Aloha %username%.
ʻO kahi hapa o kaʻu moʻolelo e pili ana i ka pia ma Habré i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma mua o nā mea ma mua - e hoʻoholo ana i nā ʻōlelo a me nā helu, no laila, ua luhi paha wau i kaʻu mau moʻolelo. Akā, no ka mea kūpono a pono e hoʻopau i ka moʻolelo e pili ana i nā ʻāpana o ka pia, eia ka hapa ʻehā!
Hele.
E like me ka mea maʻamau, aia kahi moʻolelo pia ma ka hoʻomaka. A i kēia manawa e koʻikoʻi loa ʻo ia. He moʻolelo kēia, ʻaʻole pololei - akā pili i ka Lanakila Nui i loaʻa i ko mākou mau kupuna kāne i ka makahiki 1945. A ʻoiai nā manaʻo a me nā mea lapuwale, haʻaheo wau i kēia lanakila.
Me ka hohonu ʻole, e haʻi aku wau iā ʻoe e pili ana i nā mea hoihoi loa e pili ana i ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻai ʻana i ka pia i ka wā o ke Kaua Patriotic Nui (ʻikepili i lawe ʻia mai nā kumu wehe ma ka Pūnaewele, a me kahi haʻiʻōlelo a ka mea kākau moʻolelo pia ʻo Pavel Egorov).
- Ua hana ʻia ka pia i ka wā o ke kaua. ʻAe, ʻaʻole i pau ka hana pia i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua ʻElua, ʻoiai ua hoʻemi nui ʻia ka nui o ka hana. ʻO ke kumu o ka hōʻemi ʻana ua maopopo: i nā manawa paʻakikī no ka ʻāina, pono nā kumuwaiwai nui - kanaka, meaʻai, a me nā ʻenehana.
- Ua hoʻomaka kekahi mau hale ʻaina e hana i nā pahū. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻololi ʻia ka nui o nā hale kūʻai Soviet i ka hana ʻana i nā huahana koʻikoʻi o ke kaua. No ka laʻana, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka lāʻau Leningrad "Stepan Razin" e ka People's Commissar of the Food Industry, Comrade Zotov, e hana i nā pahū ma ka helu hana o 200 tons i kēlā me kēia mahina. Ma mua iki, ua loaʻa i ka "Stepan Razin" like, me kekahi mau hale kūʻai nui ʻē aʻe, ke kauoha e hoʻōki i ka hana ʻana i ka pia a hoʻololi i nā ʻāpana palaoa āpau i hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i palaoa.
- Inā hele mai nā Nazis i Leningrad, ua hoʻolālā ʻia e ʻona iā lākou me ka pia. Ma Kekemapa 41, i loko o nā hale o ka "Stepan Razin" hoʻokahi i koe ma lalo o hoʻokahi miliona lita o ka pia, ʻo ka hapa nui ʻo "Zhigulevsky". ʻO kēia kahi ʻāpana o ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hoʻolālā hoʻolālā, pono e make inā hele mai kahi fascist i Leningrad. Inā loaʻa kekahi mea, e hoʻokō ʻia ka sabotage e ke poʻo nui o ka mea kanu.
- Ua hana ʻia ka pia i ka wā o ka hoʻopuni ʻana iā Leningrad. Leningrad brewery "Red Bavaria", e like me , hiki ke hana i kahi miliona lita o ka pia ma nā lā hoʻomaha o Mei o 1942, no laila e hāʻawi ai i nā Leningraders āpau i kahi kīʻaha hauʻoli o ka inu ʻona. Eia kekahi, ʻo kekahi hapa o ka pūʻulu i pahu ʻia e nā limahana mea kanu ma ka lima, no ka mea, ʻaʻohe uila o ka mea kanu no ʻekolu mahina.
- Ua hoʻolauleʻa ʻia ka lā lanakila mua me ka pia. Ma ka lā 9 o Mei, 1945, ua hoʻolauleʻa ʻia ka lanakila ma luna o nā Nazis ma nā wahi āpau: ma ka USSR a ma nā ʻāina ʻEulopa kahi i noho ai ko mākou pūʻali koa. ʻO kekahi, ʻoiaʻiʻo, hoʻolauleʻa i ka hanana nui me ka vodka, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe me ka pia: ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo nā koa Red Army i Czechoslovakia i kēlā manawa i hoʻolauleʻa i ka lanakila me ka pia kūloko (e ʻike i ke kiʻi ma ka hoʻomaka o kēia ʻatikala).
