I loko o ka honua holoholona, aia nā kānaka, he nui nā ʻano o ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka ʻike i kekahi i kekahi. He hula ikaika paha kēia, e like me nā manu o ka paradaiso, e hōʻike ana i ka mākaukau o ke kāne e hānau; he ʻulaʻula paha ia, e like me nā rana lāʻau o ka Amazon, e hōʻike ana i ko lākou ʻona; he ʻala like ʻole ia e hōʻailona ana i nā palena ʻāina. Akā ʻo ka mea maʻamau no nā holoholona i hoʻomohala ʻia he kamaʻilio acoustic, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā leo. Ke aʻo nei mākou i kā mākou mau keiki mai ka moena ʻo wai a pehea e ʻōlelo ai: pipi - mu-mu-mu, ʻīlio - woof-woof, etc. No mākou, ʻo ka ʻōlelo waha, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke kamaʻilio acoustic, he mea nui ia o ka launa pū ʻana. Hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia e pili ana i nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o ka fauna. Ua hoʻoholo ka poʻe ʻepekema mai Hainan University (Kina) e nānā i ka wā i hala e hoʻomaopopo i ka ulu ʻana o ke kamaʻilio acoustic. Pehea ka maʻamau o ke kamaʻilio acoustic ma waena o nā holoholona, i ka wā hea i hoʻomaka ʻia ai, a no ke aha i lilo ai ia i kumu nui o ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka ʻike? Aʻo mākou e pili ana i kēia mai ka hōʻike a nā mea noiʻi. Hele.
Kumu noiʻi
I kēia pae o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, nui nā ʻelele o ka fauna i hoʻohui piha i nā hōʻailona acoustic i ko lākou ʻano o ke ola. Hoʻohana ʻia nā leo i hana ʻia e nā holoholona i mea e huki ai i kahi hoa (nā manu e mele ana, nā koʻo kuʻi, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), e ʻike ai a hoʻohuli paha i ka ʻenemi (ka uē a kahi jay e hōʻike ana i ka mea ʻaihue ua ʻike ʻia a ʻaʻole e holo ka hoʻohālua, no laila. ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻi ʻana), e haʻi i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka hele ʻana o ka meaʻai (nā moa, i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka meaʻai, hana i kahi kani ʻano e huki ai i ka manaʻo o kā lākou mau keiki), etc.
ʻO kekahi mea hoihoi:
Kane hoʻokahi-whiskered bele (Procnias albus) hoʻopuka i ka leo male o 125 dB (jet engine - 120-140 dB), ʻo ia ka manu leo nui loa ma ka honua.
ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i nā hōʻailona acoustic a me kā lākou evolution ua lawe ʻia no ka manawa lōʻihi. Hāʻawi ka ʻikepili i loaʻa mai ia hana i ka ʻike maikaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka poʻe i nā kani a, no laila, pehea i hoʻokumu ʻia ai nā ʻōlelo like ʻole ma nā wahi like ʻole o ka honua. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻopuka ia mau haʻawina i ke kumu maoli o ke kamaʻilio acoustic ma ke ʻano he hanana. ʻO kekahi o nā nīnau koʻikoʻi i pane ʻole ʻia e kekahi: no ke aha i ala mai ai ke kamaʻilio acoustic?
Nui nā nīnau e pono ai nā pane. ʻO ka mea mua, he aha nā mea kaiapuni i hoʻololi i ka puka ʻana a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kēia ʻano hoʻoili ʻike? ʻO ka lua, ʻo ke kamaʻilio acoustic pili i ka speciation, ʻo ia hoʻi. He kōkua ia i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ʻano a pale i ka pau ʻana? ʻO ke kolu, paʻa paha ka noho ʻana o kahi pilina acoustic i ka wā e ulu ai? A ʻo ka hope loa, ua ulu like ke kamaʻilio acoustic i nā hui holoholona like ʻole, a i ʻole he kupuna maʻamau no nā mea ola a pau?
