I loko o nā hale hōʻikeʻike a me nā waihona o kēia wā, mālama ʻia nā kikokikona kahiko, nā manuscript a me nā puke i kekahi mau kūlana, e hiki ai iā lākou ke mālama i ko lākou ʻano mua no nā hanauna e hiki mai ana. ʻO ka ʻelele maikaʻi loa o nā manuscript incorruptible i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka Dead Sea Scrolls (Qumran manuscripts), i loaʻa mua i ka makahiki 1947 a mai ka makahiki 408 BC. e. Ua ola kekahi o nā ʻōwili i nā ʻāpana wale nō, akā ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole i hoʻopā ʻia e ka manawa. A eia ka nīnau maopopo - pehea ka poʻe i ʻoi aku ma mua o 2000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei i hana i nā manuscripts i ola a hiki i kēia lā? ʻO kēia ka mea a ka Massachusetts Institute of Technology i hoʻoholo ai e ʻike. He aha ka mea i ʻike ʻia e nā ʻepekema i loko o nā ʻōwili kahiko a he aha nā ʻenehana i hoʻohana ʻia e hana ai? Aʻo mākou e pili ana i kēia mai ka hōʻike a nā mea noiʻi. Hele.
Ka Hanana Hōʻike
I ka makahiki 1947 i hala iho nei, hele nā kahu hipa Bedouin ʻo Muhammad ed-Dhib, Juma Muhammad a me Khalil Musa e ʻimi i kahi hipa nalowale, a alakaʻi iā lākou i nā ana o Qumran. Ua noho mālie ka mōʻaukala e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka artiodactyl nalowale i nā kahu hipa, akā ua ʻike lākou i kahi mea waiwai nui mai ka ʻike mōʻaukala - he mau hue pālolo kahi i hūnā ʻia ai nā ʻōwili kahiko.
Na ana o Qumran.
Ua lawe mai o Mahometa i kekahi mau owili a lawe mai i kona wahi e hoike aku ai i kona mau hoa ohana. I kekahi manawa ma hope mai, ua hoʻoholo ka Bedouins e hāʻawi i nā puke i kahi mea kālepa i kapa ʻia ʻo Ibrahim Ija ma Betelehema, akā ua manaʻo ka poʻe hope iā lākou he ʻōpala, me ka manaʻo ua ʻaihue ʻia lākou mai ka hale pule. ʻAʻole i pau nā Bedouins i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e kūʻai aku i kā lākou mea i loaʻa a hele i kahi mākeke ʻē aʻe, kahi i hāʻawi aku ai kahi Karistiano Suria e kūʻai i nā ʻōwili mai iā lākou. ʻO ka hopena, ua hui pū kekahi sheikh, nona ka inoa i ʻike ʻole ʻia, a ʻōlelo aku iā ia e hoʻopili i ka mea kūʻai kahiko ʻo Khalil Eskander Shahin. ʻO ka hopena o kēia ʻimi paʻakikī no kahi mākeke ʻo ke kūʻai ʻana i nā ʻōwili no 7 paona Jordanian (ʻoi aku ma mua o $314).
ʻO nā hue i loaʻa ai nā ʻōwili.
Ua ʻohi paha nā ʻōwili makaʻu ʻole i ka lepo ma luna o nā waihona o kahi mea kūʻai mea kahiko inā ʻaʻole lākou i huki i ka manaʻo o Kauka John C. Traver o ke Kula ʻAmelika ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (ASOR), nāna i hoʻohālikelike i nā kumuhana o nā ʻōwili me nā mea like. i loko o ka Nash papyrus, ka palapala Baibala kahiko loa i ʻike ʻia, a loaʻa nā mea like ma waena o lākou.
ʻO ka puke o ʻIsaia e loaʻa ana ka ʻatikala piha o ka Buke a ke kāula ʻo ʻIsaia. ʻO 734 knm ka lōʻihi o ka ʻōwili.
