- Ua hoʻonoho kēia mau mea lapuwale i kahi pahu porcelain me ka "jelly" i loko o kahi keʻena kūikawā, kahi kaʻawale loa ... ʻo ia hoʻi, manaʻo lākou ua kaʻawale loa ke keʻena, akā i ka wā i wehe ai lākou i ka ipu me nā manipulators, hele ka "jelly" i ka metala. a me ka plastik, e like me ka wai ma kahi blotter, a pakele i waho, a ʻo nā mea a pau āna i launa pū ai, ua lilo ia i "jelly." He kanakolukumamālima poʻe i make, ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi haneri poʻe i ʻeha, a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka hale hoʻokolohua holoʻokoʻa. Ua hele anei ʻoe i laila? Hale nani! A i kēia manawa ua kahe ka "jelly" i loko o nā haʻahaʻa a me nā papahele haʻahaʻa ... Eia ka prelude e hoʻopili.
— A. Strugatsky, B. Strugatsky “Pikiniki ma alanui”
Aloha %%username%!
E hoʻāhewa i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ke kākau nei au i kekahi mea . Ua hāʻawi mai ʻo ia iaʻu i ka manaʻo.
Ma hope o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana, ua hoʻoholo wau e wikiwiki ka huakaʻi pōkole i nā mea caustic. Malia paha e hoihoi kekahi. A no kekahi mea pono.
Hele.
E wehewehe koke kākou i nā manaʻo.
ʻAiʻino - 1. ʻAi ʻino. 2. ʻOi, hoʻonāukiuki, ʻeha. 3. Sargent, caustic.
ʻO Ozhegov S.I. ʻO ka puke wehewehe'ōlelo o ka'ōlelo Lūkini. - M.: Rus.yaz., 1990. - 921 p.
No laila, hoʻolei koke mākou i nā manaʻo hope ʻelua o ka huaʻōlelo. Hoʻokuʻu pū mākou i nā lachrymators "caustic" - ʻaʻole nui ka caustic no ka mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka lacrimation, a me nā sternites - ke kumu o ka ʻū. ʻAe, aia ma lalo nā mea i loaʻa kēia mau waiwai, akā ʻo ia ka mea nui! - ʻino maoli nā mea, a i kekahi manawa he ʻiʻo.
ʻAʻole mākou e noʻonoʻo i nā mea ʻino wale no nā kānaka a me nā mea like - ma muli o ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā membrane cell. No laila, e hoʻohana ʻole ʻia nā kinoea sinapi.
E noʻonoʻo mākou i nā pūhui wai i nā kūlana lumi. No laila, ʻaʻole mākou e noʻonoʻo i ka oxygen wai a me ka nitrogen, a me nā kinoea e like me ka fluorine, ʻoiai hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he caustic, ʻae.
E like me nā manawa a pau, e lilo ka ʻike i ke kumuhana, e pili ana i ka ʻike pilikino. A ʻae - ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke hoʻomanaʻo i kekahi - e kākau i nā manaʻo, %username%, i loko o ʻekolu mau lā mai ka lā i paʻi ʻia e hoʻohui au i ka ʻatikala me ka mea i poina mai ka hoʻomaka!
A ʻae - ʻaʻohe oʻu manawa a me ka ikaika e kūkulu i kahi "hit parade", no laila e lilo ia i hodgepodge. A me nā ʻokoʻa a pau, ua lilo ia i mea pōkole loa.
ʻO nā ʻaleʻaleʻa
ʻO ke kikoʻī, alkali metala hydroxides: lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, francium, thallium (I) hydroxide a me barium hydroxide. Akā:
- Hoʻolei ʻia ka lithium, cesium, rubidium a me ka barium - pipiʻi a loaʻa
- Inā ʻoe, %username%, e ʻike i ka francium hydroxide, a laila ʻo ka mea hope āu e hopohopo ai ʻo ka causticity - he radioactive weliweli.
- Ua like ia me ka thallium - he mea make loa.
No laila, noho ka sodium a me ka potassium. Akā, e ʻoiaʻiʻo kākou - ua like loa nā waiwai o nā alkali caustic a pau.
