ʻO ka mea hoʻolohe ʻole i ka metala, ʻaʻohe manaʻo mai ke Akua!
- Nā kiʻi kanaka
Aloha %username%.
hoʻi hou. I kēia lā e pōkole loa au, no ka mea, i loko o ʻeono hola e ala au a hele.
A i kēia lā makemake wau e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka metala. ʻAʻole naʻe e pili ana i ke mele - hiki iā mākou ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i kēlā i kekahi manawa ma ke aniani pia, ʻaʻole ma Habré. ʻAʻole naʻe e pili ana i ka metala - akā e pili ana i nā metala! A makemake wau e kamaʻilio e pili ana i kēlā mau metala i koʻu ola i kekahi ʻano a i ʻole kekahi mea i kāhāhā iaʻu me kā lākou mau waiwai.
No ka mea ua ʻike ʻia nā mea komo a pau i ka parade hit e kekahi ʻano superpower, ʻaʻohe wahi a i ʻole nā mea lanakila. He ʻumi metala! No laila, ʻaʻohe manaʻo o ka helu serial.
Hele.
1. Mercury
ʻO Mercury ka metala wai loa: ʻo -39 °C kona helu hoʻoheheʻe. He mea ʻawaʻawa ia - a he ʻawaʻawa loa - , a no laila, ʻaʻole au e hana hou iaʻu iho.
Mai ka wā kahiko, ʻaʻole pule ka poʻe no ka mercury - ʻoiaʻiʻo, "kālā wai"! Ua manaʻo ka poʻe Alchemist aia i loko o ka mercury kahi i hūnā ʻia ai ka pōhaku o ke akeakamai kaulana i kahi wahi, no ka laʻana, ua manaʻo ʻo Jabir ibn Hayyan no ka mea he metala wai ka mercury, "ʻoiaʻiʻo": ʻaʻole ia mai nā haumia i loaʻa i nā metala paʻa. ʻO Sulfur kekahi kumuhana o ka mahalo o Haiyan - ka mea o ke ahi, hiki iā ia ke hana i kahi lapalapa "pololei" maʻemaʻe, a no laila nā metala ʻē aʻe a pau (a mai ka makahiki XNUMX, he kakaikahi wale nō o lākou: ʻehiku) hana ʻia mai ka mercury a me ka sulfur.
Ma ke kenekulia XNUMX a i kēia manawa paha, inā hui ʻoe i ka mercury a me ka sulfur, e loaʻa iā ʻoe ka mercury sulfide ʻeleʻele (a ʻo kēia, ma ke ala, ʻo ia kekahi o nā ala e hoʻokaʻawale ai i ka mercury i hoʻokahe ʻia) - akā ʻaʻole metala. Ua wehewehe ʻo Haiyan i kēia pōʻino pōʻino ma muli o ka nele o ka poʻe naʻaupō a pau i kahi "mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa" e alakaʻi ai i ka hana ʻana o ka metala mai nā mea ʻeleʻele. A ʻoiaʻiʻo, holo wikiwiki nā mea a pau e ʻimi i ka "ripener" e kiʻi i ke gula. Ua wehe ʻia ka moʻolelo o ka ʻimi ʻana i ka pōhaku a ke akeakamai.
%username%, ke ʻakaʻaka nei ʻoe i ka poʻe alchemist - akā ua hoʻokō lākou i kā lākou pahuhopu! I ka makahiki 1947, ua loaʻa i nā physicists ʻAmelika ka isotope paʻa gula wale nō, ʻo Au-197, mai ka palaho beta o ka isotope Hg-197. Mai ka 100 mg o ka mercury, e like me 35 micrograms o ke gula i unuhi ʻia - a ke hōʻike ʻia nei lākou i ka Chicago Museum of Science and Industry. No laila ua pololei ka poʻe alchemist - hiki nō! He pipiʻi wale nō...
Ma ke ala, ʻo ka alchemist wale nō i manaʻoʻiʻo ʻole i ka hiki ke loaʻa ke gula mai nā metala ʻē aʻe ʻo Abu Aliyi Hussein ibn Abdullaah ibn al-Haasan ibn Aliyi ibn Sina - a no ka poʻe infidels ʻeleʻele - ʻo Avicenna wale nō.
Ma ke ala, ʻo kekahi metala, gallium, hoʻokūkū nui loa me ka mercury i kona ʻano. ʻO 29 °C kona helu hoʻoheheʻe, ma ke kula ua hōʻike mai lākou iaʻu i kahi hana kupanaha: kau ʻia kahi ʻāpana metala ma kou lima...
..a ʻo kēia ka mea e hana nei
Ma ke ala, hiki ke kūʻai ʻia ka galium ma Alika e hana i kēlā ʻano hana. ʻAʻole naʻe au i ʻike inā e hele ʻo ia ma o ka dute.
2. Titanium
ʻO ka titan koʻikoʻi ʻaʻole kāu snot mercury! ʻO kēia ka metala paʻakikī loa! ʻAe, i koʻu wā kamaliʻi a me koʻu wā ʻōpio ua kākau lākou i ka titanium ma kēia mau puka makani āpau i ka halihali lehulehu. No ka mea, ʻānai a pena ʻo ia me ka lepo metala maikaʻi.
Uaʻike nā kānaka a pau i ka titanium, ma muli o kona paʻakikī a me ka māmā, hoʻohanaʻia i ka mokulele. E haʻi wau iā ