Kʻawiil" (ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā aliʻi Mayan kahi noho aliʻi, akā he koʻokoʻo. ):
Nā Hoʻololi
Ma nā palapala Mayan kahiko, ua hoʻohui ʻia nā huaʻōlelo ma mua o nā inoa, a ua hoʻohui ʻia kahi syllable (-al, -ul, -el, -il, -ol) i ka noun, ma muli o ke kānāwai o synharmony. No laila, ʻo ka huaʻōlelo “ahi” ʻo kʻahk ' ("ahi") + -al = kʻahkʻal:
Ke kumu o ke kākau ʻana o Mayan
ʻAʻole ʻo ka kākau Mayan ka ʻōnaehana kākau mua ma Mesoamerica. A hiki i kēia manawa ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ke kumu (a i ʻole Epiolmec) kākau, akā i ka makahiki 2005 ua ʻike ʻia , ka mea i hoʻopaneʻe i ka hana ʻana i ka palapala Mayan.
Ua manaʻo ʻia ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻōnaehana kākau mua ma Mesoamerica i ka hopena o nā manawa Olmec (ma kahi o 700-500 BC), a laila māhele ʻia i ʻelua kuʻuna:
- ma ka akau ma ka aina kiekie o Mekiko
- ma ka hema ma na uka a me na puu o Guatemala a me ka mokuaina Mekiko o Chiapas.
No ka lua o ka moʻomeheu ka palapala Mayan. ʻO nā kikokikona mua loa he kiʻi pena i (Guatemala, 3rd century BC) a me nā palapala ma nā maka pōhaku o nā mea i neoneo (Belize, 1st century BC).
He kikokikona mua a me ke kiʻi Mayan
Ka wehewehe ʻana i ka palapala Mayan
/ Maʻaneʻi a ua hoʻonui au i ka ʻatikala kumu me nā mea mai nā kumu home - approx. unuhi/
Hoʻokahi haneli a me ka hapa ka decipherment o ka palapala Mayan. Ua wehewehe ʻia ma kekahi mau puke, ʻo ia ka mea kaulana loa Michael Co. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni palapala ma 2008.
Ua paʻi mua ʻia nā kikokikona Mayan i ka makahiki 1810, i ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai nā puke Mayan i mālama ʻia i loko o nā waihona ʻEulopa, i kapa ʻia ʻo codices ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā puke ʻEulopa. Ua huki lākou i ka manaʻo, a i ka makahiki 1830, ua hoʻomaka kahi noiʻi piha o nā kahua Mayan ma Guatemala a me Belize.
I ka makahiki 1862, he kahuna Farani Ua ʻike ʻia ma ka Royal Academy of History ma Madrid ka "Report of Affairs in Yucatan," he palapala i kākau ʻia ma kahi o 1566 e ka Bishop o Yucatan, Diego de Landa. Ua hoʻāʻo hewa ʻo De Landa i kēia palapala e hoʻohālikelike i nā glyph Mayan me ka pīʻāpā Sepania:
ʻOiai ke kuhi hewa ʻana, ua hana nui ka palapala a De Landa i ka wehewehe ʻana i ka palapala Mayan. Ua hiki mai ka huli ʻana i nā makahiki 1950.
Yuri Knorozov, 19.11.1922/30.03.1999/XNUMX - XNUMX/XNUMX/XNUMX
Wahi a kekahi moʻolelo, i ka Mei 1945, ua loaʻa iā Yuri Knorozov nā puke i hoʻomākaukau ʻia no ka haʻalele ʻana mai ka Hale Waihona Puke o Prussian State i loko o nā puʻu ahi o Berlin. ʻO kekahi o lākou he paʻi kakaʻikahi o ʻekolu mau code Mayan e ola nei. ʻO Knorozov, ka mea i aʻo ma ka ʻoihana mōʻaukala o ke Kulanui ʻo Kharkov ma mua o ka pūʻali koa, ua makemake ʻo ia i kēia mau manuscript, ma hope o ke kaua ua puka ʻo ia mai ka ʻoihana mōʻaukala o Moscow State University a hoʻomaka ʻo ia e wehewehe i ka palapala Mayan. ʻO kēia keʻano o kēia moʻolelo i weheweheʻia e ka Mayanist Michael Ko, akāʻo Knorozov, ka mea i hālāwai i ka hopena o ke kaua ma kahi pūʻali koa kokoke i Moscow, i hoʻonani i nā mea i loko o kahi kamaʻilio pilikino i mea e hoʻokūhoihoi i kāna hoa hanaʻAmelika.