- Ua hana ka Lida Brewery kaulana i kēia manawa i ka pia no ka Wehrmacht. Ua hana ʻia kēia, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole ma ka makemake o nā mea nona ka mea kanu: i ka wā o ka noho ʻana o ka Nazi, ua hele mai ka hana ma lalo o ka mana o ka poʻe Kelemania, ka mea i hoʻomaka e hana i ka pia ma laila no nā koa Nazi. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i inu nā kamaʻāina kūloko o ke kūlanakauhale Belarusian o Lida a me nā wahi e pili ana i kēia pia, no ka mea, ua māhele ʻia nā pūʻulu āpau ma waena o nā pūʻali koa Kelemania i hoʻonoho ʻia ma ia mau wahi.
- Ua hana ʻia ka pia no ka poʻe Nazi e nā Iudaio. He aha ka mea hoihoi: ua mālama ʻia ka hana o ka mea kanu e SS engineer Joachim Lochbiller, ʻaʻole i kūʻē i nā hana i ʻike ʻia o ia manawa, ʻaʻole wale i ka huki ʻana i ka poʻe Iudaio i ka hana ʻana i ka pia, akā ua pale pū nō hoʻi iā lākou mai nā kāne SS ʻē aʻe. I kekahi manawa, ua aʻo ʻo ia i kāna mau hoʻopiʻi e pili ana lākou i ka make a pono lākou e pakele. I Kepakemapa 1943, hele mai nā kāne SS i ka mea kanu a hoʻopaʻa i nā Iudaio a pau, me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana iā lākou no ka ʻona ʻana i ka pia. Ua hoʻouka ʻia nā poʻe ʻilihune ma luna o ke kaʻaahi, akā ma ke ala, ua hiki i kekahi o ka poʻe paʻa ke lele i waho o ke kaʻaahi: ma waena o ka poʻe i pakele i ka poʻe Nazi ʻo nā mea nona ka hale kūʻai Lida, ʻo Mark lāua ʻo Semyon Pupko.
- ʻO ka ʻāpana i noho ʻia o Kelemania i hana i ka pia no ka USSR. ʻO nā mea kūʻai aku no ia mau brews ʻo ia ka Pūʻulu o nā Soviet Forces ma Kelemānia. Ua mālama ʻia nā lepili ʻōlelo Lūkini o ia pia. ʻEhia ke kumu kūʻai o kēia pia, ʻo wai ka mea i loaʻa a pehea ka ʻono - ʻo ka mōʻaukala, ʻaʻole naʻe, ua hāmau i kēia mau ʻike.
- Ma waena o nā kīʻaha kaua he mau mea hana hoʻoinu pia Kelemania. Ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka uku no ka pōʻino i hana ʻia e Nazi Kelemānia a me kona mau hoa pili, ua hāʻawi ʻia ka USSR, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, nā lako o kahi hale kūʻai nui Berlin. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia kēia mea hana i hopu ʻia ma ka hale kūʻai ʻo Stepan Razin. Ua loaʻa pū i ka hale kūʻai ʻo Moscow ma Khamovniki nā lako kīʻaha like.
- Ma hope o ke Kaua Honua ʻElua, ua ʻae ʻia kahi maʻamau pia i hoʻomau ʻia a hiki i kēia lā. Ua ʻae ʻia ʻo GOST 3473-46 i ka makahiki 1946 a, me kekahi mau hoʻololi, ua ola a hiki i ka hopena o ke kenekulia XNUMX, a ma hope ua hoʻololi ʻia e kahi mea hou, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ka mea hou loa. E kamaʻilio kaʻawale mākou no ia mea
ʻĀ, ʻānō e hoʻi kāua i kā mākou meaʻai. Ua haʻalele ka hope a ʻo kēia -
Pākuʻi.
E hoʻomaka wau i kaʻu moʻolelo e pili ana i nā mea hoʻohui me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole pono lākou i ka pia. Akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, aia i loko o kēlā me kēia kanaka. ʻAʻole lākou e hōʻino i ka ʻono, ka maikaʻi, a i ʻole ka waiwai o ka inu - hōʻike wale lākou i kekahi o kāna mau ʻano. E ho'āʻo kākou e hoʻomaopopo i ka mea kaulana loa o lākou, a laila e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ko lākou pono a me ka pono ʻole i nā kikoʻī.
