E pili ana i ka pia ma ka maka o ka mea lapaau. Mahele 1

Aloha %username%.

E like me kaʻu i hoʻohiki ai ma mua, ua haʻalele iki au ma muli o kaʻu huakaʻi ʻoihana. ʻAʻole, ʻaʻole i pau, akā ua hoʻoikaika ia i kekahi mau manaʻo aʻu i hoʻoholo ai e kaʻana like me ʻoe.

E kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i ka pia.

I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole wau e hoʻopaʻapaʻa no kekahi mau ʻano, hoʻopaʻapaʻa i ke ʻano o ka ʻono a me ke kala i loko o ke kino e loli iki mai ka manawa o ka ʻai ʻana a hiki i kēia manawa ... maikaʻi, maopopo ʻoe - makemake wale wau e kamaʻilio e pili ana i kaʻu ʻike ʻana i ke kaʻina hana. ʻokoʻa a me ka mana o ka pia i ko mākou kino mai kahi ʻano kemika.

Nui ka poʻe i manaʻo ʻo ka pia ka mea inu o ka poʻe maʻamau - a ua kuhihewa loa lākou; manaʻo ka poʻe he mea ʻino ka pia - a ua kuhihewa nō naʻe, e like me ka poʻe i manaʻoʻiʻo ʻaʻole ʻino ka pia. A e noʻonoʻo mākou i kēia

A ʻaʻole e like me nā ʻatikala ma mua, e hoʻāʻo wau e kāpae i nā heluhelu lōʻihi, akā e hoʻokaʻawale i kēia moʻolelo i kekahi. A inā i kekahi manawa ʻaʻohe hoihoi, a laila e hoʻōki wale wau i ka traumatizing i ka lolo o ka mea heluhelu ʻilihune.

E hele kāua.

Ke kumu

ʻO ka mōʻaukala o ka pia ma ka honua e hoʻi i kekahi mau tausani makahiki. ʻO ka ʻōlelo mua e pili ana i ka wā Neolithic mua. He 6000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hoʻohana ka poʻe i nā ʻenehana i hiki ai ke hoʻololi i ka berena i mea inu ʻono - a ma ke ʻano maʻamau, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka pia ka mea inu ʻawaʻawa kahiko loa ma ka honua.

Ua hoʻomaka ka mōʻaukala o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pia ma mua o ko mākou au, a ʻo nā laurels o nā mea hoʻokumu i nā Sumerians. ʻO kā lākou palapala cuneiform, i ʻike ʻia e E. Huber ma Mesopotamia, aia ma kahi o 15 mau meaʻai no kēia inu. Ua hoʻohana ka poʻe kamaʻāina o Mesopotamia i ka spelling (spelt) e hana i ka pia. Hoʻopili ʻia me ka bale, hoʻopiha ʻia me ka wai, hoʻohui ʻia nā mea kanu a waiho ʻia e ferment. Ua hana ʻia kahi inu mai ka wort hopena. E ʻoluʻolu: ua hana maoli ʻia ka pia palaoa, akā ʻaʻohe mea i ʻōlelo i kekahi mea e pili ana i ka hops, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hana ʻia ka pia a i ʻole ka pia lāʻau. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole i ulu ka malt.

ʻO ka moʻolelo hou o ka pia ʻo ia ka moʻomeheu Babylonia. ʻO ka poʻe Babulona i noʻonoʻo pehea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka inu. Hoʻopuʻu aʻela lākou i ka palaoa a hoʻomaloʻo i ka malt. ʻAʻole mālama ʻia ka pia me ka palaoa a me ka malt no hoʻokahi lā. I mea e hoʻonui ai i ka mea inu, ua hoʻohui ʻia nā mea ʻala, ka ʻoka ʻoka, nā lau lāʻau, ka meli - ua hana ʻia nā mea hoʻohui meaʻai a laila, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ma mua o ka Reinheitsgebot a i ʻole, e like me ka maopopo, ke kānāwai Kelemania i ka maʻemaʻe o ka pia. aia ma kahi o 5000 mau makahiki!

Ua laha mālie ka pia i ʻAigupita kahiko, Peresia, India, a me ka Caucasus. Akā ma Helene kahiko, ʻaʻole ia i kaulana, no ka mea, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea inu o ka poʻe ʻilihune. ʻO ia ka manawa i ala mai ai kēia mau manaʻo hoʻokae.

Ua ulu ka mōʻaukala o ka hana pia me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Middle Ages. Ua kapa ʻia kēia manawa ʻo ka manawa o ka hānau ʻelua o ka pia. Ua manaʻoʻia ua hanaʻia ma Germany. ʻO ka inoa Kelemānia Bier mai ka Old Germanic Peor a i ʻole Bror. ʻOiai ʻo ka English Ale (ale) i ʻōlelo ʻia he etymologically e hoʻi i ke kumu Proto-Indo-European, me ke ʻano o ka "ona". Ua hōʻoia ʻia ke kumu o Indo-European o ke kumu i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā øl Denemaka a me Norewai hou, a me Icelandic öl (hui ʻōlelo Kelemānia, nona ka Old English) a me Lithuanian a me Latvian alus - beer (Baltic group of the Indo. ʻOhana ʻEulopa), ʻOl Lūkini ʻĀkau (ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea inu ʻona ), a me Estonian õlu a me Finnish olut. I ka pōkole, ʻaʻohe mea i ʻike i ke ʻano o ka puka ʻana o nā huaʻōlelo, no ka mea, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kekahi ma Babulona Kahiko - pono, kapa ʻokoʻa nā mea a pau i ka pia. Eia naʻe, ʻokoʻa kā lākou kuke ʻana.

ʻO ia i ka Middle Ages i hoʻomaka ai e hoʻohui i nā hops i ka inu. Me kona hiki ʻana mai, ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻono o ka pia, a ua lōʻihi ke ola o kona mālama ʻana. E hoʻomanaʻo, %username%: ʻo ka hops ka mea mālama mua no ka pia. I kēia manawa hiki ke lawe ʻia ka mea inu, a lilo ia i mea kūʻai. Ua ʻike ʻia he mau haneli o nā ʻano meaʻai a me nā ʻano pia. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe ʻepekema mai kekahi mau ʻāina ʻo nā Slav ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka mahi hop, no ka mea, ua pālahalaha ʻia ka brewing ma Rus' i ka makahiki XNUMX.

Ma ke ala, i ka Middle Ages, ua hoʻopau nui ʻia nā ales māmā ma ʻEulopa ma mua o ka wai. Hiki i nā keiki ke kūʻai i ka pia - a ʻae, ʻo ia ka pia, ʻaʻole kvass, e like me ka manaʻo o kekahi. ʻAʻole lākou i inu no ka makemake o ka poʻe ʻeleʻele e inu iā lākou iho a make, akā, ma ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka wai hiki iā lākou ke hoʻōla maʻalahi i nā maʻi ʻike ʻole ʻia. Me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lāʻau lapaʻau ma ke kiʻekiʻe o ka plantain a me ka palekeiki, ua pilikia loa. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka pia papaʻaina ("ʻale liʻiliʻi") he meaʻai maikaʻi a hele maikaʻi i ka papa ʻaina i ka nui nui, ʻoiai aia ma kahi o 1% ka waiʻona. ʻO ka nīnau kūpono "he aha ka mea i pepehi i nā maʻi āpau?" E noonoo pono kakou.

Ua hōʻailona ʻia ke kenekulia 1876 e kahi holomua hou i ka mōʻaukala o ka pia. Ua ʻike mua ʻo Louis Pasteur i ka pilina ma waena o ka fermentation a me ka hū. Ua paʻi ʻo ia i nā hopena o ke aʻo ʻana i ka makahiki 5, a me 1881 mau makahiki ma hope, i ka makahiki XNUMX, ua loaʻa i ka ʻepekema Denemaka ʻo Emil Christian Hansen kahi moʻomeheu maʻemaʻe o ka hū o ka brewer, a ua lilo ia i mea hoʻoikaika no ka hana ʻana i ka ʻoihana.

Inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka mōʻaukala o ka pia ʻole, ʻo ka impetus no kona helehelena ʻo ia ka Volstead Act o 1919, ka mea i hōʻailona i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wā pāpā ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa: ʻo ka hana ʻana, ka lawe ʻana a me ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā mea inu ʻona ikaika ma mua o 0,5%. ua kapu maoli. No laila, ʻaʻole ia he "ale liʻiliʻi" hou. ʻO nā hui brewing āpau i hana i ka hana ʻana i nā mea inu ʻona ʻole e pili ana i ka malt, akā naʻe, e like me ke kānāwai, pono e kapa ʻia ka inu he "inu cereal", i kapa koke ʻia e ka poʻe ʻo ka "wahine rubber" a "kokoke." pia”. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, i mea e hoʻololi ai mai ka mea maʻamau, pāpā ʻia, i ka "aneane-beer" hou, ua lawa ia e hoʻohui i hoʻokahi pae hou i ke kaʻina hana (a e hoʻomanaʻo mākou iā ia), ʻaʻole i hoʻonui nui ʻia. ke kumu kūʻai o ka huahana hope a ʻae ʻia no ka hoʻihoʻi wikiwiki loa i ka hana ʻana i ka inu kuʻuna: "Manaʻo wau he manawa hanohano kēia no ka pia," wahi a ka Pelekikena ʻAmelika ʻo Franklin Roosevelt, e kau inoa ana i ke kānāwai Cullen-Harrison ma Malaki 22, 1933, ka mea i hiki ke hookiekie i ka waiona i 4%. Ua hoʻomaka ʻia ke kānāwai ma ka lā 7 ʻApelila, a no laila mai ia manawa ʻo ia ka National Beer Day ma USA! Ke ʻōlelo nei lākou aia ma ka lā 6 ʻApelila, e laina ana ka poʻe ʻAmelika i loko o nā kaola, a i ka wā i kū ai ke aumoe aloha, a laila ... I ka pōkole, ʻōlelo ʻia nā helu helu ma ʻApelila 7 wale nō, hoʻokahi a me ka hapa miliona mau barela pia i inu ʻia ma United. Mokuʻāina. Ua loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi kīʻaha pia ma ka lā 7 ʻApelila, %username%?


Ma ke ala, inā makemake ʻoe, ma kekahi o kēia mau ʻāpana e haʻi aku wau iā ʻoe e pili ana i kahi kānāwai pāpā ʻoi aku ka koʻikoʻi - ʻaʻole kēia ʻo USSR, akā ʻo Iceland.

I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole hana ʻia ka pia koe wale nō ma Antarctica - ʻoiai ʻaʻole maopopo kēia. Nui nā ʻano a me nā haneli o nā ʻano - a inā makemake ʻoe, hiki iā ʻoe ke heluhelu i kā lākou wehewehe. maanei. ʻAʻole maʻalahi ka pia e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia; ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kumukūʻai o ka hue i kekahi manawa ma mua o ke kumukūʻai o kahi pahu waina - ʻaʻole wau e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka waina Chateau de la Paquette.

No laila, %username%, inā ua wehe ʻoe i ka ʻōmole pia i ka heluhelu ʻana, e hoʻopiha ʻia me ka mahalo a hoʻomau i ka heluhelu.

Nā meaʻai

Ma mua o ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o ka pia, e hoʻomanaʻo pōkole i ka ʻenehana no ka hana ʻana i kēia inu.

ʻO ka pia - e like me nā mea he nui o kēia ao - he huahana o ka puhi ʻole ʻana. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka fermentation - ke kaʻina hana a mākou e ʻono ai i kēia leʻaleʻa, a me kāu, %username%, hiki ke heluhelu i kēia mau laina - he huahana o ka hoʻopau ʻole ʻana o nā sugars, aia wale nō ma ka hihia o ka pia, ʻaʻole puhi ʻia nā sugars i loko. kou lolo, akā i loko o ka hū metabolic kaulahao.
E like me ka hoʻopau ʻana, ʻo nā huahana ka carbon dioxide a me ka wai - akā e hoʻomanaʻo wau i ʻōlelo "ʻaʻole i pau"? A ʻoiaʻiʻo: i ka hana ʻana i ka pia, ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia ka hū e ʻai nui (ʻoiai ʻaʻole pololei kēia, akā maikaʻi ia no ka ʻike maʻamau o ke kiʻi) - a no laila, ma waho aʻe o ka carbon dioxide, ua hana ʻia ka waiʻona.