ʻO ka manaʻo nui o Knorozov ka manaʻo o nā hui, a hoʻomaka ʻo ia e wehewehe i ka palapala Mayan ʻaʻole ma ka manawa wale nō, akā me ka pahuhopu o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i kāna mau manaʻo e pili ana i nā loina o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻike maʻamau i nā kānaka āpau. "ʻAʻohe mea i hana ʻia e kekahi kanaka hiki ʻole ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia e kekahi."
E like me ka mea, ma muli o ka hana hou ʻana o nā codices Mayan ʻekolu a me ka manuscript de Landa, ua ʻike ʻo Knorozov ʻaʻole nā palapala nā hōʻailona ma ka "Report on Affairs in Yucatan", akā he syllables.
Knorozov ala
Ma ka wehewehe ʻana o ka haumāna a Knorozov, Kauka o ka ʻEpekema mōʻaukala G. Ershova, ua like kāna ʻano hana:
ʻO ka pae mua ke koho ʻana i kahi manaʻo noʻonoʻo: hoʻokumu i ke ʻano o ka pilina ma waena o nā hōʻailona a me kā lākou heluhelu ʻana i nā kūlana i ʻike ʻole ʻia ka ʻōlelo a i ʻole ua loli nui.
ʻO ka pae ʻelua - ka heluhelu phonetic pololei o nā hieroglyphs, ʻoiai ʻo ia wale nō ka hiki ke heluhelu i nā huaʻōlelo ʻike ʻole ʻia kahi i ʻike ʻia ai nā huaʻōlelo.
ʻO ka pae ʻekolu ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano helu helu kūlana. Hoʻoholo ʻia ke ʻano o ke kākau (ideographic, morphemic, syllabic, alphabetic) e ka helu o nā huaʻōlelo a me ka pinepine o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo. A laila ʻike ʻia ka pinepine o ka hoʻohana ʻana a me nā kūlana i ʻike ʻia ai kēia hōʻailona - ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka hoʻoholo ʻana o nā hana o nā hōʻailona. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia ʻikepili me nā mea , ka mea e hiki ai ke hoʻomaopopo i kēlā me kēia grammatical, semantic referents, root and service morphemes. A laila ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka heluhelu ʻana i ke ʻano kumu o nā hōʻailona.
ʻO ka pae ʻehā ka ʻike ʻana i nā hieroglyphs hiki ke heluhelu ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka "Report on Affairs in Yucatan" ma ke kī. Ua ʻike ʻo Knorozov ʻo ka hōʻailona "cu" mai ka manuscript de Landa i nā codices Mayan i ukali i kahi hōʻailona ʻē aʻe a ua pili kēia pālua me ke kiʻi o kahi pipi. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo Mayan no "turkey" ʻo "kutz" - a ua manaʻo ʻo Knorozov inā ʻo "cu" ka hōʻailona mua, a laila ʻo ka lua ka "tzu" (inā hāʻule ka vowel hope). No ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i kāna kumu hoʻohālike, hoʻomaka ʻo Knorozov e ʻimi i loko o nā codices no kahi glyph e hoʻomaka ana me ka hōʻailona "tzu", a loaʻa iā ia ma luna o ke kiʻi o kahi ʻīlio (tzul):
Nā kikoʻī mai и code
Papa ʻelima - ka heluhelu kea ma muli o nā hōʻailona i ʻike ʻia.
ʻEono ʻeono - ka hōʻoia ʻana i ke kānāwai o ka synharmony. Hiki i ka hōʻailona hoʻokahi ke kuhikuhi i kahi syllable a me kahi kani ʻokoʻa. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo nā hōʻailona no kēlā me kēia leo pono e loaʻa nā vowels synharmonic me ka morpheme.
He hōʻoia ka pae ʻehiku no nā leo vowel a pau ma ka palapala Mayan aia nā hōʻailona kūʻokoʻa i hāʻawi ʻia ma ka pīʻāpā de Landa.
ʻEwalu ʻanuʻu - ka nānā pono ʻana o ka kikokikona. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo Knorozov he 355 mau huaʻōlelo kūʻokoʻa i loko o nā manuscript ʻekolu, akā ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā graphemes hui a me nā allographs, ua hoʻemi ʻia ko lākou helu i 287, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke heluhelu ʻia ma mua o 255 - ʻo ke koena he hewa loa a he mau ʻano like paha o ka ʻike. huapalapala.
ʻEiwa ʻanuʻu - ka nānā pinepine ʻana o ka kikokikona. Ua puka mai ke ʻano penei: i kou neʻe ʻana i ke kikokikona, e emi ana ka helu o nā huaʻōlelo hou, akā ʻaʻole i hiki i ka zero. He ʻokoʻa nā alapine kūʻokoʻa a pili i nā hōʻailona: ma kahi o ka hapakolu o nā hōʻailona a pau i loaʻa i hoʻokahi hieroglyph; ma kahi o ʻelua hapakolu i hoʻohana ʻia i ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 50 hieroglyphs, akā maʻamau loa nā huaʻōlelo hoʻokahi.