- ʻO ka mea kaulana loa i waena o nā brewers, ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka papa inoa o nā mea pono, ʻo ia ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "unmalted grain" - ʻo ia nā hua i hele ʻole i ka pae germination, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole i lilo i malt. He palaoa, laiki a kulina paha. ʻO ka palaoa a me ka laiki ka mea maʻamau, pinepine i keʻano o ka palaoa a iʻole nā huahana'ē aʻe. He mea maʻalahi ke kumu: he kumu maʻalahi lākou o nā sugars maʻalahi e pono ai ka hū e hana i ka carbon dioxide a me ka waiʻona, a no laila he ala e hoʻonui ai i ka ikaika o ka inu. Loaʻa pinepine ʻia ka palaoa i nā ʻano pia ʻAmelika i hana nui ʻia (i kekahi manawa ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he maile), a ʻike pinepine ʻia ka raiki i ka pia ʻĀsia, ʻo ia ka mea kūpono: ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me ka nui o ka ulu ʻana i ka palaoa, a ulu nā ʻāina ʻo ʻAsia. laiki. Hāʻawi ka laiki a me ke kulina i ka pia i mea ʻono ʻokoʻa e ʻike ʻia e kekahi. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka palaoa unmalted: ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea hana no ka hana ʻana i ka pia palaoa. ʻO ia nā mea i loko o ka palaoa e hiki ai ke hoʻokō i kekahi mau aka o ka ʻono a me ka ʻala.
- ʻO ke kō kekahi mea ʻē aʻe i loaʻa maʻamau i ka pia. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻuhane: ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i ke kō e hāʻawi i ka mea hū me ka meaʻai ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi e hana i ka waiʻona. Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia ke kō ma ke ʻano o nā kumu i loaʻa i ke kō: corn syrup, maltose syrup, etc. Hiki nō hoʻi iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i ka meli, akā e uku nui ʻia ka hana. Ma ke ala, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kahi kala maoli: kala kala (E150), ʻo ia ka sugar caramel. Inā ʻike ʻoe iā E150 ma ka ʻōmoleа - ma ka laulā, hoʻomaha, no ka mea, ʻo kēia ke kō kuni maoli loa hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻai me nā puna. Me E150b, E150c a me E150d - ʻaʻole maoli lākou, akā naʻe, ʻaʻohe mea e ninini iā lākou ma mua o ka 160 mg / kg i ʻae ʻia o ke kaumaha o ke kino no ka mea inu pia.
- E hōʻole mākou i kekahi o nā moʻolelo: i ka wā e hana ai i ka pia, ʻaneʻane ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻohana i nā kala a me nā preservatives - nā mea kūlohelohe a me kā lākou huahana fermentation, a me nā kaʻina hana ʻenehana i hōʻoia ʻia (ʻoi aku ma hope o lākou), ua lawa. No ke aha e hoʻolilo ai i ke kālā ma nā mea kemika hou a e hōʻoia e hōʻike iā lākou i ka haku mele, ke hiki ke hana ʻia nā mea āpau me kahi meaʻai? Eia nō naʻe, inā loaʻa iā ʻoe nā pia "hua" liʻiliʻi ("me ka lime", "me ka pomegerane", a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) - a laila aia i loko o kēia pia hou nā mea ʻono a me nā kala, akā paʻakikī loa iaʻu e kapa iā ia he pia. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohui i ka waikawa ascorbic (E300) i ka pia, ʻaʻole ia he kemika synthetic, akā he huahana fermentation (ʻae, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka synthesized). ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka waikawa ascorbic e hoʻonui i ka kūʻē ʻana o ka pia i ka māmā a me ka oxygen - a hiki i ka pia ke ninini ʻia i loko o nā ʻōmole ʻālohilohi (ʻoi aku ma hope o kēia, akā hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomanaʻo iā Miller a me Corona).
- I nā ʻano pia kikoʻī, hiki i ka mea hana ke hoʻohana i nā ʻano mea hoʻohui like ʻole: cloves, cardamom, anise, zest ʻalani, pepa, puree hua a i ʻole ka hua ponoʻī a me nā mea hou aku. Hoʻolālā ʻia lākou a pau e hāʻawi i ka pia i ka ʻono hou, ka ʻala a me nā hiʻohiʻona ʻike. Cherries, raspberries, blackberries - hiki i kēia mau mea a pau i kona ʻano maoli ke pau i loko o ka pahu hoʻokahi me ka pia fermenting. Makemake nui nā mea hana lambic Belgian i kēia mau meaʻai.
- Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia ka paʻakai i ka pia! A ʻaʻole kēia he whim, akā he mea pono no ka hana ʻana i ka pia i ke ʻano o ka gose German kuʻuna - wheat sour ale, ka hana ʻana e hoʻohana ai i ka coriander a me ka lactic acid (ma ke ʻano he huahana o ka lactic fermentation). ʻO kēia ʻano, ma ke ala, ma kahi o hoʻokahi tausani mau makahiki, no laila ua ʻoi aku ka ʻelua o ka makahiki ma mua o ka German "Beer Purity Law" kaulana, a mākou e kamaʻilio ai ma hope. Ma ke ala, hoʻonui ka paʻakai i ka neʻe ʻana o ka sodium a me nā chlorides - e hoʻomanaʻo i ka ʻāpana 1, i kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka wai a me nā waiwai o kēia mau ion.
- Ua hoʻohana kekahi mau brewers i nā mea hoʻohui kikoʻī loa: nā haloo, ka ʻili lāʻau, nā dandelions, ka ʻīnika squid a me ka "whale burp" - kahi nui i hana ʻia i loko o ka ʻōpū o nā kohola.
Makemake wau e ʻōlelo noʻu iho: ma ke ʻano, ʻaʻohe pia me nā mea hoʻohui. Inā pono ʻoe e hoʻomākaukau i ka wai, e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i kāna ʻano mineral a me ka pH. A he mau mea hoʻohui kēia. inā no ka pono ʻoe e hoʻohana i ke kinoea - ua kamaʻilio mākou no ia. A he mau mea hoʻohui kēia. Akā e kamaʻilio kākou e pili ana i ka mālama ʻia ʻana o nā mea hoʻohui mai kahi ʻano kānāwai.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, e hoʻomanaʻo koke nā mea a pau i ke kānāwai pia kaulana loa - ʻo "Law on the Purity of Beer" a i ʻole Reinheitsgebot, ʻoi aku ia ma mua o 500 mau makahiki. ʻO kēia kānāwai i kaulana loa, kaulana a ʻike ʻia i uhi ʻia me kahi papa holoʻokoʻa o nā moʻolelo a me nā kuhi hewa i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e nā mea kūʻai aku. ʻO ka mea nui, manaʻo ka poʻe he nui wale ka pia e like me Reinheitsgeboth, a ʻo ke koena he huahana ia o ka hana o nā puʻupaʻa o kahi ʻohana equine home. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole maopopo ka poʻe akamai i ka mea i kākau ʻia i loko o kēia kānāwai a me kahi i puka mai ai ma ka laulā. E noʻonoʻo kākou.
- He moʻolelo ko ka Beer Purity Law ma mua o 500 mau makahiki - ʻo ka Bavarian Beer Purity Law o 1516 kekahi o nā kānāwai kahiko loa i ka hana meaʻai. ʻO ka nui o ka hauʻoli o ka poʻe Bavarians, ua loaʻa ke kānāwai kahiko loa e pili ana i ka maʻemaʻe o ka pia ma Thuringia a he 82 mau makahiki i ʻoi aku ma mua o ke kānāwai Bavarian i hoʻopuka ʻia - i ka makahiki 1351, ua hoʻopuka ʻia kahi kauoha kūloko ma Erfurt e hoʻohana i kekahi mau meaʻai i ka brewing. Ua hoʻomaka ke kaona ʻo Munich e hoʻomalu i nā breweries wale nō ma 1363, a ʻo ka haʻi mua ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka bale bale wale nō, nā hops a me ka wai i ka hana ʻana i nā lā mai 1453. I kēia manawa, ua paʻa ke kauoha Thuringian no kahi kokoke i 20 mau makahiki. Ua loaʻa kahi kauoha i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka makahiki 1434 a hoʻopuka ʻia ma Weissensee (Thuringia) ma Runneburg medieval kokoke i Erfurt i ka makahiki 1999.
- ʻO ka mana mua loa o ke kānāwai i hoʻoponopono ʻaʻole i ka nui o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka pia a me kona kumukūʻai. ʻO ke kauoha i kākau ʻia e Duke Wilhelm VI o Bavaria i hoʻoponopono mua i ke kumukūʻai o ka pia ma muli o ka manawa o ka makahiki, a hoʻokahi wale nō o nā mea i ʻōlelo ʻia i ke ʻano o nā mea ʻai: ʻaʻohe mea wale nō, ka bale, ka wai a me nā hops. ʻO ka manaʻo nui o ke Duke i ka mālama ʻana i ka meaʻai. No ka ʻae ʻana i ka palaoa bale wale nō e hoʻohana ʻia no ka kuke ʻana, ua pāpā ʻo Wilhelm i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka palaoa i ka hana ʻana i ka palaoa no ka mea he mea nui ia no ka hana ʻana i ka berena.
- ʻAʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia ka hū ma ka papa inoa o nā meaʻai i ʻae ʻia. akā, ʻaʻole ia he mea ʻole: ua ʻike maikaʻi nā Kelemania i ka hū, akā no ka lawe ʻia ʻana o lākou mai ka inu ʻana, ʻaʻole lākou i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ke kānāwai.
- Ua loaʻa i ka pūʻulu o nā lula kona inoa hou - Reinheitsgebot, ʻo ia hoʻi, "koi hoʻomaʻemaʻe" - i kēia manawa - ma kahi o hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki i hala. ʻO kēia mana, me kekahi mau hoʻololi, ke paʻa nei ma Kelemania a hiki i kēia lā a ʻelua mau ʻāpana: hoʻokahi e hoʻoponopono i ka hana ʻana o nā lagers, ʻo kekahi e hoʻoponopono i ka hana ʻana i nā ales. Ma muli o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka mākeke kūloko o ʻEulopa, ua apono ʻia ke kānāwai i loko o ke kānāwai ʻEulopa.
- ʻAʻole ʻae ka mana hou o ka Reinheitsgeboth i ka lawe ʻia ʻana mai o kekahi pia i Kelemānia a ʻaʻole ia e pāpā i nā mea inu kūloko mai ka haʻalele ʻana i ke kānāwai. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻoponopono hou ʻia ke kānāwai i kēlā me kēia manawa, e hahai ana i nā ʻano hana brewing hou, ʻoiai e mau ana ka conservative.
- I ka manawa like, ua hoʻokaʻawale ke kānāwai Kelemania i ka pia kūloko, brewed e like me ke kānāwai pia, mai kāna mau ʻano ʻē aʻe: ʻaʻohe kuleana o ka mea hope e kapa ʻia ʻo ka huaʻōlelo bier, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole lākou i kapa ʻia ka inoa idiotic "beer drink". .
- ʻOiai nā palena āpau a me kāna conservatism, ke hoʻololi nei ka Reinheitsgebot, e ʻae ana i nā breweries Kelemania e hana i kahi pia ʻokoʻa loa a ʻaʻole hoʻihoʻi i nā brewers hoʻokolohua i ke ʻano o marginals. Akā ʻoiai i kēia kūlana, nui nā mea hana Kelemania a me nā mea aloha pia, inā ʻaʻole kūʻē i ke kānāwai, a laila ma ka liʻiliʻi e makemake e hoʻololi.
ʻO kēia ke ʻano o ko lākou noho ʻana ma ʻEulopa a me Kelemania, kahi i hoʻomaka ai lākou e hana i ka pia i kahi manawa lōʻihi loa. I ka manawa like, ma Belgium, kahi e kamaʻilio ai me ka hū me ka manuahi, a ʻaʻole hilahila e hoʻohui i nā mea a lākou e makemake ai i ka pia, ʻaʻole lākou hopohopo nui. A hana lākou i ka pia maikaʻi loa, i kūʻai ʻia a puni ka honua.
Pehea ma ka Russian Federation? He mea kaumaha loa ma ʻaneʻi.
No ka mea i loko o ka Russian Federation aia ʻelua mau kānāwai, a i ʻole nā kūlana: GOST 31711-2012, ʻo ia no ka pia, a me GOST 55292-2012. ʻo ia no nā "mea inu pia". Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei au ua makemake nā luna kānāwai o ka home a me nā mea kākau o nā kūlana brewing Lūkini e kākau i kā lākou Reinheitsgebot ponoʻī me ka makemake a me nā wahine hoʻokamakama - akā ua hoʻololi ʻia e like me nā manawa a pau. E nānā kākou i nā momi nui.
ʻO kēia ka mea e pono ai i ka pia e like me GOST 31711-2012
akā ʻo kēia wale nō - he inu pia e like me GOST 55292-2012
No laila he aha kaʻu e ʻōlelo ai? ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo,ʻo ka inu pia he pia piha piha, maʻamau, i ka hanaʻana i kahi mea'ē aʻe i hoʻohanaʻia i nā mea maʻamau: no ka laʻana, citrus zest, seasoning a hua paha. A ʻo ka hopena, ma lalo o ka inoa weliweli ʻo "beer drink", ua ʻike ʻia kahi pia ma nā hale kūʻai i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā GOST āpau, ka Russian Federation a me ka Reinheitsgebot. Nā Laʻana: Hoegaarden - ua hana ʻia kona kupuna ma ke kauhale Flemish o ka inoa hoʻokahi (i kēia manawa ʻo Belgium) mai 1445, a laila hoʻohana ʻo ia i ka coriander a me ka ʻalani. Ke hopohopo nei anei ʻo Hoegaarden i ke kapa ʻia ʻana pēlā? Manaʻo wau ua pilikia ʻo ia. Akā ʻo kā mākou mea kūʻai pōkole pōkole, ma hope o ka heluhelu ʻana i ka palapala ma ka ʻōmole, ʻimi koke i nā hana noʻonoʻo paʻakikī e pili ana i kahi kipi honua a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo "ʻaʻole maoli ka pia a lākou e lawe mai nei i ka dispensary!" Ma ke ala, ma Rūsia ua hana ʻia ʻo Hoegaarden ma Rūsia ponoʻī - akā ʻoi aku ka nui ma hope.