ʻO ka sodium hydroxide - ʻike ʻia ʻo ka soda caustic - ʻike ʻia e nā mea a pau. Potassium hydroxide ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui meaʻai E525 pū kekahi. Ua like nā mea ʻelua i nā waiwai: he hygroscopic nui lākou, ʻo ia hoʻi, huki lākou i ka wai a "hoʻoheheʻe" i ka ea. Hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi lākou i ka wai a hoʻokuʻu i ka nui o ka wela.
ʻO ka "hoʻolaha" i ka ea ʻo ia ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā hopena koʻikoʻi o ka alkalis. No laila, inā ʻoe e kau i kahi ʻāpana alkali ma ka pepa, ka ʻili, kekahi mau metala (ʻo ia ka alumini) - a laila ma hope o kekahi manawa e ʻike ʻoe ua ʻai maikaʻi ka mea! ʻO ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka "Fight Club" ua like loa me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo: ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻeha nā lima wela - a me ka alkali! ʻO wau iho, ua ʻoi aku ka ʻeha ma mua o ka waika hydrochloric (ʻoi aku ka nui ma lalo).
Eia naʻe, inā maloʻo loa kou mau lima, ʻaʻole paha ʻoe e ʻike i kekahi mea i loko o ka alkali maloʻo.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka alkali alkali i ka wāwahi ʻana i nā momona i glycerin a me nā paʻakai o nā ʻakika momona - ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o ke kopa (hello, "Fight Club!") ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi, akā e like me ka maikaʻi, ua wāwahi ʻia nā protein - ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ke kumu. , hoʻoheheʻe ka alkali i ka ʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka ikaika - a i ka wā i wela ai. ʻO ka hemahema i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ka waika perchloric like (ʻoi aku ma lalo) ʻo ka huki ʻana o nā alkali a pau i ke kalapona mai ka lewa, a no laila e emi mālie ka ikaika. Eia kekahi, pane pū ka alkali me nā ʻāpana o ke aniani - lilo ke aniani i ao, ʻoiai i mea e hoʻopau ai i nā mea āpau - ma aneʻi, ʻoiaʻiʻo, pono ʻoe e hoʻāʻo.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Tetraalkylammonium hydroxides i kekahi manawa ma ke ʻano he caustic alkalis, no ka laʻana
Tetramethylammonium hydroxide
ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hui pū kēia mau mea i nā waiwai o nā surfactants cationic (maikaʻi, ua like ia me ka kopa maʻamau - ka cationic wale nō: ma aneʻi ka mea ikaika he mea diphilic - me ka uku "+", a me ke kopa - me ka uku "-") a kūlana kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. Inā kau ia ma kou mau lima, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka wai a holoi e like me ke kopa; inā ʻoe e hoʻomehana i kou lauoho, ʻili a i ʻole nā kui i loko o kahi wai wai, e hoʻoheheʻe lākou. ʻO ka "causticity" e kū'ē i ke kua o ka sodium a me ka potassium hydroxides.
ʻO ka sulfulic acid
H2SO4
ʻO ka mea kaulana loa paha, ma nā moʻolelo a pau. ʻAʻole ka mea ʻoi loa, akā ʻoluʻolu ʻole: ʻo ka sulfuric acid concentrated (ʻo ia ka 98%) he wai ʻaila e makemake nui i ka wai, a no laila lawe ʻia ia mai nā mea a pau. Ma ka lawe ʻana i ka wai mai ka cellulose a me ke kō, hoʻopōʻino iā lākou. Ma ke ala like, ʻoliʻoli ʻo ia i ka lawe ʻana i ka wai mai ou aku, %username%, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi inā ʻoe e ninini iā ia ma ka ʻili palupalu o kou alo a i kou mau maka (ʻoiaʻiʻo, e komo nā mea a pau i kou mau maka me ka hoʻoweliweli) . Hoʻohui ka poʻe lokomaikaʻi i ka ʻakika sulfuric me ka ʻaila i mea e paʻakikī ai ka holoi ʻana a komo maikaʻi i loko o ka ʻili.
Ma ke ala, ma ka lawe ʻana i ka wai, wela ka sulfuric acid, kahi e ʻoi aku ka momona o ke kiʻi. No laila, ʻo ka holoi ʻana me ka wai he manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka aila (holoi ʻia, ʻaʻole hoʻomaloʻo, a laila holoi me ka wai). ʻAe, a i ʻole he kahe nui o ka wai e hoʻomāalili koke.
"ʻO ka wai mua, a laila ka waika - inā ʻaʻole hiki ke pilikia nui!" - pili kēia i ka sulfuric acid, ʻoiai no kekahi kumu e manaʻo ai ka poʻe a pau e pili ana ia i kekahi waikawa.
Ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, hoʻohemo ʻia ka sulfuric acid i ka ʻili o nā metala i nā oxides. A ma muli o ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā oxides me nā waikawa me ke komo ʻana o ka wai ma ke ʻano he catalyst - a ʻaʻole hoʻokuʻu ka sulfuric acid i ka wai - hiki mai kahi hopena i kapa ʻia ʻo passivation: kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni o ka metal oxide e pale iā ia mai ka hoʻoheheʻe hou ʻana.
Wahi a kēia hana, hoʻouna ʻia ka sulfuric acid concentrated i kahi mamao e ka hao a me ka alumini. He mea noʻonoʻo inā hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka waikawa, ʻike ʻia ka wai, a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻouna ʻia - hoʻoheheʻe nā metala.
Ma ke ala, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka sulfur oxide SO3 i loko o ka ʻakika sulfuric a hana i ka oleum - i kekahi manawa i kuhi hewa ʻia ʻo H2S2O7, akā ʻaʻole pololei loa kēia. ʻOi aku ka hoihoi o Oleum i ka wai.
ʻO koʻu mau manaʻo ponoʻī i ka wā e kau ai ka sulfuric acid ma koʻu lima: he mahana iki, a laila wela liʻiliʻi - holoi wau ma lalo o ka pā, ʻaʻohe mea nui. Mai manaʻoʻiʻo i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni, akā ʻaʻole wau manaʻo e kau iā ia ma kou alo.
Hoʻohana pinepine nā Organics i ka chromium a i ʻole "chromic mixture" - ʻo ia ka potassium dichromate i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka waikawa sulfuric. ʻO ka mea nui he hopena kēia o ka chromic acid, maikaʻi ia no ka holoi ʻana i nā kīʻaha mai nā koena organik. Inā loaʻa ia ma kou lima, ʻaʻa nō hoʻi ia, akā ʻo ka mea nui he sulfuric acid me ka chromium hexavalent ʻona. ʻAʻole ʻoe e loaʻa nā lua ma kou lima, koe wale nō paha ma kou ʻaʻahu.
ʻO ka mea kākau o kēia mau laina ʻike i kahi pupule i hoʻohana i ka potassium permanganate ma kahi o ka potassium dichromate. I ka hoʻopili ʻana me nā mea olaola, ua ʻā iki. ʻO ka poʻe i hele mai i ʻaneʻi iā lākou iho a pakele me ka makaʻu iki.
ʻO ka waiuma wai
Hcl
ʻAʻohe kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 38% i ka wai. ʻO kekahi o nā meaʻawaʻawa kaulana loa no ka hoʻoheheʻeʻana - ma kēia mea heʻoi aku ka maʻalili ma mua o nā mea'ē aʻe, no ka mea, ma kaʻenehana hiki ke maʻemaʻe loa, a ma waho o ka hanaʻana i kaʻakika, hana pū ia i nā chlorides paʻakikī e hoʻonui i ka solubility. Ma ke ala, ʻo ia ke kumu i hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka chloride kālā insoluble i loko o ka waika hydrochloric concentrated.
ʻO kēia, i ka wā e pili ana i ka ʻili, puhi i kahi liʻiliʻi hou aku, subjectively, itches nō hoʻi, a pilau hoʻi: inā ʻoe e hana nui me ka waika hydrochloric concentrated i loko o kahi keʻena me ka hood ʻilihune, e hoʻomaikaʻi kāu dentist iā ʻoe: e waiwai ʻoe i ka hoʻopiha ʻana. Ma ke ala, kōkua ka nau ʻana. Akā ʻaʻole nui. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi - kahi pāpale.
No ka mea, ʻaʻole ia he ʻaila a ʻaʻole wela nui i ka wai, ʻaʻole ia i nā metala wale nō, ʻaʻole i nā mea a pau. Ma ke ala, ua hoʻololi ʻia ke kila i loko o ka waika hydrochloric concentrated a ʻōlelo ʻia "ʻaʻole!" ʻO kēia ka mea a lākou e hoʻohana ai i ka wā o ka halihali.