ʻO ka pae ʻumi ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā mea kuhikuhi grammatical, no laila pono e nānā i ke ʻano o nā hieroglyphs. Ua hoʻohana nui ʻo Yu. Knorozov i ka manawa e hoʻoholo ai i ke ʻano o ke kākau ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo pākahi i nā poloka. Wahi a ko lākou kūlana ma ka laina, ua māhele ʻo ia i kēia mau hieroglyphs i ʻeono mau pūʻulu. ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ko lākou kūlike me nā hōʻailona loli i hiki ke ʻike i nā hōʻailona grammatical - nā lālā nui a me nā lālā lua o ka ʻōlelo. ʻO nā hōʻailona like ʻole i loko o nā poloka hieroglyphic i hōʻike ʻia i nā affix a me nā huaʻōlelo hana. Ma hope o kēia, hoʻomaka ka hana me nā puke wehewehe ʻōlelo a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka helu o nā huaʻōlelo hiki ke heluhelu ʻia.
ʻO kaʻikeʻana i keʻano Knorozov
Ua kūʻē ke ʻano syllabic o Knorozov i nā manaʻo , nāna i hāʻawi nui i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā kikokikona Mayan i nā makahiki 1940 a ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea i mahalo nui ʻia ma ke kula. Ua hoʻohana ʻo Thomson i kahi ʻano hana: ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e hoʻoholo i ke kauoha a me ke kumu o nā glyphs Mayan ma muli o kā lākou hoʻolaha ʻana i nā palapala. ʻOiai ʻo kāna mau kūleʻa, ua hōʻole ʻo Thomson i ka manaʻo o ka palapala Mayan he phonetic a hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i kahi ʻōlelo ʻōlelo.
I loko o ka USSR o ia mau makahiki, pono e loaʻa i kekahi hana ʻepekema kahi hōʻoia mai kahi manaʻo Marxist-Leninist, a ma ke kumu o kēia hoʻokomo inoa, ua hoʻopiʻi ʻo Thomson iā Knorozov no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā manaʻo o Marxism i waena o nā ʻepekema Mayan. ʻO kahi kumu hou no ka hoʻohewa ʻana, ʻo ia ka ʻōlelo a nā mea papahana mai Novosibirsk, nāna i hoʻolaha i ka hoʻomohala ʻana, e pili ana i ka hana a Knorozov, kahi "manaʻo o ka mīkini decryption" o nā kikokikona kahiko a hōʻike ʻia iā Khrushchev.
ʻOiai ka manaʻo hoʻohewa ikaika, ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe ʻepekema Western (Tatyana Proskuryakova, Floyd Lounsbury, Linda Schele, David Stewart) e huli i ka manaʻo phonetic o Knorozov, a ma hope o ka make ʻana o Thomson i 1975, hoʻomaka ka deciphering nui o nā kikokikona Mayan.
Meana kākau i kēia lā
E like me nā ʻōnaehana kākau, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā glyphs Mayan no nā kumu like ʻole. ʻO ka hapa nui, ua hiki mai nā monuments me nā moʻolelo o nā aliʻi iā mākou. Eia kekahi, ʻehā i ola : "Dresden Codex", "Paris Codex", "Madrid Codex" a me "Grollier Codex", loaʻa ma 1971 wale nō.
Eia kekahi, ʻike ʻia nā puke palaho ma nā hale kupapaʻu o Mayan, ʻaʻole naʻe i wehewehe ʻia, no ka mea, ua paʻa nā mea kākau a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka lime. Eia naʻe, me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana scanning, ua loaʻa kēia mau palapala . A inā mākou e noʻonoʻo he 60% wale nō o nā hieroglyphs i wehewehe ʻia, e hāʻawi maoli nā haʻawina Mayan iā mākou i kahi mea hoihoi.
PS mau mea pono:
- Nā papa ʻōlelo syllabogram mai Harri Kettunen & Christophe Helmke (2014), Introduction to Maya Hieroglyphs:
- Harri Kettunen & Christophe Helmke (2014), Introduction to Maya Hieroglyphs, []
- Mark Pitts & Lynn Matson (2008), Writing in Maya Glyphs Names, Places, & Simple Sentences A Non-Technical Introduction, []
- - ka waihona o nā hieroglyphs Mayan ma ke ʻano kiʻi
- me nā kikoʻī o ke kiʻi i wehewehe ʻia, Peabody Museum of Archeology and Ethnology, Harvard University.
Source: www.habr.com