No laila, inā ʻike ʻoe i nā huaʻōlelo "inu pia" ma ka hōʻailona kumukūʻai a i ʻole ka lepili, a laila e ʻike ʻoe he pia hoihoi loa kēia e pono ke hoʻāʻo. Inā ʻoe e ʻike i nā mea ʻono a me nā mea hoʻonaninani i hoʻomanaʻo ʻia i loko o ka haku mele - ʻo ia ka mimi e like me "Garage", ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mālama ʻole ʻana.
Akā e neʻe kākou! Ma muli o ka luku ʻana o ka Soviet Union ʻaʻole i loko o nā keʻena, akā ma nā poʻo, ke hoʻāʻo nei ʻo GOST e kaupalena i nā ʻano pia a me kāna ʻano. Eia naʻe, e like me nā "mea inu pia". E ʻike, %username%, ʻo ia:
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā mea a pau
ʻO ia hoʻi, he ʻanuʻu hema a ʻākau paha he hoʻāʻo e pakele, ʻo ka lele ʻana he hoʻāʻo e lele.
He mea paʻakikī iaʻu ke kūkākūkā i ka ikaika a me ka hohonu o kēia pupule, akā e hoʻopā wale wau i nā ʻāpana EBC - ʻo ia ke kala o ka pia e like me ka European Brewing Convention. ʻO kēia kaʻina hana i hoʻohana ʻia ma GOST, ʻoiai ua hoʻololi lōʻihi ka honua holoʻokoʻa i ka Standard Reference Method (SRM) hou. Akā ʻaʻole pili kēia - ua maʻalahi ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā waiwai i kekahi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano o Moray: EBC = 1,97 x SRM (ma ka pālākiō EBC hou) a i ʻole EBC = 2,65 x SRM - 1,2 (ma ka pālākiō EBC kahiko - a ʻae. , me SRM ua maʻalahi nā mea a pau).
Ma ke ala, ua kapa ʻia ka SRM i kekahi manawa ʻo ka Lovibond scale no ka hoʻohanohano ʻana i ka mea ʻike ʻo Joseph Williams Lovibond, ʻo ia ka mea hana brewer, ua manaʻo ʻo ia e hoʻohana i kahi colorimeter e hōʻike i ke kala o ka pia a me ka unahi. iho.
I ka pōkole, ʻano like kēia:
Inā heluhelu pono ʻoe a nānā iā %username%, a laila maopopo iā ʻoe. ʻO nā mea a pau ma lalo o EBC 31 he pia māmā, a ʻo nā mea a pau ma luna he pia ʻeleʻele. ʻo ia:
Me ka mahalo a pau, akā, he pupule kēlā ʻano hoʻohālikelike, mamao loa mai ka ʻoiaʻiʻo - akā mai nā mea nāna i hana i ka huaʻōlelo "inu pia". ʻO wai o kēia mau kīʻaha pia ʻelua āu e manaʻo ai he pia māmā?
Eia ka paneAia ma ka hema ʻo Guinness Nitro IPA, ma ka ʻākau ʻo Saldens Pineapple IPA. ʻO nā ʻano pia ʻelua ua kapa ʻia ʻo "beer māmā" ma nā kini.
A ma ke ala, English Pale Ale (literally: pale English ale) Fuller's London Pride, e like me GOST, he pia ʻeleʻele. Manaʻo wau he makapō kala.
Ma ke ala, i ka hopena o ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā meaʻai a ma mua o ka neʻe ʻana i ka ʻāpana aʻe, kahi e kamaʻilio ai mākou e pili ana i ka ʻenehana, e nānā kākou i kahi pōkole koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe i ka wehewehe ʻana i ka haku mele a me ka maikaʻi o ka pia. Ua ʻike mua ʻoe e pili ana iā IBU, SRM/EBC. ʻO ka manawa kēia e kamaʻilio e pili ana iā ABV.
ʻAʻole ʻo ABV he hoʻāʻo e hoʻomanaʻo iā ʻoe i ka pīʻāpā i ka wā, ma hope o ʻekolu lita, hoʻoholo ʻoe e heluhelu i kekahi mea - a huli ka lepili - ʻo ia ka Alcohol By Volume (ABV). Aia i loko o ka lepili he 4,5% ABV, 4,5% vol. aiʻole 4,5% vol. - ʻo kēia mau mea āpau ka pākēneka o ka ethanol i loko o ka mea inu, a ʻo ka "volume" ʻaʻole ia ka "turnover" moʻolelo, akā ʻo ka "volume". A ʻae - aia pū kekahi "degere o ka ikaika" - nā waiwai mōʻaukala i hoʻohana ʻole ʻia e kekahi i kēia manawa, a no laila ʻo "beer 4,5 degere" he 4,5% vol. hana ʻia e ko mākou Nui a Mana.