No ka mea, ʻaʻole he kō maʻemaʻe ka meaʻai, akā he hui pū ʻia o nā pūhui like ʻole, ʻaʻole wale ka carbon dioxide, ka wai a me ka waiʻona ka huahana - akā he bouquet holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ia ke kumu e noho ai kēia mau pia. I kēia manawa e kamaʻilio wau e pili ana i kekahi o nā mea nui, a hōʻole pū kekahi i kekahi mau moʻolelo e pili ana i ka pia ma ke ala.

Wai.

Me ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana he chemist wau, e hoʻololi wau i ka ʻōlelo kemika ʻoluʻolu.

ʻO ka pia he waiʻona wai o nā malt extractive ʻaʻole i hoʻololi ʻia i ka wā fermentation a ma hope o ka fermentation o ka pia, ethyl alcohol a me nā mea ʻono, ʻo ia nā metabolites lua o ka hū a i ʻole mai nā hops. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā mea extractive e pili ana i nā kaʻa kaʻa unfermented (α- a me β-glucans), nā mea phenolic (anthocyanogens, oligo- a me polyphenols), melanoidins a me nā caramels. ʻO kā lākou ʻike i ka pia, e pili ana i ka hapa nui o nā mea maloʻo i ka wort mua, ka haku mele ʻana, nā ʻano fermentation ʻenehana a me nā hiʻohiʻona hū hū, mai 2,0 a 8,5 g / 100 g o ka pia. Hoʻopili ʻia nā hōʻailona kaʻina like me ka ʻona o ka waiʻona, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka pia e hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia mai 0,05 a 8,6%, a me nā mea ʻono (nā ʻona kiʻekiʻe, ethers, aldehydes, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). ʻO ka wort a, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā ʻano fermentation a me ke ʻano o ka hū. Ma ke ʻano maʻamau, no ka pia fermented me ka hū lalo, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o nā huahana lua o ka metabolism hū ma mua o 200 mg / l, ʻoiai no ka beer top-fermented ko lākou pae ma mua o 300 mg / l. ʻO ka hapa liʻiliʻi o ka pia i hana ʻia i nā mea ʻawaʻawa mai nā hops, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pia ma mua o 45 mg/l.

ʻOkoʻa loa kēia mau mea a pau, ʻokoʻa paha nā helu i ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi, akā loaʻa iā ʻoe ka manaʻo: liʻiliʻi loa kēia mau mea i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka ʻike wai o ka pia. E like me ʻoe, %username%, ʻo ka pia ma kahi o 95% wai. ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha ka hopena pololei o ka wai i ka pia. A ma ke ala, ʻo ia kekahi o nā kumu e ʻono ʻokoʻa ai ke ʻano pia like ʻole, i hana ʻia e nā hale hana like ʻole ma nā wahi like ʻole. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona kikoʻī a kaulana loa paha ʻo Pilsner Urquell, kahi a lākou i hoʻāʻo ai i ka brew ma Kaluga, akā ʻaʻole i holo. I kēia manawa ua hana ʻia kēia pia ma Czech Republic wale nō ma muli o kāna wai palupalu kūikawā.

ʻAʻole hana ʻia ka pia me ka ʻole o ka hoʻāʻo mua ʻana i ka wai e hana ai - he mea nui ka maikaʻi o ka wai no ka huahana hope. ʻO nā mea pāʻani nui e pili ana i kēia ʻano nā cations a me nā anion āu e ʻike ai ma ka ʻōmole o nā soda - ʻaʻole i hoʻomalu ʻia nā pae i ka pae o "50-5000" mg / l, akā ʻoi aku ka pololei.

E noʻonoʻo kākou i ka hopena o ka wai?