Nitric acid
Hnoxnumx
Ua kaulana loa ʻo ia, no kekahi kumu hopohopo lākou iā ia - akā makehewa. Concentrated - ʻo ia ka mea a hiki i ka 70% - ʻo ia ka mea kaulana loa, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe - ʻo ia ka "uwahi", ʻaʻohe mea e pono ai. Aia kekahi anhydrous - a pahū pū kekahi.
Ma ke ʻano he oxidizing agent, hoʻololi ʻo ia i nā metala he nui i uhi ʻia me kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni insoluble a ʻōlelo "aloha" - ʻo ia ka chromium, hao, aluminika, cobalt, nickel a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Hoʻopili koke ia me ka ʻili e like me ke kumu o ka xanthoprotein reaction - e loaʻa kahi wahi melemele, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ʻoe, %username%, ke hana ʻia nei me ka protein! Ma hope o kekahi manawa, e ʻili ka ʻili melemele, me he mea lā ua wela. I ka manawa like, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka paʻakai, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia he pilau - a ʻoi aku ka ʻawaʻawa i kēia manawa: ʻaʻole maikaʻi loa nā nitrogen oxides lele i ke kino.
I ka chemistry, hoʻohana lākou i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "nitrating mixture" - ʻo ka mea kaulana loa he sulfuric a me nā waikawa nitric. Hoʻohana ʻia ia i nā syntheses, i ka hana ʻana i kahi mea hauʻoli - pyroxylin. Ma ke ʻano o ka causticity - ka chromium like me ka ʻili melemele nani.
Aia kekahi "wai aliʻi" - he ʻāpana nitric acid kēia i ʻekolu ʻāpana hydrochloric acid. Hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻoheheʻe i kekahi mau metala, ka nui o nā metala. ʻO ke ʻano drip no ka nānā ʻana i ka hāpana o nā huahana gula e pili ana i nā ʻano like ʻole a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka wai - ma ke ala, paʻakikī loa i nā loea e hoʻohana nei i kēia ʻano hana e hoʻopunipuni me ka hoʻopunipuni. Ma ke ʻano o ka causticity no ka ʻili - ʻo ia ka "nitrating mixture" me ka ʻala nui, ʻaʻole hiki ke huikau ka ʻala me nā mea ʻē aʻe, he mea ʻawaʻawa nō hoʻi.
Aia kekahi "reverse aqua regia" - ke hoʻohuli ʻia ka ratio, akā he ʻano kikoʻī kēia.
ʻakika Phosphoric
H3PO4
ʻOiaʻiʻo, hāʻawi wau i ke ʻano no ka orthophosphoric acid, ka mea maʻamau. A aia kekahi metaphosphoric, polyphosphoric, ultraphosphoric - i ka pōkole, lawa ia, akā ʻaʻole ia he mea nui.
ʻO ka waika orthophosphoric concentrated (85%) he syrup. ʻO kaʻakika pono'ī he awelika, hoʻohana pinepineʻia i kaʻoihana meaʻai, ma ke ala - i ka wā e loaʻa ai iāʻoe ka hoʻopihaʻana, ua kālai muaʻia kaʻili o ka niho me ka phosphoric acid.
ʻO kāna mau waiwai corrosion he ʻano like, akā aia kahi nuance maikaʻi ʻole: ua hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia kēia syrup. No laila, inā e kulu ʻia ma luna o nā mea, e hoʻomoʻa ʻia, a laila e ʻino mālie. A inā he ʻeleʻele a he puka paha mai ka waikawa nitric a me ka waika hydrochloric, a laila e hāʻule ka mea mai ka phosphorus, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka waihoʻoluʻu ma nā kāmaʻa, ke ʻike ʻia ka lua a hiki i ka huli ʻana i waho.
ʻAe, ma ka laulā he paʻakikī ke kapa ʻia he caustic.
ʻAikika Hydrofluoric
HF
ʻO ka waika hydrofluoric concentrated ma kahi o 38%, ʻoiai aia kekahi ʻokoʻa.
He ʻakika nāwaliwali e lawe i ke aloha ikaika o nā ion fluoride e hana i nā paʻakikī mau me nā mea a pau e hiki ai. No laila, he mea kupanaha ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o nā hoaaloha, a no laila ua hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā hui like ʻole no ka hoʻopau ʻana. Ke loaʻa iā ʻoe ma kou lima, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā manaʻo mai nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ia ʻano hui, akā aia kahi nuance.