Inā makemake ʻoe i ka mōʻaukala o nā degere a mahalo iā D.I. MendeleevʻO ka mea inu ʻona i mea e hopohopo mau ai nā kānaka, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kumu kūʻai. Ua kākau ʻo Johann-Georg Tralles, he physicist Kelemania, kaulana no ka hana ʻana i ka mika waiʻona, i ka hana nui "Untersuchungen über die specifischen Gewichte der Mischungen ans Alkohol und Wasser" i ka makahiki 1812.
Kūlike nā Degere o Tralles i ka pākēneka hou o ka waiʻona ma ka nui o ka inu. No ka laʻana, 40 degere Tralles pono e like me 40% waiʻona ma ka leo. Eia nō naʻe, e like me kā D.I. Mendeleev i hōʻike ai, ʻo ka mea a Tralles i lawe ai no ka "waiʻona" - ka waiʻona maʻemaʻe, ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻonā wai ʻia, kahi i loaʻa ai he 88,55% waiʻona anhydrous wale nō, no laila ʻo ka inu 40-degere e like me Tralles e like me 35,42% "e like me ka Mendeleev”. No laila, no ka manawa mua ma ka honua, ua ʻike ka ʻepekema Lūkini ma lalo o ka hoʻopiha piha ʻana ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka bourgeoisie o waho.
I ka makahiki 1840, ua hana ʻo Academician GI Hess, i kauoha ʻia e ke aupuni Lūkini, i nā ʻano a me kahi mea hana no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka nui o ka waiʻona i loko o ka waina. Ma mua, ua ana ʻia ka ikaika me ka ʻōnaehana Tralles, a me ka "annealing". No ka laʻana, ʻo ka hui ʻana o ka waiʻona a me ka wai, ka mea i nalowale i ka hapalua o kona nui i ka wā o ka annealing (e pili ana i 38% ka waiʻona) i kapa ʻia he polugar (e like me ka "Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire" o 1830: "ua wehewehe ʻia i loko ʻO ke ala, ninini ʻia i loko o kahi mea hoʻohui inoa inoa aupuni, kahi laʻana o onago i puhi ʻia i ka hapalua i ka wā e hoʻopili ai. Ma ka hōʻike a ke Kuhina Waiwai Kankrin i ka makahiki 1843, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻaʻole i hāʻawi ʻia ka annealing waina a me ka English hydrometers i nā heluhelu pololei, a ʻo ka Tralles alcohol meter e koi i nā helu e hoʻoholo ai i ka ikaika, a no laila pono e hāʻawi i ka ʻōnaehana Tralles i kahi. ʻano kūpono no Rusia.
I ka makahiki 1847, ua paʻi ʻo Hess i ka puke "Accounting for Alcohol," nāna i wehewehe i nā lula no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mika waiʻona me nā papa no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka nui o ka ikaika a me ka dilution o ka waiʻona. ʻO ka lua o ka paʻi ʻana i ka makahiki 1849, ua loaʻa pū kekahi outline o ka mōʻaukala a me ke kumumanaʻo o ke ana paʻa. Ua hui pū nā papa ʻaina mika ʻona a Hess e like me Tralles me ka moʻomeheu Lūkini o ka helu hou ʻana i ka waiʻona no ka hapalua-gar. ʻAʻole i hōʻike ʻia ka ʻona waiʻona o Hess i ka ʻona, akā ʻo ka helu o nā bākeke wai i loaʻa ka mahana o 12,44 °R (degere Reaumur, 15,56 °C), pono e hoʻohui ʻia i 100 mau bākeke o ka waiʻona e hoʻāʻo ʻia e loaʻa ka hapalua. -gar, i wehewehe ʻia ʻo 38% ka waiʻona (ʻoiai aia ma ʻaneʻi nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa). Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana like ma ʻEnelani, kahi i hōʻoia ai (57,3% ka waiʻona) ka maʻamau.
I ka pōkole, hoʻopili wale ʻo Hess i nā mea āpau, a no laila mahalo iā Dmitry Ivanovich, nāna i hoʻolauna i ka manaʻo o ka pākēneka leo kūpono o ka waiʻona.