ʻAe, ʻo ka mea mua, pono ka wai e hoʻokō me nā kānāwai a me nā hoʻoponopono hoʻomaʻemaʻe, a no laila e hoʻolei koke mākou i nā metala kaumaha a me nā mea ʻona ʻē aʻe - ʻaʻole pono kēia crap i loko o ka wai. ʻO nā palena nui o ka wai i hoʻohana pololei ʻia i ka hana pia (i ka wā mashing) pili i nā mea hōʻailona e like me ka waiwai pH, ka paʻakikī, ka ratio ma waena o nā konohiki o ka calcium a me ka magnesium, ʻaʻole i hoʻoponopono ʻia i ka wai inu. Pono e loaʻa i ka wai no ka hana ʻana i nā ion o ka hao, silikoni, keleawe, nitrates, chlorides, a me nā sulfate. ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia ʻo Nitrites, he mau toxins ikaika no ka hū, i loko o ka wai. Pono e loaʻa i ka wai nā ʻāpana mineral ʻelua manawa liʻiliʻi (ke koena maloʻo) a me 2,5 mau manawa liʻiliʻi COD (ke koi oxygen kemikal - oxidability). I ka loiloi ʻana i ke kūpono o ka wai no ka brewing, ua hoʻokomo ʻia kahi hōʻailona e like me ka alkalinity, ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia i nā kūlana no ka wai inu.

Eia kekahi, pili nā koi hou i ka wai i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hapa nui o nā mea paʻa a me ka waiʻona i ka hana ʻana i ka gravity kiʻekiʻe. Pono kēia wai, ʻo ka mua, he microbiologically maʻemaʻe, a ʻo ka lua, deaerated (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole i loko o ka oxygen hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai) a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā ion calcium a me nā bicarbonates i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka wai i ʻōlelo ʻia no ka hana ʻana ma ka laulā. He aha ka hana umekaumaha kiʻekiʻe?Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe i ʻike, ʻo ka ʻenehana o ka brew kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, i mea e hoʻonui ai i ka huahana o ka brewhouse, ua brewed ʻia ka wort me ka hapa nui o nā mea maloʻo he 4 ... 6% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka hapa nui. nā mea maloʻo i loko o ka pia i hoʻopau ʻia. A laila, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia kēia wort me ka wai i ka hapa nui o nā mea maloʻo i makemake ʻia, ma mua o ka fermentation, a i ʻole ka pia i hoʻopau ʻia (ʻae, ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka pia - akā aia wale kēia ma ka hale hana, a e kamaʻilio pū wau e pili ana i kēia ma hope). I ka manawa like, i mea e loaʻa ai ka pia i ʻokoʻa ʻole i ka ʻono mai ka pia i loaʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana kahiko, ʻaʻole ia e ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻonui i ka extract o ka wort mua ma mua o 15%.

He mea koʻikoʻi ka mālama ʻana i ka pH kūpono i ka wai - ʻaʻole wau e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka ʻono o ka pia i hoʻopau ʻia, akā e pili ana i ke kaʻina o ka fermentation o ka wort (ma ke ala, e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia, ʻaʻole pili kēia. ka ʻono - ʻaʻole ʻoe e manaʻo i kahi ʻokoʻa maʻalahi). ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ka hana o nā enzyme e hoʻohana ai ka hū e ʻai ai i ka pH. ʻO ka waiwai maikaʻi loa he 5,2..5,4, akā i kekahi manawa ua hoʻololi ʻia kēia waiwai e hoʻonui i ka ʻawaʻawa. Hoʻopili ka waiwai pH i ka ikaika o nā kaʻina hana metabolic i loko o nā cell yeast, i hōʻike ʻia i ka coefficient o ka ulu ʻana o ka biomass, ka ulu ʻana o ka cell a me ka synthesis o nā metabolites lua. No laila, i loko o kahi ʻakika, ka nui o ka ethyl alcohol i hoʻokumu ʻia, ʻoiai ma kahi ʻano alkaline, hoʻonui ʻia ka synthesis o ka glycerol a me ka acetic acid. Hoʻopilikia maikaʻi ʻia ka Acetic acid i ke kaʻina hana o ka hū, a no laila pono e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pH i ka wā o ka fermentation. No nā "meaʻai" like ʻole, hiki ke loaʻa nā waiwai pH maikaʻi loa: no ka laʻana, pono ʻo 4,6 no ka metabolism o ka sucrose, a me 4,8 no ka maltose. ʻO ka pH kekahi o nā kumu nui i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā esters, a mākou e kamaʻilio ai ma hope a hana i kēlā mau ʻala hua i ka pia.