I Malaki 1948, i ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kaua Arab-Israeli, lawe ʻia nā ʻōwili i Beirut (Lebanona). Ma ka lā 11 o ʻApelila, 1948, ua hoʻolaha kūkala ke poʻo ASOR ʻo Millar Burrows i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻōwili. Mai ia manawa mai, ua hoʻomaka ʻia kahi hulina piha no ke ana (ua kapa ʻia ʻo Cave No. 1) kahi i loaʻa ai nā ʻōwili mua. I ka makahiki 1949, ua hāʻawi ke aupuni o Ioredane i ka ʻae e hana i nā hulina ma ka ʻāina ʻo Qumran. A i ka lā 28 o Ianuali, 1949, ua loaʻa ke ana e ka Belgian United Nations observer Captain Philippe Lippens a me ke kāpena o ka Arab Legion Akkash el-Zebn.
Mai ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻōwili mua, ua ʻike ʻia nā manuscript 972, ua piha kekahi o ia mau mea, a ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia kekahi o ia mau mea ma ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana kaʻawale. He liʻiliʻi loa nā ʻāpana, a ʻoi aku ko lākou helu ma mua o 15 (ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i nā mea i loaʻa ma ke ana No. 000). Ua hoʻāʻo kekahi o nā mea noiʻi e hoʻohui iā lākou a hiki i kona make ʻana i ka makahiki 4, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopau i kāna hana.
Nā ʻāpana o nā ʻōwili.
Ma ke ʻano o ka ʻike, aia nā puke o ka Dead Sea Scrolls i nā puke Baibala, apocrypha a me pseudepigrapha a me nā palapala a ka poʻe Qumran. Ua ʻano like ʻole ka ʻōlelo o nā kikokikona: Hebera, Aramaic a me Helene.
Ua kākau ʻia nā kikokikona me ka lanahu, a ʻo nā mea no nā ʻōwili ponoʻī he ʻili ʻili kao a me nā hipa, a he mau palapala ma ka pepa. Ua hana ʻia kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o nā ʻōwili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano o ka embossing kikokikona ma luna o nā ʻāpana keleawe keleawe, a laila ʻōwili ʻia a waiho ʻia i loko o nā hue. ʻAʻole hiki ke wehe i ia mau ʻōwili me ka luku ʻole ʻia ma muli o ka ʻino, no laila ʻokiʻoki nā mea kālaihonua i ʻāpana, a laila hōʻuluʻulu ʻia i hoʻokahi kikokikona.
Nā ʻāpana o ka ʻōwili keleawe.
Inā hōʻike nā ʻōwili keleawe i ke ʻano kūlike ʻole a me ke ʻano lokoino o ka hele ʻana o ka manawa, a laila aia kekahi mau mea i manaʻo ʻole i ka mana. ʻO kekahi o ia mau hiʻohiʻona he ʻōwili 8 mika ka lōʻihi e huki i ka manaʻo me kona mānoanoa liʻiliʻi a me ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻelepani ʻālohilohi. Ua kapa ʻia e ka poʻe kālaihonua ʻo "Temple Scroll" ma muli o ke kuhikuhi ʻana ma ka kikokikona i ka luakini mua, kahi a Solomona i manaʻo ai e kūkulu. ʻO ka parchment o kēia ʻōwili he ʻano papa hana i loko o kahi mea kumu collagenous a me kahi papa inorganic atypical.
Owili luakini. Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike maikaʻi i ka puke holoʻokoʻa o ka luakini .
Ua kālailai nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka hana a mākou e nānā nei i kēia lā i ka haku mele ʻana o kēia ʻano ʻano like ʻole me ka X-ray a me Raman spectroscopy a ʻike ʻia nā pōhaku paʻakai (sulfate evaporites). Hōʻike kēlā ʻike i kahi ala kūʻokoʻa no ka hana ʻana i ka ʻōwili i kālai ʻia, hiki ke hōʻike i nā mea huna o ka mālama ʻana i nā kikokikona kahiko i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ko mākou manawa.
Nā hualoaʻa o ka ʻatikala o ka luakini
E like me ka ʻike ʻana o ka poʻe ʻepekema (a e like me kā mākou e ʻike ai ma nā kiʻi), ʻeleʻele loa ka hapa nui o ka Dead Sea Scrolls i ka waihoʻoluʻu, a ʻo kahi hapa liʻiliʻi he māmā. Ma waho aʻe o kona hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa, aia ka Temple Scroll i kahi ʻano ʻāpana he nui me nā kikokikona i kākau ʻia ma kahi papa ʻelepani ʻelepani e uhi ana i ka ʻili i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke kumu o ka ʻōwili. Ma ke kua o ka ʻōwili e ʻike ai ʻoe i ka waiho ʻana o nā lauoho ma ka ʻili.
Kiʻi #1: А - ke ʻano o ka ʻōwili, B - kahi kahi i ʻike ʻole ʻia ai ka papa inorganic a me nā kikokikona, С — ʻaoʻao kikokikona (hema) a ʻaoʻao hope (akau), D - hōʻike ka mālamalama i ka hele ʻana o kahi ʻāpana ʻaʻohe papa inorganic (nā wahi māmā), Е — Hoʻonui ʻia ka micrograph optical o ka wahi i hōʻike ʻia e ka laina kiko ma 1C.
Nā wāwae wāwae lauoho lauoho*, ʻike ʻia ma ke kua o ka ʻōwili (1A), ʻōlelo lākou ua kākau ʻia kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻōwili ma loko o ka ʻili.
Ka lauoho lauoho* - he kino i loaʻa i loko o nā dermis o ka ʻili a he 20 mau ʻano ʻano cell. ʻO ka hana nui o kēia kino ikaika e hoʻoponopono i ka ulu ʻana o ka lauoho.
Aia ma ka ʻaoʻao kikokikona he mau wahi “ʻeleu” kahi ʻaʻohe papa inorganic (1C, hema), ʻo ia ka mea e ʻike ʻia ai ka papa kumu collagen melemele. Ua ʻike pū ʻia nā wahi i ʻōwili ʻia ai ka ʻōwili kahi i "paʻi hou ʻia" ka kikokikona, a me ka papa hana ʻole ma ke kua o ka ʻōwili.
µXRF a me EDS scroll analysis
Ma hope o ka nānā maka ʻana i ka ʻōwili, hana nā ʻepekema µXRF* и EDS* kālailai.
XRF* (X-ray fluorescence analysis) - spectroscopy, ka mea e hiki ai ke ʻike i ka haku mele o kekahi mea ma o ke kālailai ʻana i ka spectrum i ʻike ʻia i ka wā e hoʻomālamalama ʻia ai ka mea e aʻo ʻia me ka radiation X-ray. 'Oko'a ka µXRF (micro-X-ray fluorescence) mai ka XRF ma ka ho'onā 'ana o ka spatial ha'aha'a loa.
EDS* (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) he ʻano o ka nānā ʻana elemental o kahi paʻa, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka nānā ʻana i ka ikehu hoʻokuʻu ʻana o kāna kikoʻī X-ray.
Kiʻi #2
He mea kaulana ka puke o ka luakini no kona heterogeneity (2A) e pili ana i ka haku mele ʻana, no kēia kumu i hoʻoholo ai ka poʻe ʻepekema e hoʻohana i nā ʻano loiloi kikoʻī e like me µXRF a me EDS ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka ʻōwili.
ʻO ka huina µXRF spectrum o nā wahi hoihoi (nā wahi o ka ʻōwili kahi i hana ʻia ai ka nānā ʻana) i hōʻike i kahi ʻano paʻakikī o ka papa inorganic, i loaʻa i nā mea he nui, ʻo ia ka mea nui (2С): sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), alumini (Al), silikoni (Si), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S) chlorine (Cl), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), hao (Fe) a me ka bromine (Br).
