Aloha %username%.
E like me ka mea mau, ʻaʻole au e hoʻomaha.
A ʻo ke kumu o kēia ka iodine pentafluoride a !
Ma keʻano laulā, hoʻomanaʻo mākou a pau (manaʻolana) i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hana a Ridley Scott a me ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni kupanaha "Alien", aʻu e paipai nei, ʻoiai ʻo ia mai ka makahiki 1979. Ma ka hopena o kēia ʻatikala, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo wau ʻaʻole ʻoluʻolu wale ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni - he SCIENTIFIC!
A no kēia, e hoʻopaʻa mākou i ko mākou hoʻomanaʻo a hoʻomanaʻo i ka hopena: Ua kau ʻo Ripley i ka moku kaʻa a ʻike koke i kahi Alien ma laila.
A i kēia manawa e loaʻa kekahi mau kiʻi, nā hoʻomanaʻo mahana a me ke kemika.
Ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana i ka Alien, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Ripley e puhi i nā kinoea kūikawā ma luna ona. Ke hīmeni ʻana i kahi mele e pili ana i kahi hōkū laki, wehe ʻo Ripley i kēia papa maʻalahi.
Nā kinoea kūikawā ma ke kaʻa kaʻa
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka papa inoa:
- A. Iodine pentafluoride.
- B. Isobutane.
- C. Methyl chloride.
- D. Nitrosyl chloride.
- E. Methyl bromide.
- F. Isobutylene.
- G. Phosphine.
- N. Silana.
- I. Perfluoropropane.
- J. Phosgene.
- K. Kekahi mea me ka "A", argon? ʻAʻole maopopo iaʻu, ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke ʻike.
No laila, ho'āʻo ʻo Ripley e puhi mua i kā mākou hoaaloha me ka iodine pentafluoride:
ʻO ka ho'āʻo mua
ʻAʻole mahalo nui ka Alien i kēia mau hana.
A laila hoʻomaʻamaʻa mākou me ka methyl chloride.
ʻO ka ho'āʻo ʻelua
Also zero i ka honua.
ʻO ke kolu o ka manawa - pōmaikaʻi! Hoʻopau mākou i ka mea hana me ka nitrosyl chloride.
ʻEkolu hoʻāʻo
A eia ka wiliwili a me ka hoolei ana
Ua hoʻopau ʻia me ka hoʻolei ʻia ʻana i ka lewa a puhi ʻia i loko o ka pauku mai ka ʻenekini.
Ma ke ala, ʻaʻole i pau ka Alien i ka pau, ʻo ia ka mea nui
I kēia manawa, e nānā kākou i ka mea a kākou i ʻike ai.
He aha ke ʻano o nā kinoea?
He ʻano ʻano ʻē maoli ʻo "Nā Kino Kūikawā ma ka Shuttle".
1. Iodine pentafluoride IF5
ʻAe, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole he kinoea ka iodine pentafluoride, akā he wai melemele kaumaha me kahi paila o 97,85 °C. , He mea hoʻoheheʻe fluoridating ikaika loa kēia, ʻo ia hoʻi, inā i puhi ʻia kā mākou holoholona liʻiliʻi me kēia ʻōpala i ka wela o ka wai paila, ʻoiaʻiʻo ia! Nui nā nīnau i hāpai ʻia e ka mea i hana ʻia ai ka shuttle, ʻoiai ʻo ka iodine pentafluoride e hoʻopau maʻalahi ʻaʻole wale i nā metala, akā ke aniani pū kekahi. He mau nīnau e pili ana i ko Ripley's spacesuit - akā ʻo ia nō.
2. Isobutane CH(CH3)3
ʻO Isobutane kahi kinoea lapalapa maʻamau (ma ke ala, me ka helu octane o 100), hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko a ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomaha. ʻAʻole i hoʻohana ʻo Ripley - a pololei: inā ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka iodine pentafluoride nā hopena, he aha ke kumu? Eia kekahi, ma laila paha he mau ʻulaʻula ma hope, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hiki ke pahū.
3. Methyl chloride CH3Cl
ʻO ka Methyl chloride he kinoea ʻona ʻole me ka ʻala ʻono. Ma muli o ke ʻala haʻahaʻa, hiki ke ʻalo ʻia nā mea ʻona a pahū paha. Ua hoʻohana mua ʻia ʻo Chloromethane ma ke ʻano he refrigerant, akā ma muli o kona ʻona a me ka pahū ʻaʻole i hoʻohana hou ʻia i kēia hana. Hoʻohana nui i kēia manawa: hana polymer, ma ke ʻano he methylating agent i ka organik synthesis, ma ke ʻano he wahie rocket, ma ke ʻano he mea lawe i ka polymerization haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ma ke ʻano he wai no nā mea thermometric a me thermostatic, ma ke ʻano he herbicide (i kaupalena ʻia ma muli o ka toxicity).
Hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻona o ka methyl chloride me kāna hydrolysis i ka methyl alcohol - a laila, e like me kaʻu i kākau mua ai. .
ʻAʻole ʻike ʻo Ripley i ka biochemistry, a i ʻole ka manaʻolana ua loaʻa i ka Alien ka waiʻona dehydrogenase i loko o kona kino, a hiki ke inu pono me ia. Akā, e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, ʻaʻole i holo ka hana - ʻaʻole i kūleʻa ka lua o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana a Ripley.
4. Nitrosyl chloride NOCl
ʻO ka Nitrosyl chloride he kinoea ʻulaʻula, mea ʻawaʻawa, me kahi ʻala ʻeha. ʻIke mau ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he huahana o ke kaʻina decomposition o ka aqua regia - kahi hui ʻana o ka hydrochloric a me ka nitric acids - ʻo ia ka mea pilau a piʻi aʻe kona huelo ma luna ona i ka wā e wela ai (hoʻohu ʻia me nā oxides nitrogen). Ke kamaʻilio nei au iā ia .
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Nitrosyl chloride ma ke ʻano he chlorinating agent; ma ke ala, ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui meaʻai me ka index E919 - ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomaikaʻi a me ka stabilizer kala no nā mea i hoʻomoʻa ʻia. I kekahi manawa ua hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻomaʻemaʻe a hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka wai inu.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka nitrosyl chloride liʻiliʻi loa i ka ʻoihana meaʻai; i ka manawa like, i kona ʻano maʻemaʻe, ʻo kēia mea ka mea i hoʻopilikia nui loa i ke ola a me ke olakino. ʻO ka inhalation o kāna mau mahu ke kumu o ka huhū nui o ka mucous membranes, ka edema pulmonary, bronchospasm, asthmatic attack, a me kekahi mau hōʻike ʻē aʻe o ka hanu hanu. ʻO ka pili kino ke alakaʻi i ke ahi kemika i ka ʻili.
ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha ʻaʻole makemake nui ka Alien iā ia.
5. Methyl bromide CH3Br
Ua like kona ano me ka methyl chloride. Hoʻohui ʻia, hoʻohui i ka synthesis organik, hoʻohana ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he fumigant no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā mea kanu mai nā iniseti unahi, nā pepeke unahi hoʻopunipuni a me nā mealybugs, a me ka pale ʻana i nā pōpoki o nā lāʻau, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea kanu hou a maloʻo a me nā huaʻai, a emi pinepine no ka hana palaoa. Ma ke ʻano he fumigant ua pāpā ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma muli o ka ʻawaʻawa e like me ka Montreal Protocol.
Ua hoʻohana pū ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā lole i hoʻohana ʻia, akā eia hoʻi ua haʻalele ʻia ma muli o ka ʻawaʻawa (no laila hiki iā ʻoe ke hele palekana i SecondHand).
Ua pololei loa ʻo Ripley ʻaʻole e hoʻohana ia - he aha ka manaʻo inā ʻaʻole kōkua ka methyl chloride?
6. Isobutylene CH2C(CH3)2
He kinoea lapalapa i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā polymers. ʻAʻohe mea kūikawā, e like ka hopena me ka isobutane.
7. Phosphine PH3
Hoʻopilikia ke kinoea ʻawaʻawa i ka metabolism a pili i ka ʻōnaehana nūnū waena; pili pū kekahi i nā kīʻaha koko, nā ʻōpū hanu, ate, a me nā puʻupaʻa. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia he mea hoʻohana kaua kemika - a ma ke ala, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea ʻawaʻawa o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka phosphorus melemele me ka wai (kahi kuhikuhi hou i ). ʻAʻole ʻala ke kinoea maʻemaʻe, aia nā kinoea ʻenehana i nā haumia, ʻo ia ke kumu e pilau ai me he iʻa popopo.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka Phosphine i ka synthesis o organophosphates, ma ke ʻano he kumu o nā mea haumia phosphorus i ka hana ʻana o nā semiconductors, a me kahi fumigant - kahi koho i ka methyl bromide i pāpā ʻia. ʻIke ʻia, ma ka hoʻohālikelike me ka methyl bromide a me ka methyl chloride, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Ripley ʻaʻole e kōkua ka phosphine.
8. Silane, a i ole ia, monosilane SiH4
ʻO ke kinoea kala ʻole me kahi ʻala maikaʻi ʻole. Pono e ʻōlelo ʻia ma ke alo o ka oxygen, monosilane oxidizes wikiwiki a hiki i ka ea wela. Ke kākau nei lākou he mea ʻawaʻawa ka silane me ka LC50 o 0,96% no nā ʻiole - akā e hoʻomaopopo ana i nā waiwai o ka silane a me ka pono o ka ʻiole e hanu i kekahi mea, a laila, ʻeha wale nā ʻiole i ka nele o ka oxygen, a i ʻole lākou i puhi ʻia i loko o kahi lapalapa. a i ʻole .