Hoʻoheheʻe ka waika hydrofluoric iā SiO2. He one kēlā. ʻO ke aniani kēlā. ʻO ia hoʻi, quartz. A laila. ʻAʻole, inā e pīpī ʻoe i kēia waikawa ma ka puka makani, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻoheheʻe, akā e mau ana kahi ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele. No ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, pono ʻoe e hoʻopaʻa iā ia no ka manawa lōʻihi, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wela. Ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo SiF4, he mea maikaʻi loa ia no ke olakino a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana ʻana ma lalo o kahi puʻupuʻu.
ʻO kahi ʻano liʻiliʻi akā ʻoluʻolu: ʻo ʻoe, %username%, loaʻa ke silika i kou mau kui. No laila, inā komo ka waika hydrofluoric ma lalo o kou mau kui, ʻaʻole ʻoe e ʻike i kekahi mea. Akā ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hiamoe i ka pō - e ʻeha loa ia i kekahi manawa makemake ʻoe e haehae i kou manamana lima. E manaʻoʻiʻo mai iaʻu, e ka hoaaloha, ʻike wau.
A ma ka laulā, hydrofluoric acid ka mea ʻona, carcinogenic, komo i loko o ka ʻili a me nā mea he nui - akā i kēia lā ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i ka causticity, pololei?
Ke hoʻomanaʻo nei ʻoe i ko mākou ʻae ʻana i kinohi ʻaʻohe fluoride? ʻAʻole ʻo ia. Akā e...
Fluoride o nā kinoea inert
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, he kanaka paʻakikī ka fluorine, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻike maoli me ia, a no laila ua hana kekahi mau kinoea inert i nā fluoride me ia. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia mau fluoride paʻa: KrF2, XeF2, XeF4, XeF6. He mau kristal kēia a pau, i loko o ka ea i nā wikiwiki like ʻole a hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe me ka wai i ka waika hydrofluoric. He kūpono ka causticity.
ʻakika waiʻona
HI
ʻO ka ikaika loa (ma ke ʻano o ka degere o ka dissociation i ka wai) binary acid. ʻO kahi mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa ikaika, i hoʻohana ʻia e nā chemists organik. Ma ka ea, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a lilo i ʻeleʻele, kahi e hoʻopaʻa ai i nā ʻeleʻele ke pili. ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻopili ʻana e like me ka wai paʻakai. ʻO nā mea a pau.
ʻakika perchloric
HClO4
ʻO kekahi o nā mea ikaika loa (ma ke ʻano o ka degere o ka dissociation i ka wai) nā waikawa ma ka laulā (super acids e hoʻokūkū me ia - ʻoi aku e pili ana iā lākou ma lalo) - ka hana Hammett acidity (kahi hōʻike helu o ka hiki o kahi medium ke lilo i mea hāʻawi proton. e pili ana i kahi kumu kūʻokoʻa, ʻo ka haʻahaʻa o ka helu, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka waikawa) ʻo - 13. ʻO ka Anhydrous kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe ikaika, makemake e pahū, a paʻa ʻole. ʻO Concentrated (70% -72%) he mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka decomposition o nā mea ola. He mea hoihoi a hoihoi ka decomposition no ka mea hiki ke pahū i ke kaʻina hana: pono ʻoe e hōʻoia ʻaʻohe ʻāpana lanahu, ʻaʻole ia e paila ikaika loa, etc. He lepo loa ka waika Perchloric - ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia e ka subdistillation, pahū ka maʻi! No laila, ʻaʻole hoʻohana pinepine ʻia.
Ke hoʻopili ʻia me ka ʻili, ʻaʻā a like me ka paʻakai. Ua pilau. Ke ʻike ʻoe i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ua hoʻolei kekahi i ke kupapaʻu i loko o kahi pahu me ka waika perchloric a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, a laila ʻae, hiki kēia - akā e lōʻihi ka manawa a i ʻole ka mahana. Inā ʻoe e wela, hiki ke pahū (e nānā i luna). No laila e hoʻohewahewa i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni (manaʻo wau ua ʻike wau i kēia ma 10 Cloverfield Lane).