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka palapala ʻāina māhele µXRF ua puʻunaue ʻia nā mea nui Na, Ca, S, Mg, Al, Cl a me Si a puni ka ʻāpana. Hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ua puʻunaue like ʻia ka alumini ma loko o ka ʻāpana, akā ʻaʻole mākaukau nā ʻepekema e ʻōlelo i kēia me ka 100% pololei ma muli o ka like ikaika ma waena o ka laina K o alumini a me ka L-laina o bromine. Akā, wehewehe ka poʻe noiʻi i ka hiki ʻana o ka potassium (K) a me ka hao (Fe) ma o ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ka ʻōwili, ʻaʻole ma ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kēia mau mea i loko o kona ʻano i ka wā o ka hana ʻana. Aia kekahi hoʻonui ʻia o Mn, Fe a me Br ma nā ʻāpana mānoanoa o ka ʻāpana kahi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻole ʻia ai ka papa organik.
Hōʻike ka Na a me Cl i ka puʻunaue like a puni ka wahi aʻo, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka neʻe ʻana o kēia mau mea ma nā wahi i loaʻa kahi papa kūlohelohe. Eia naʻe, aia nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o Na a me Cl. Ua mahele like 'ia ka Na, oiai 'a'ole hahai o Cl i ke ano o na poha a me na delamina li'ili'i ma ka papa inorganic. No laila, hiki ke hōʻike ʻia nā palapala hoʻohālikelike o ka hāʻawi ʻana o Na-Cl i ka noho ʻana o ka sodium chloride (NaCl, ʻo ia hoʻi.
Ma hope aʻe, ua hana nā mea noiʻi i ka scanning electron microscopy (SEM–EDS) o nā wahi hoihoi ma ka ʻōwili, e hiki ai iā lākou ke helu i nā mea kemika ma ka ʻili o ka ʻōwili. Hāʻawi ʻo EDS i ka hoʻonā spatial lateral kiʻekiʻe ma muli o ke ʻano pāpaʻu o ke komo ʻana o ka electron. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi microscope electron scanning haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa no ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia hopena no ka mea e hōʻemi ana i ka pōʻino i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka vacuum a e ʻae i ka palapala palapala kumu o nā mea hoʻohālike ʻole.
Ka nānā 'ana i nā palapala 'elemu EDS (2D) hōʻike i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻāpana i ka ʻāpana hoihoi o ka papa inorganic, ka mea nui i loko o ka sodium, sulfur a me ka calcium. Ua loaʻa hoʻi ka silikoni i loko o ka papa inorganic, akā ʻaʻole i loko o nā ʻāpana Na-S-Ca i loaʻa ma ka ʻili o ka papa inorganic. Loaʻa ka ʻoi aku ka nui o ka alumini a me ka chlorine ma waena o nā ʻāpana a me nā mea kūlohelohe.
Nā palapala 'āina o nā mea sodium, sulfur a me ka calcium (i hoʻokomo ʻia ma 2B) hōʻike i ka pilina maopopo ma waena o kēia mau mea ʻekolu, a hōʻike nā pua i nā ʻāpana i ʻike ʻia ka sodium a me ka sulfur, akā liʻiliʻi ka calcium.
Kiʻi #3
Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻo µXRF a me EDS ka nānā ʻana i ka papa inorganic i loko o nā ʻāpana waiwai i ka sodium, calcium a me ka sulfur, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻae kēia mau ʻano noiʻi i kahi noiʻi kikoʻī o nā paʻa kemika a me nā ʻano o ka pae, no laila ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Raman spectroscopy (Raman spectroscopy) no kēia kumu.
No ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka fluorescence hope i ʻike pinepine ʻia ma Raman spectra, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā lōʻihi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. I kēia hihia, hiki iā Raman spectroscopy ma kahi hawewe nalu o 1064 nm hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻiliʻili i ka ʻikepili mai nā ʻāpana nui (400 μm ke anawaena) (3A). Hōʻike ʻia nā mea kikoʻī ʻelua i ʻekolu mau mea nui: ʻelua kiʻekiʻe sulfate ma 987 a me 1003 cm-1, kahi piko nitrate ma 1044 cm-1, a me nā protein maʻamau o ka collagen a i ʻole gelatin.