ʻO ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pH ʻo ia ke kaulike o nā carbonates a me nā bicarbonates i loko o ka hopena; ʻo lākou ka mea e hoʻoholo i kēia waiwai. Eia naʻe ma ʻaneʻi, ʻaʻole maʻalahi nā mea āpau, no ka mea, ma waho aʻe o nā anion aia kekahi cation.

I ka hana ʻana, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā cation mineral e hana i ka wai i ka hana kemika a me ka hana kemika. ʻO nā paʻakai āpau o ka calcium a me ka magnesium he mau cations chemically active: no laila, ʻo ka hele ʻana o ka calcium a me ka magnesium (a ma ke ʻano o ka sodium a me ka potassium) e kūʻē i ke ʻano o kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka carbonates e hoʻonui ai i ka pH, aʻo ka calcium a me ka magnesium (eia ua loaʻa. ka sodium a me ka potassium i ka lewa) - akā i ka hui pū ʻana me nā sulfates a me nā chlorides, hoʻohaʻahaʻa lākou i ka pH. Ma ka pāʻani ʻana me ka ʻike o nā cations a me nā anion, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokō i ka acidity maikaʻi loa o ka waena. I ka manawa like, makemake nui ka poʻe brewer i ka calcium ma mua o ka magnesium: ʻo ka mea mua, pili ke ʻano o ka hū flocculation me ka ion calcium, a ʻo ka lua, i ka wā e hoʻopau ʻia ai ka paʻakikī o ka manawa ma ka paila ʻana (e like ia me ka ipu hao), hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka calcium carbonate a hiki ke lilo. wehe ʻia , ʻoiai e kahe mālie ana ka magnesium carbonate a, i ka wā e maʻalili ai ka wai, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia kekahi hapa.

Akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, he mau mea liʻiliʻi wale nō ka calcium a me ka magnesium. I ʻole e hoʻonui i ka ʻatikala, e hōʻuluʻulu wale wau i kekahi o nā hopena o nā haumia ion i loko o ka wai ma nā kumu like ʻole o ka hana pia a me ka maikaʻi.

Ka hopena ma ke kaʻina hana wai

• ʻO nā iona calcium - E hoʻokūpaʻa i ka alpha-amylase a hoʻonui i kāna hana, e hopena i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hua. Hoʻonui lākou i ka hana o nā enzymes proteolytic, ma muli o kēia ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka nui a me ka α-amine nitrogen i ka wort.
• Hoʻoholo ʻia ka pae o ka emi ʻana o ka wort pH i ka wā mashing, paila wort me nā hops a me ka fermentation. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka hū flocculation. ʻO ka manaʻo ion maikaʻi loa he 45-55 mg / l o wort.
• ʻO nā ion Magnesium - ʻāpana o nā enzymes o ka glycolysis, ʻo ia hoʻi. pono no ka fermentation a me ka hū.
• Potassium ions - Hoʻoulu i ka hana hou ʻana o ka hū, he ʻāpana o nā ʻōnaehana enzyme a me nā ribosomes.
• ʻIona hao - He hopena maikaʻi ʻole i nā kaʻina hana mashing. Hiki ke ho'oha'aha'a ka hū ma mua o ka 0,2 mg/l.
• ʻO nā ion manganese - Hoʻohui ʻia me he cofactor i nā enzyme hū. ʻAʻole pono ka ʻike ma mua o 0,2 mg / l.
• ʻIona Ammonium - Aia wale nō i loko o ka wai ʻino. ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻae ʻia.
• ʻOiona keleawe - Ma nā ʻano ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 mg/l - ʻona i ka hū. He kumu mutagenic paha no ka hū.
• ʻO nā ion Zinc - Ma kahi o ka 0,1 - 0,2 mg / l, hoʻoulu i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka hū. Ma nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe e kāohi lākou i ka hana α-amylase.
• ʻO Chlorides - Hoʻemi i ka flocculation hū. Ma kahi oi aku ma mua o 500 mg/l, ua lohi ke kaʻina hana fermentation.
• Hydrocarbonates - Ma nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe e alakaʻi lākou i ka piʻi ʻana o ka pH, a no laila i ka emi ʻana o ka hana o nā enzyme amylolytic a me proteolytic, e hōʻemi ana i ka hua o ka extract. a kōkua i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kala o ka wort. ʻAʻole pono ka ʻike ma mua o 20 mg / l.
• Nitrates - Loaʻa i loko o nā effluent ma nā ʻano ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 mg/l. Ma ke alo o ka bacteria o ka ʻohana Enterbacteriaceae, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka nitrite ion.
• Silicates - E ho'ēmi i ka hana fermentation ma ka nui o ka 10 mg/l. ʻO ka nui o nā silicates mai ka malt, akā i kekahi manawa, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka pūnāwai, hiki i ka wai ke kumu o ka piʻi ʻana o ka pia.
• Fluoride - A hiki i ka 10 mg/l ʻaʻohe hopena.