Ma ke ala, ʻo ka causticity o ka chlorine oxide (VII) Cl2O7 a me ka chlorine oxide (VI) Cl2O6 ka hopena o ka hana ʻana o kēia mau oxide i ka wai perchloric me ka wai.
I kēia manawa, e noʻonoʻo mākou ua hoʻoholo mākou e hoʻohui i ka acidity ikaika a me ka causticity o ka fluorine i hoʻokahi pūhui: e lawe i kahi mole o ka perchloric a i ʻole sulfuric acid a hoʻololi i kāna mau pūʻulu hydroxyl me ka fluorine! E lilo ka ʻōpala i mea kakaikahi: e launa pū me ka wai a me nā mea like like - a ma ke kahua o ka hopena e loaʻa koke ka waika ikaika a me ka waika hydrofluoric. A?
ʻO nā fluoride o ka sulfur, bromine a me ka iodine
E hoʻomanaʻo ua ʻae mākou e noʻonoʻo i nā wai wale nō? No kēia kumu, ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia i kā mākou ʻatikala. chlorine trifluoride ClF3, e paila ana ma +12 °C, ʻoiai ʻo nā moʻolelo weliweli a pau he mea ʻawaʻawa loa ia, hoʻopau i ke aniani, kahi pale kinoea, a i ka wā e kahe ana 900 kilokani, ʻai ʻo 30 cm o ka ʻili a me ka mika o ka ʻiliʻili - he ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia. Akā ua ʻae mākou - nā wai.
Eia naʻe, aia kahi wai melemele - Iodine pentafluoride IF5, wai kala ʻole - Bromine trifluoride BrF3, melemele māmā - Bromine pentafluoride BrF5, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka ʻino. ʻO ka BrF5, no ka laʻana, hoʻoheheʻe pū i ke aniani, nā metala a me ke kaʻa.
Pēlā nō, i waena o nā fluoride sulfur a pau, wale nō ʻO ka disulfur decafluoride (i kekahi manawa i kapa ʻia ʻo sulfur pentafluoride) he wai waihoʻoluʻu me ke ʻano S2F10.. Akā paʻa loa kēia pūhui i nā mahana maʻamau, ʻaʻole decompose me ka wai - a no laila ʻaʻole ia he caustic. ʻOiaʻiʻo, he 4 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka ʻona ma mua o ka phosgene me kahi ʻano hana like.
Ma ke ala, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo iodine pentafluoride ka "gasua kūikawā" i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻopiha ai i ka lewa i ka holo kaʻa mahuka i nā hiʻohiʻona hope o ka 1979 film Alien. ʻAe, ʻaʻole wau e hoʻomanaʻo, ʻoiaʻiʻo.
Nā ʻakika nui
Ua haku ʻia ka huaʻōlelo "super acid" e James Conant i ka makahiki 1927 e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻakika i ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o nā ʻakika mineral maʻamau. I kekahi mau kumu, ua helu ʻia ka waikawa perchloric ma ke ʻano he super acid, ʻoiai ʻaʻole pēlā - he mineral maʻamau.
ʻO kekahi mau superacids he mau ʻakika mineral i hoʻopili ʻia i kahi halogen: huki ka halogen i nā electrons iā ia iho, huhū loa nā ʻātoma a pau, a hele nā mea a pau i ka hydrogen e like me ka mea maʻamau: hāʻule i ke ʻano o ka H+ - boom: no laila ka ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka waikawa.
Nā laʻana - fluorosulfuric a me chlorosulfuric acids
Loaʻa iā Fluorosulfuric acid kahi hana Hammett o -15,1; ma ke ala, mahalo i ka fluorine, ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia kēia waikawa i ka pahu hoʻāʻo kahi i mālama ʻia ai.
A laila, noʻonoʻo kekahi poʻe akamai: e lawe kāua i ka waika Lewis (he mea hiki ke ʻae i kahi pālua o nā electrons mai kahi mea ʻē aʻe) a hui pū me kahi waikawa Brønsted (he mea hiki ke hāʻawi i kahi proton)! Hoʻohui mākou i ka antimony pentafluoride me ka waika hydrofluoric a loaʻa hexafluorantimony acid HSbF6. Ma kēia ʻōnaehana, hoʻokuʻu ka waika hydrofluoric i kahi proton (H+), a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kumu conjugate (F−) e kahi paʻa hoʻohui me ka antimony pentafluoride. Hoʻopuka kēia i kahi anion octahedral nui (SbF6−), he nucleophile nāwaliwali loa a he kumu nāwaliwali loa. Ke lilo nei i "noa", hoʻoholo ka proton i ka hyperacidity o ka ʻōnaehana - Hammett function -28!