I mea e hoʻokaʻawale pono ai i nā ʻāpana organik a me nā mea ʻole o ka ʻāpana i aʻo ʻia o ka ʻōwili, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka radiation infrared kokoke i 785 nm. Ma ke kiʻi 3B ʻIke maopopo ʻia ke kikoʻī o nā fiber collagen (spectrum I) a me nā ʻāpana inorganic (spectra II a me III).
ʻO ka piko kiko o nā kolagen fibers e pili ana i nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ka nitrate ma 1043 cm-1, hiki ke pili me ka haʻalulu o nā ion NO3− ma NH4NO3.
Hōʻike nā kikoʻī o nā ʻāpana i loaʻa iā Na, S a me Ca e loaʻa i ka papa inorganic nā ʻāpana mai nā hui ʻana o nā minela paʻa sulfate ma nā ʻano like ʻole.
No ka hoʻohālikelike, hāʻule nā kiʻekiʻe spectral o ka hui synthetic maloʻo o Na2SO4 a me CaSO4 ma 450 a me 630 cm-1, i.e. ʻokoʻa mai ka spectra o ka hāpana i aʻo ʻia (3B). Eia nō naʻe, inā maloʻo ka hui like ʻana me ka hoʻoheheʻe wikiwiki ʻana ma 250 ° C, e hui like ka Raman spectra me ka spectra o ka Temple Scroll i kāna mau ʻāpana sulfate.
Hoʻopili ʻia ka Spectrum III me nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi loa i ka papa inorganic me ke anawaena o kahi o 5-15 µm (3С). Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana i ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o Raman ma kahi lōʻihi hawewe o 785 nm. Hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻailona hōʻailona triplet spectral ma 1200, 1265 a me 1335 cm-1 i nā ʻāpana vibrational o ke ʻano "Na2-X". ʻO kēia triplet kahi hiʻohiʻona o nā sulfate i loaʻa i ka Na a loaʻa pinepine ʻia i loko o nā minela e like me thenardite (Na2SO4) a me glauberite (Na2SO4 CaSO4).
Kiʻi #4
Ua hoʻohana nā ʻepekema i ka EDS no ka hana ʻana i kahi palapala ʻāina o nā wahi nui o ka Temple Scroll ma ka ʻaoʻao kikokikona a me ke kua. ʻO ka huli ʻana, ʻo ka ʻimi ʻana i hope o ka ʻaoʻao kikokikona māmā (4B) a me ka ʻaoʻao hope ʻeleʻele (4C) ua hōʻike ʻia kahi haku mele ʻokoʻa. No ka laʻana, ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka māwae nui ma ka ʻaoʻao me ka kikokikona (4B) hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa o ka mānoanoa electron ma waena o ka papa inorganic a me ka mea kolagen lalo.
A laila, ua helu ʻia nā mea a pau i loko o ka ʻāpana ʻōwili (Ca, Cl, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, S, Si, C a me O) ma ke ʻano lākiō atomika.
Hōʻike nā kiʻi triangle ma luna i ka ratio o ʻekolu mau mea (Na, Ca a me S) i kahi 512x512 pixel wahi hoihoi. Palapala no 4A и 4D e hōʻike i ka mānoanoa pili o nā kiko ma nā kiʻi, i hōʻike ʻia ke kala kala ma ka ʻākau o ka 4D.
Ma hope o ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻelua, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ʻo ka ratio o ka calcium i ka sodium a me ka sulfur i kēlā me kēia pika o ka wahi haʻawina (mai ka kikokikona a me ke kua o ka ʻōwili) pili i ka glauberite a me thenardite.