Ka hopena i ka ʻono o ka pia

• ʻO nā iona calcium - E hoʻemi i ka unuhi ʻana o nā tannins, ka mea e hāʻawi ai i ka pia i ka ʻawaʻawa paʻakikī a me ka ʻono astringent. Hoʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea ʻawaʻawa mai ka hops.
• ʻO nā ion Magnesium - Hāʻawi i kahi ʻono ʻawaʻawa i ka pia, i manaʻo ʻia ma kahi ʻoi aku o ka 15 mg/l.
• ʻAiona Sodium - Ma nā ʻano ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o 150 mg/l, hoʻoulu i ka ʻono paʻakai. I ka nui o 75 ... 150 mg / l - ho'ēmi lākou i ka piha o kaʻono.
• Sulfates - Hāʻawi i ka pia astringency a me ka ʻawaʻawa, e hoʻoulu ai i kahi ʻono hope. Ma kahi oi aku ma mua o 400 mg/l, hāʻawi lākou i ka pia i ka "ʻono maloʻo" (hello, Guiness Draft!). Ma mua o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻono sulfurous a me nā mea ʻala e pili ana i ka hana o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā microorganisms a me nā hū.
• Silicates - Hoʻopili ʻole i ka ʻono.
• Nitrates - Hoʻopilikia maikaʻi i ke kaʻina hana fermentation ma kahi ʻoi aku o 25 mg/l. Hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia nā nitrosamines ʻona.
• Chlorides - Hāʻawi i ka pia i kahi ʻono maʻalahi a ʻono (ʻae, ʻae, akā inā ʻaʻohe sodium). Me ka nui o ka ion ma kahi o 300 mg / l, hoʻonui lākou i ka piha o ka ʻono o ka pia a hāʻawi iā ia i ka ʻono melon a me ka ʻala.
• ʻIona hao - Ke ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea i loko o ka pia ma mua o 0,5 mg/l, hoʻonui lākou i ka waihoʻoluʻu o ka pia a ʻike ʻia ka huʻa ʻeleʻele. Hāʻawi ka pia i ka ʻono metala.
• ʻO nā ion manganese - E like me ka hopena o nā ion hao, akā ʻoi aku ka ikaika.
• Nā iona keleawe - Hoʻopilikia maikaʻi ʻole i ka ʻono. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka ʻono sulfurous o ka pia.

Ka hopena i ke kūpaʻa colloidal (turbidity)

• ʻO nā iona calcium - E hoʻokahe i nā oxalates, ma laila e hōʻemi ai i ka hiki o ka oxalate ao i loko o ka pia. Hoʻonui lākou i ka coagulation protein i ka wā e hoʻolapalapa ai i ka wort me nā hops. Hoʻemi lākou i ka ʻili silika, kahi hopena maikaʻi i ka paʻa colloidal o ka pia.
• Silicates - Hoʻemi i ka paʻa colloidal o ka pia ma muli o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā pūhui hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me nā ion calcium a me ka magnesium.
• ʻIona hao - Hoʻokē i nā kaʻina hana oxidative a hoʻoulu i ka turbidity colloidal.
• ʻO nā iona keleawe - Hoʻopilikia maikaʻi i ka paʻa colloidal o ka pia, e hana ana ma ke ʻano he catalyst no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā polyphenols.
• Chlorides - Hoʻonui i ka paʻa colloidal.