ʻO nā pane i kēia mau nīnau, e like me ka poʻe ʻepekema ponoʻī, he mea nui ʻaʻole wale no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kamaʻilio acoustic e like me ia, akā no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hoʻololi a me nā loli o nā holoholona. Eia kekahi laʻana, aia kekahi manaʻo e pili nui ana ka noho ʻana i ke koho ʻana a me ka kamaʻilio ʻana i kekahi mau holoholona. He mea paʻakikī ke haʻi inā pili kēia kumumanaʻo i ka hana hōʻailona, akā hiki ke hiki. Hoʻomanaʻo pū ka poʻe ʻepekema ua ʻōlelo ʻo Darwin he kuleana koʻikoʻi nā leo kani i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā pālua i kekahi mau ʻano. No laila, hoʻopili nā hōʻailona acoustic i ka speciation.
Ma kēia hana, ua hoʻoholo ka poʻe noiʻi e noʻonoʻo i ka ulu ʻana o nā hōʻailona kani i nā tetrapods, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ala phylogenetic (ʻike i ka pilina ma waena o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole). ʻO ka manaʻo nui ma ke kumu o ka pilina acoustic, ma mua o kona ʻano a i ʻole ka hana. Ua hoʻohana ka haʻawina i ka ʻikepili mai 1799 mau ʻano ʻano like ʻole, a noʻonoʻo pū i ke kumu o ka hana o ka lā (nā ʻano me ka hana i ke ao a me ka pō). Eia kekahi, ua aʻo ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ke kamaʻilio acoustic a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻano ʻano, ʻo ia hoʻi. ko lākou laha ʻana, ma o kahi hoʻohālike speciation-extinction. Ua hoʻāʻo pū ʻia ka phylogenetic conservatism ma ke alo o nā pilina acoustic ma waena o nā ʻano.
Nā hopena noiʻi
Ma waena o nā tetrapods, loaʻa i ka hapa nui o nā amphibians, mammals, manu, a me nā crocodilians ke kamaʻilio leo, ʻoiai ka hapa nui o nā squamates a me nā honu. Ma waena o nā amphibians, ʻaʻole i loaʻa kēia ʻano hoʻoili ʻike i nā caecilians (Caecilian), akā aia i loko o kekahi mau ʻano salamanders a me ka hapa nui o nā rana (ma 39 o nā ʻano 41 i manaʻo ʻia). Eia kekahi, ʻaʻohe kamaʻilio acoustic i nā nahesa a me nā ʻohana a pau o nā moʻo, koe ʻelua - Gekkonidae (ka moʻo), Phyllodactylidae. Ma ke ʻano o nā honu, he 2 wale nō o 14 ʻohana i loaʻa ke kamaʻilio leo. Manaʻo ʻia aia ma waena o nā ʻano manu he 173 i manaʻo ʻia, loaʻa nā mea āpau i kahi pilina leo. Ua hōʻike pū kekahi 120 o 125 ʻohana mammal i kēia hiʻohiʻona.
ʻO kekahi mea hoihoi:
Loaʻa i nā Salamanders ka hana hou ʻana a hiki iā lākou ke ulu hou i ko lākou huelo, akā i ko lākou mau wāwae; ʻO nā salamanders, ʻaʻole like me ka nui o ko lākou ʻohana, ʻaʻole e waiho hua, akā he viviparous; ʻO kekahi o nā salamanders nui loa, ka salamander nunui Iapana, he 35 kg ke kaumaha.
I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana i kēia mau ʻikepili, hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo i ka hoʻouna ʻana o ka ʻike i ka 69% o nā tetrapods.
Papa helu 1: pākēneka o nā mea nona ka hoʻouna leo o ka ʻike ma waena o nā ʻano tetrapods i manaʻo ʻia.
Ma hope o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka hāʻawi like ʻana o ke kamaʻilio acoustic i waena o nā ʻano, pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka pilina ma waena o kēia mākaukau a me ka ʻano o nā holoholona (nocturnal or diurnal).