ʻAe, kahi e hele mai ai ka waiʻona i maopopo i nā mea a pau: ʻo ia ka huahana nui o ka fermentation alcoholic, a no laila e hele mai ia mai ka meaʻai o ka hū - ke kō. Mai ka malt mai ke kō. Aia ke kō i koe, akā ua pau ka hū. I kēia hihia, hoʻohui ka mea brewer i kahi ʻāpana hū. Akā inā makemake ʻoe e ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka pia, ʻaʻole lawa nā kō i hoʻoponopono ʻia i ka wort, a he pilikia kēia. ʻAʻohe kumu e hoʻohui i ka malt, no ka mea, ʻaʻole pili ka ratio o nā ʻano malt i ka waiʻona wale nō - a ua kūkākūkā mākou i kēia. ʻEeeee?
ʻElua mau ala kaulana. ʻO ka mea mua a hoʻohana nui ʻia: hāʻawi wale i ka hū i ka malt extract maʻalahi (ʻaʻole malt!), Maltose, meli a i ʻole kekahi mea ʻono. Hoʻohana naʻaupō nā ʻano ʻano liʻiliʻi i ke kō - ʻo ia hoʻi, sucrose, akā ua lilo ia i mea ʻono loa. I mea e pale aku ai i ka hoʻonanea ʻana i ka pia, hiki i ka mea hana ke hoʻohana i kekahi ʻano o ka syrup kulina a i ʻole ka dextrose no ka mea ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi ka hopena o kā lākou hoʻohui ʻana i ka ʻono hope loa. Ma keʻano laulā, ua hoʻohui mākou i nā kōpaʻa maʻalahi a loaʻa hou ka waiʻona. Akā aia kekahi pilikia.
Ke hiki i kekahi kaʻina o ka waiʻona, ʻaʻole hiki i ka hū ke kū a make i loko o kāna mau ʻōpala ponoʻī - ʻaʻole, kani ʻino loa ia, a no laila: ua ʻona lākou - kekahi mea hewa - i ka pōkole: make lākou. oki i ka hana, a i ole e make loa. No ka pale ʻana i kēia, hoʻohana nā mea hana pia ikaika i nā kolone hū kūikawā. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, ma ke ala, ma ia mau hihia, hoʻohana nā brewers i ka hū waina. Akā i kēia hihia, ʻaʻole hiki ke piʻi ma luna o 12-13%. A no ka mea...
ʻO ke ala ʻelua e hoʻonui ai i ka degere, ʻo ia ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻona waiʻona ma ka wehe ʻana i kekahi o ka wai ma ka hau. ʻO kēia ka hana ʻana o ka pia German Eisbock, no ka laʻana. Akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka pia ma mua o 12-13% kakaikahi loa.
ʻO kahi mea nui: ʻaʻohe mea e hoʻohui i ka waiʻona i ka pia. ʻAʻole loa. ʻO ka mea mua, e koi ana kēia i nā laikini hou no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waiʻona meaʻai, a ʻo ka lua, ʻo ia ka stratifies a paʻa ʻole ka pia. A no ke aha e kūʻai ai i kahi mea i loaʻa mua ma muli o ka fermentation? ʻAe, ua ʻike maopopo ka pia i ka waiʻona, akā ʻaʻole kēia he hopena o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ethanol, akā aia wale nō nā esters kikoʻī i loko o ka pia (e hoʻomanaʻo i ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā esters?)
Ma ke ala, e hoʻouna hou wau i nā kukuna o ka inaina i ka Russian GOST 31711-2012:
ʻO wau iho, ʻaʻole maopopo iaʻu "ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi" a me "+-" - ʻo ia ke ʻano hiki iaʻu ke kūʻai aku i ka pia i loko o 0,5% a ʻaʻole nāwaliwali? ʻAe, a ʻo ke kiʻi hoʻokalakupua kiʻekiʻe loa o ka pia he 8,6% mai kēia palapala. A no laila, ʻaʻole maopopo nā mea a pau i ʻoi aku ka ikaika. Ua ʻakaʻaka nui nā Kelemania i kēia. I ka pōkole, ʻike ka diabolo, a aloha i ka State Scientific Institution "VNIIPBiVP" o ka Russian Agricultural Academy, ka mea hoʻomohala o ka maʻamau.
Akā naʻe, ua puka mai kahi heluhelu lōʻihi. Ua lawa!
A me he mea la ua luuluu na kanaka i keia moolelo holookoa. No laila, e hoʻomaha wau, a inā he hoihoi, i ka manawa aʻe e kamaʻilio pōkole mākou e pili ana i ka ʻenehana brewing, e aʻo i nā mea huna o ka pia ʻole a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i kekahi mau moʻolelo. No ka mea ʻaʻole wau he ʻenehana, ʻo ka loiloi o ka ʻenehana he philistine loa, akā, ke manaʻo nei au, e wehewehe ʻia nā pae nui a me nā nīnau e pili ana i nā ipu, kānana a me ka pasteurization.
Pōmaikaʻi, %username%!
Puna: www.habr.com