A laila hele mai kekahi a ʻōlelo mai no ke aha lākou i lawe ai i ka waika nāwaliwali o Bernstead a hiki mai kēia.
ʻAka Tetrafluoromethanesulfonic
- i loko ona iho he super acid (hana Hammett - 14,1). No laila, ua hoʻohui hou lākou i ka antimony pentafluoride iā ia - ua hoʻemi lākou i -16,8! ʻO ka hoʻopunipuni like me ka waika fluorosulfuric i hōʻemi i -23.
A laila ua hui pū kekahi pūʻulu ʻepekema mai ke keʻena kemika o ke Kulanui ʻAmelika o Kaleponi, i alakaʻi ʻia e Professor Christopher Reed, me nā hoa hana mai ka Institute of Catalysis o ka lālā Siberian o ka Russian Academy of Science (Novosibirsk) a hele mai me ka carborane. ʻakika H(CHB11Cl11). ʻAe, ua kapa ʻia lākou he "carborane" no ka poʻe maʻamau, akā inā makemake ʻoe e like me ka ʻepekema, e ʻōlelo "2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12-undecachlor-1- carba-closo-dodecaborane (12)” ʻekolu manawa a me ka wikiwiki.
ʻO kēia ke ʻano o kēia nani
He pauda maloʻo kēia i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai. ʻO kēia ka Acid ikaika loa i kēia manawa. ʻO ka waikawa Carborane ma kahi o hoʻokahi miliona mau manawa ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o ka sulfuric acid concentrated. ʻAʻole hiki ke ana i ka ikaika o ka ʻakika ma ka unahi maʻamau, no ka mea, hoʻopololei ka ʻakika i nā kumu nāwaliwali i ʻike ʻia a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe a pau i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, e like me ka wai, benzene, fullerene-60, a me ka sulfur dioxide.
Ma hope mai, haʻi aku ʻo Christopher Reed i ka lawelawe nūhou Nature: "ʻO ka manaʻo no ka synthesis o ka waikawa carborane i hānau ʻia mai loko mai o nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo e pili ana i" nā molekala i hana ʻole ʻia ma mua. Me kona mau hoa hana, makemake ʻo ia e hoʻohana i ka waikawa carborane e hoʻokahe i nā ʻātoma o ka xenon inert gas - no ka mea ʻaʻohe mea i hana i kēia ma mua. Original, he aha kaʻu e ʻōlelo ai.
ʻAe, no ka mea he mau ʻakika maʻamau ka super acids, hana maʻamau lākou, ʻoi aku ka ikaika. He mea maopopo e wela ka ʻili, akā ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo e hemo. He hihia kaʻawale ka Fluorosulfonic acid, akā mahalo nui ia i ka fluorine, e like me ka fluoride.
Nā ʻakika trihaloacetic
ʻO ke kikoʻī, trifluoroacetic a me trichloroacetic acid
ʻOluʻolu a ʻoluʻolu hoʻi ma muli o ka hui pū ʻana o nā waiwai o kahi solvent polar organik a me kahi waikawa ikaika loa. Ua pilau—e like me ka vīnega.
ʻO ka mea ʻoluʻolu loa he trifluoroacetic acid: kahi hopena 20% e hoʻopau i nā metala, cork, rubber, bakelite, polyethylene. Puhi ka ʻili a hana i nā maʻi ʻeha maloʻo a hiki i ka papa ʻiʻo.
ʻO Trichloroacetic acid ke kaikaina ma kēia ʻano, akā maikaʻi nō. Ma ke ala, e hoʻomaikaʻi aku i ka wahine nāwaliwali: i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka nani, hele kekahi no ke kaʻina hana i kapa ʻia ʻo TCA peeling (TCA ʻo TetraChloroAcetate) - ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻakika tetrachloroacetic e hoʻoheheʻe i ka papa luna o ka ʻili.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, inā e kamaʻilio ka cosmetologist ma ke kelepona, hiki ke hāʻule
ʻAe, kekahi mea e like me kēia, inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka wai a me ka causticity. E hoʻonui hou paha?
Source: www.habr.com