Ma waena o kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona e wehewehe ana i kēia pilina no kēlā me kēia ʻano, ua koho ʻia kahi hiʻohiʻona i kūpono no ka wehewehe awelika o ka pilina acoustics-behavior no nā ʻano āpau. Hōʻike kēia kŘkohu (Papa No. 2) i nā pono a me nā pōʻino o ia akamai no nā ʻano holoholona ʻelua.
Papa helu 2: ka nānā ʻana i ka pilina ma waena o ke kamaʻilio acoustic a me ke ʻano holoholona (ke ao / pō).
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi hilinaʻi maopopo o ke kamaʻilio acoustic i ke ʻano, a me ka pilina kaulike. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia kahi pilina inverse—behavior with acoustic coupling.
Hōʻike ka loiloi phylogenetic i kahi pilina pili ma waena o ka acoustics a me ka nohona nocturnal (Table No. 3).
Papa helu 3: phylogenetic analysis of the relationship between acoustic communication and diurnal / nocturnal lifestyle.
Ua hōʻike pū ʻia ka ʻikepili ʻikepili ʻaʻohe hopena o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hoʻohui acoustic i ka nui o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka phylogeny tetrapod. No laila, ua like ka awelika o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana (speciation-extinction; r = 0.08 hanana i kēlā me kēia miliona makahiki) no nā laina ʻelua o nā ʻano me ke kamaʻilio leo a no nā laina me ka ʻole o kēia mākaukau. No laila, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻohe hopena o ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kamaʻilio acoustic i ka laha ʻana o kekahi ʻano a i ʻole nā hanana e pili ana i kona hoʻokumu ʻana a i ʻole ka pau ʻana.
Kiʻi #1: Timeline o ka ulu ʻana o ke kamaʻilio acoustic ma waena o nā tetrapods like ʻole.
Manaʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema e ulu kaʻawale ke kamaʻilio acoustic i kēlā me kēia pūʻulu tetrapod nui, akā he kahiko kona kumu i nā papa nui he nui (~ 100-200 miliona mau makahiki aku nei).
No ka laʻana, ua hoʻomohala ʻia ke kamaʻilio acoustic i ka phylogeny o ke kauoha Tailless Amphibians (anura), akā ʻaʻole loa ia mai ka hui kaikuahine i nā rana ola ʻē aʻe mai ka clade i loaʻa nā ʻohana Ascaphidae (nā rana huelo) a Leiopelmatidae (lyopelmas).
ʻO kekahi mea hoihoi:
ʻO nā Liopelms ka hopena o New Zealand a ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia nā rana lōʻihi loa - ola nā kāne a hiki i 37 makahiki, a ʻo nā wahine a hiki i 35 mau makahiki.
I loko o nā mammals, e like me nā rana, ua ala ke kamaʻilio acoustic ma kahi o 200 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Ua nalowale kekahi mau ʻano i kēia mākau i ka wā o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, akā naʻe, ua lawe ka hapa nui iā ia a hiki i kēia lā. Hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he ʻokoʻa nā manu, ʻo ia wale nō ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻole me ke kamaʻilio acoustic i ka wā holoʻokoʻa o ka evolution.
Ua ʻike ʻia aia ke kamaʻilio acoustic i nā kūpuna hou loa o nā manu ola a me nā kūpuna kahiko loa o nā koʻa ola. ʻO kēlā me kēia o kēia mau kūpuna ma kahi o 100 miliona mau makahiki. Hiki ke manaʻo ʻia aia nō ka pilina acoustic i ka kūpuna maʻamau o kēia mau papa ʻelua, ʻo ia hoʻi, 250 miliona mau makahiki i hala.
ʻO kekahi mea hoihoi:
Hiki i kekahi mau ʻano holoholona like me ka gecko ke hana i nā leo i manaʻo ʻole ʻia no ka moʻo - ka ʻāʻī, ke kaomi ʻana, ke kani ʻana, a pēlā aku.