Hoʻohana ʻia ia i nā ʻano hopena like ʻole o ka synthesis organik (ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā organosilicon polymers, etc.), ma ke ʻano he kumu o ka silikoni maʻemaʻe no ka ʻoihana microelectronics i ka hana ʻana i nā kiʻi kiʻi crystalline a me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi e pili ana i ka silika, nā pale LCD, nā substrates a me nā papa ʻenehana. o nā kaapuni i hoʻohui ʻia, a me ka hana ʻana i ka polysilicon ultra-pure.
Manaʻo wau ua makaʻu maoli ʻo Ripley i ke ahi, a no laila ʻaʻole i hoʻohana i ka silane ma ka Alien.
9. Perfluoropropane C3F8
ʻO ka Perfluoropropane kahi mea maʻamau o nā hydrocarbons perfluorinated. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka refrigerant. Haʻahaʻa-flammability, non-explosive, low-toxic. E like me nā perfluorocarbons a pau, hiki iā ia ke hana i kahi hopena ʻōmaʻomaʻo ikaika i mau haneli mau manawa ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o CO2, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka terraforming. Ma ke ala, ʻaʻole ia e hana i kahi hopena greenhouse.
Ua hoʻoholo ʻo Ripley, ʻaʻohe mea e pono ai ka perfluoropropane, kūpono wale ia no nā holoholona e hanu ana i ka oxygen - akā no ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka holo ikaika ʻana o ka Alien i ka lewa, ʻaʻole ia he koho.
10. Phosgene COCl2
ʻO kahi koho maikaʻi o ka lāʻau make no nā kānaka a me nā mammals - ke kamaʻilio nei wau no ia . Hoʻohana pū ʻia i ka synthesis organik.
ʻIke ʻia, ua hoʻomaopopo ʻo Ripley he ʻokoʻa loa ka Alien mai ka biology o nā mammals, a no laila ʻaʻole i koho i ka phosgene. He "helu ʻehā" paha ia ma hope o ka nitrosyl chloride. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ma ʻaneʻi.
11. Ha? Argon?
ʻAʻohe mea kūikawā - he kinoea inert. ʻAʻole pili me kekahi mea.
He mea ʻole hoʻi, e like me perfluoropropane.
haʻina
- ʻO Ripley, i loko o kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi, ua hana me ka noʻonoʻo a me ka noʻonoʻo: pale ʻo ia i ke ahi, koho maikaʻi ʻia nā kinoea e puhi i ka Alien - ua hana pono nā mea āpau.
- ʻAʻole maopopo loa i ke ʻano o ka Alien? Ma muli o ka causticity o kona kohu, aia kekahi mea e like me ka chlorine trifluoride, akā pono kona mahana ma lalo o +12 °C, i ʻole e paila kēia mea. Hana ʻia kona koko mai ka bromine fluoride (ke kamaʻilio nei wau no lākou )? A laila he aha ka mea i hana ʻia: ʻaʻole makaʻu ia i ke kiʻekiʻe a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, akā he mea nui ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wā wela - e hoʻomanaʻo i ka hopena o Alien 3, kahi ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i hiki ke pahū me ka wai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. ʻAʻole kūpono ka organosilicon - e hoʻoheheʻe nā fluoride. ʻO kekahi ʻano organofluorine? Akā, no ke aha i hana ai ka nitrosyl chloride? Ma ʻaneʻi ua haʻalele nā mea hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni i kahi mea pohihihi.
- ʻAʻole maopopo loa i ka mea i hana ʻia ai ka moku: ʻaʻole makaʻu i ka iodine pentafluoride wela, nitrosyl chloride - akā ʻai ʻia e ka kohu o ka Alien. Inā loaʻa i ke koko o ka Alien nā ʻakika nui (heluhelu e pili ana iā lākou ma ), a laila ʻano ʻē ke kūʻē ʻana i nā kinoea. Inā loaʻa nā halogen fluoride i loko o ke koko o kahi malihini, he mea kupanaha ka pau ʻana o ka moku iā lākou, akā ola iodine pentafluoride. Pohihihi lua.
- ʻO ka Nostromo kālepa kālepa, a i ʻole ka mea hoʻopakele hoʻopakele, ua lako ʻole ʻia me nā kinoea e pono ai no ka synthesis organik (fluorination, methylation, polymer reactions, chlorination), nā kinoea no ka mālama ʻana i nā mea kanu e kūʻē i nā pests, nā wahie kinoea, nā refrigerants, nā mea maka no ka hana semiconductor a me nā kinoea. no ka hana ʻana i ka terraforming. Ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻohana ka mea hoʻokele i ka ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe e ola ai? Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka wā e hiki mai ana (ua ʻōlelo ka mana kumu o ka palapala e pili ana i 2087)…
- ʻO "Alien" ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni maikaʻi loa. ʻAʻole like me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni Hollywood ʻē aʻe, ua manaʻo ʻia a hiki i nā kikoʻī kemika.
Source: www.habr.com