Ma hope mai, ua hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻikepili helu EDS āpau ma muli o ka ratio o nā mea nui ma o ka fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm. ʻO ia ka mea i hiki ai ke ʻike i ka puʻunaue ʻana o nā pae like ʻole ma ka ʻaoʻao kikokikona a ma ka ʻaoʻao hope o ka ʻāpana ʻōwili. A laila ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻikepili no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka mahele ʻoi loa o nā helu ʻikepili 5122 mai kēlā me kēia ʻikepili i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i kahi helu o nā pūʻulu. Ua māhele ʻia ka ʻikepili no ka ʻaoʻao kikokikona i ʻekolu pūʻulu, a ua māhele ʻia ka ʻikepili no ka ʻaoʻao hope i ʻehā. Hōʻike ʻia nā hopena hui ʻana ma ke ʻano he mau pūʻulu ʻāwili i nā kiʻi triangular (4E и 4H) a ma ke ʻano he palapala ʻāina māhele (4F и 4G).
Hōʻike nā hopena hōʻuluʻulu i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā mea ola ʻeleʻele ma ke kua o ka ʻōwili (ʻulaʻula ma 4K) a ma kahi o nā māwae i loko o ka papa inorganic ma ka ʻaoʻao kikokikona e hōʻike i ka papa collagen ma lalo (melemele i loko. 4J).
ʻO nā mea nui i aʻo ʻia ua hāʻawi ʻia i kēia mau kala: sulfur - ʻōmaʻomaʻo, calcium - ʻulaʻula a me ka sodium - uliuli (triangular diagrams. 4I и 4L, a me nā palapala ʻāina hoʻolaha 4J и 4K). Ma muli o ka "kala kala", ʻike maopopo mākou i nā ʻokoʻa o ka neʻe ʻana o nā mea: sodium - kiʻekiʻe, sulfur - haʻahaʻa a me ka potassium - haʻahaʻa. ʻIke ʻia kēia ʻano ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka ʻāpana ʻōwili (kikokikona a i hope).
Kiʻi #5
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano like no ka palapala ʻana i nā manaʻo o Na-Ca-S ma kahi ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka ʻāpana ʻōwili ma lalo o ke aʻo ʻana, a me ʻekolu mau ʻāpana ʻē aʻe mai Cave No. 4 (R-4Q1, R-4Q2 a me R-4Q11) .
Hoʻomaopopo nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻo ka ʻāpana R-4Q1 wale nō mai ke ana No. Ma keʻano kūikawā, hōʻike nā hopena i nā pilina no R-4Q4 i kūlike me ka lākiō Na-Ca-S o ka glauberite.
ʻO nā ana Raman o ka ʻāpana R-4Q1 i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma 785 nm ka lōʻihi o ka hawewe excitation e hōʻike ana i ka noho ʻana o ka sodium sulfate, calcium sulfate, a me ka calcite. ʻAʻole i hōʻike ʻia ka ʻike ʻana o nā mea kolagen R-4Q1 i ka hiki ʻana o ka nitrate.
No laila, ʻano like loa ka Temple Scroll a me R-4Q1 i ka haku mele, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hana like no kā lākou hana ʻana, pili pū me nā paʻakai evaporite. ʻElua mau ʻōwili ʻē aʻe i loaʻa mai ke ana hoʻokahi ma Qumran (R-4Q2 a me R-4Q11) hōʻike i ka ratio o ka calcium i ka sodium a me ka sulfur i ʻokoʻa loa mai nā hopena o ka Temple Scroll a me ka ʻāpana R-4Q1, e hōʻike ana i kahi ʻano hana ʻokoʻa.
No ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ʻo ka papa inorganic ma ka ʻōwili i loaʻa kekahi mau mineral, ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mau paʻakai sulfate. Ma waho aʻe o ka gypsum a me kāna mau mea like, ua ʻike pū ʻia ka thenardite (Na2SO4) a me glauberite (Na2SO4·CaSO4). Ma keʻano maʻamau, hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo i kekahi o kēia mau minela he hua o ka decomposition o ka papa nui o ka ʻōwili, akā hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo wiwo ʻole ʻaʻole lākou i loko o nā ana i loaʻa ai nā ʻōwili. Hoʻopaʻa maʻalahi kēia hopena ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo nā papa i loaʻa i ka sulfate ma luna o nā ʻili o nā ʻāpana aʻo ʻia i loaʻa ma nā ana Qumran like ʻole i kūlike me nā waihona mineral i loaʻa ma nā paia o kēia mau ana. ʻO ka hopena, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā mineral evaporite i loko o nā hale ʻōwili i ka wā o kā lākou hana hana.