ʻAe, pehea ke ʻano? ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻano pia like ʻole ma nā wahi like ʻole o ka honua ma muli o nā wai like ʻole. Hiki i nā mea hoʻoinu ma kekahi wahi ke hana i ka pia maikaʻi me ka ʻono a me ka ʻala ikaika, a ʻo ka poʻe brewers ma kahi ʻē aʻe e hana i ka pia maikaʻi me ka ʻike hop profile-no ka mea he ʻokoʻa nā wai o nā wahi like ʻole i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pia ma mua o kekahi. I kēia manawa, no ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka wai no ka pia i kēia ʻano:

Eia naʻe, ua maopopo ka loaʻa mau ʻana o nā haʻalulu - a ʻo kēia mau ʻano hoʻoholo e hoʻoholo pinepine ai ʻo "Baltika 3" mai St. Petersburg ʻaʻole ʻo "Baltika 3" mai Zaporozhye.

He mea kūpono ka hele ʻana o ka wai i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ka pia ma nā ʻano he nui o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana, me ka nānā ʻana, kānana a, inā pono, hoʻoponopono i ka haku mele. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, hana ka hale hana i kahi kaʻina o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka wai: ʻo ka wai i loaʻa ma ke ʻano a i ʻole ka lawe ʻia ʻana o ka chlorine, nā hoʻololi i ka hoʻohui mineral a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka paʻakikī a me ka alkalinity. ʻAʻole pono ʻoe e hoʻopilikia i kēia mau mea a pau, akā a laila - a inā wale ʻoe e laki me ka inoa inoa o ka wai - hiki i ka brewery ke hana i nā ʻano ʻano ʻelua. No laila, mālama mau ʻia ka nānā ʻana a me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka wai.

ʻO nā ʻenehana hou, me nā kālā lawa, hiki ke loaʻa ka wai me nā ʻano like ʻole. Hiki ke kumu i ka wai pila o ke kūlanakauhale a i ʻole ka wai i unuhi pololei ʻia mai kahi kumu artesian. Aia kekahi mau hihia ʻē aʻe: hoʻokahi hale kūʻai Kuekene, no ka laʻana, brewed beer mai ka wai ʻino i mālama ʻia, a hana nā mea hana Kile i ka pia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai ka noe ma ka wao nahele. Akā ua maopopo i ka hana nui ʻana, pili ke kaʻina hana mālama wai i ke kumukūʻai hope loa - a ʻo ia paha ke kumu i hana ʻole ʻia ai ka Pilsner Urquell i ʻōlelo ʻia ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe koe wale nō ma ka home ma Czech Republic.

Manaʻo wau ua lawa ia no ka hapa mua. Inā lilo kaʻu moʻolelo i mea hoihoi, ma ka ʻaoʻao aʻe e kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i ʻelua mau mea pono o ka pia, a malia paha hoʻokahi koho, e kūkākūkā mākou no ke aha e ʻala ai ka pia, inā he "mālamalama" a me "pouli", a hoʻopā pū i nā leka ʻē aʻe OG, FG, IBU, ABV, EBC. Malia paha he mea ʻē aʻe, a ʻaʻole paha e hiki mai kekahi mea, akā e ʻike ʻia ma ka hapa ʻekolu, kahi aʻu e manaʻo ai e hele pōkole i ka ʻenehana, a laila e hana i nā moʻolelo a me nā kuhi hewa e pili ana i ka pia, me ka " diluted" a me ka "paʻa", e kamaʻilio pū mākou inā hiki iā ʻoe ke inu i ka pia i pau.

A i ʻole e loaʻa paha kahi hapahā... Nau ke koho, %username%!

Puna: www.habr.com