I nā squamates, he mea kakaikahi ka kamaʻilio acoustic, ʻo ia paha ma muli o kahi hanana ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka nānā ʻana i nā mea nocturnal e like me geckos (Gekkota). ʻO nā hoʻololi evolutionary hou loa i alakaʻi i ka puka ʻana o ka kamaʻilio acoustic i kekahi ʻano phylogenetically isolated o salamanders a me nā honu.
No ka ʻike kikoʻī i nā nuances o ke aʻo ʻana, manaʻo wau e nānā и iāia.
Epilogue
ʻO ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana i nā hopena a pau i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei, hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo me ka hilinaʻi piha loa ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kamaʻilio acoustic ma kekahi ala a i ʻole pili ʻia me ka nohona nocturnal. Hōʻoia kēia i ka manaʻo e pili ana i ka mana o ka ecology (ke kaiapuni) i nā ʻano evolutionary o ka ʻano. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe hopena o ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kamaʻilio acoustic i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā ʻano i ka manawa nui.
Ua ʻike pū nā mea noiʻi ua ʻike ʻia ke kamaʻilio maikaʻi ma kahi o 100-200 miliona mau makahiki i hala, a ua lawe kekahi mau ʻano tetrapods i kēia mana i kēia manawa me ka ʻole o nā loli.
He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka hiki ʻana o ke kamaʻilio acoustic no nā mea nocturnal, ʻoiai he mea maikaʻi ʻole ia, ʻaʻohe hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano o ke ao. Ua hōʻoia ʻia kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo maʻalahi e ka nui o nā ʻano nocturnal ma mua, i hoʻololi ʻia i kahi nohona o ka lā, ʻaʻole i nalowale kēia hiki.
Wahi a kēia haʻawina, hiki ke kapa ʻia ke kamaʻilio ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā leo ʻo ke ʻano evolutionary paʻa loa. I ka wā i puka mai ai kēia mākaukau, ʻaneʻane nalo ʻole i ka wā o ka ulu ʻana, ʻaʻole like me nā ʻano hōʻailona ʻē aʻe, e like me nā waihoʻoluʻu ʻālohilohi a i ʻole nā ʻano kino like ʻole, ka hulu a me ka hulu.
Ua ʻōlelo ka poʻe noiʻi i kā lākou loiloi i ka pilina ma waena o ke kamaʻilio acoustic a me ke kaiapuni e pili ana i nā ʻano evolutionary ʻē aʻe. Ua manaʻo mua ʻia ʻo ka mana o ka ecology ma nā ʻano transduction signal i kaupalena ʻia i nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ʻano pili pili. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ka hana i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei, hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia me ka hilinaʻi e hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻano kumu o ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka hōʻailona e like me nā loli i ke kaiapuni o ka holoholona.
Pōʻalima ma waho:
ʻO kahi hōʻike maikaʻi loa o nā ʻano leo like ʻole i hana ʻia e nā ʻano manu like ʻole.
2.0 o waho:
I kekahi manawa hana nā holoholona i nā leo maʻamau a ʻakaʻaka.
Mahalo no ka nānā ʻana, noho ʻimi a hauʻoli maikaʻi i ka hopena pule a pau! 🙂
Kekahi mau hoʻolaha 🙂
Mahalo no kou noho pū ʻana me mākou. Makemake ʻoe i kā mākou ʻatikala? Makemake ʻoe e ʻike i nā mea hoihoi hou aʻe? E kākoʻo iā mākou ma ke kau ʻana i kahi kauoha a i ʻole ka ʻōlelo ʻana i nā hoaaloha, , he analogue kū hoʻokahi o nā kikowaena hoʻokomo-level, i hana ʻia e mākou no ʻoe: (loaʻa me RAID1 a me RAID10, a hiki i 24 cores a hiki i 40GB DDR4).
ʻO Dell R730xd 2 mau manawa maʻalahi ma Equinix Tier IV kikowaena data ma Amsterdam? Eia wale nō ma Netherlands! Dell R420 - 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB - mai $99! Heluhelu e pili ana
Source: www.habr.com