Hoʻomaopopo pū ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka haʻahaʻa o ka ʻike ʻana o ka sulfates i ka wai o ke Kai Make, a ʻaʻole ʻike pinepine ʻia ka glauberite a me ka thenardite ma ka ʻāina ʻo Dead Sea. He nīnau kūpono loa: ma hea i loaʻa ai ka glauberite a me ka thenardite i nā mea nāna i hana i kēia mau puke kahiko?
Ma waho o ke kumu o nā kumu kumu no ka hana ʻana i ka Temple Scroll, ʻokoʻa loa ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana mai ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia no nā manuscript ʻē aʻe (no ka laʻana, no R-4Q1 a me R-4Q2 mai Cave No. 4). Ma muli o kēia ʻokoʻa, manaʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema ua hana ʻia ka ʻōwili ponoʻī me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano i ʻae ʻia i kēlā manawa, akā ua hoʻololi ʻia me kahi papa inorganic, i hiki ai ke ola no nā makahiki ʻoi aku ma mua o 2000.
No ka ʻike kikoʻī hou aku me nā nuances o ke aʻo ʻana, manaʻo wau e nānā и iāia.
Epilogue
ʻO ka poʻe i ʻike ʻole i kona wā i hala, ʻaʻohe mea e hiki mai ana. ʻAʻole pili kēia huaʻōlelo i nā hanana koʻikoʻi o ka mōʻaukala a me nā pilikino, akā i nā ʻenehana i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kenekulia he nui aku nei. Manaʻo paha kekahi i kēia manawa ʻaʻole pono mākou e ʻike pehea i hana ʻia ai kēia mau ʻōwili i nā makahiki 2000 i hala, no ka mea, loaʻa iā mākou kā mākou ʻenehana ponoʻī e hiki ai iā mākou ke mālama i nā kikokikona i ko lākou ʻano kumu no nā makahiki he nui. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka mea mua, ʻaʻole hoihoi? ʻO ka lua, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka nui o nā ʻenehana o kēia mau lā, ʻaʻohe mea liʻiliʻi i ke ʻano o ka wā kahiko. A, ʻoiai ʻoe a me aʻu i ʻike mua ai, ʻoiai ua piha ke kanaka i nā noʻonoʻo maikaʻi, nona nā manaʻo e hiki ke hoʻoikaika i nā ʻepekema hou i nā mea hou a i ʻole e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā mea i loaʻa. ʻO ke aʻo ʻana mai ka laʻana o ka wā i hala ʻaʻole hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he mea hilahila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ʻole, no ka mea, e kani mau ana ka leo o ka wā i hala i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
Pōʻalima ma waho:
ʻO ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni palapala (Mahele I) e haʻi ana i ka moʻolelo o ka Dead Sea Scrolls, kekahi o nā ʻike archaeological koʻikoʻi i ka mōʻaukala kanaka. ().
Mahalo no ka nānā ʻana, noho ʻimi a hauʻoli maikaʻi i ka hopena pule a pau! 🙂
Mahalo no kou noho pū ʻana me mākou. Makemake ʻoe i kā mākou ʻatikala? Makemake ʻoe e ʻike i nā mea hoihoi hou aʻe? E kākoʻo iā mākou ma ke kau ʻana i kahi kauoha a i ʻole ka ʻōlelo ʻana i nā hoaaloha, 30% ho'ēmi no nā mea hoʻohana Habr ma kahi kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa o nā kikowaena helu komo, i hana ʻia e mākou no ʻoe: (loaʻa me RAID1 a me RAID10, a hiki i 24 cores a hiki i 40GB DDR4).
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Source: www.habr.com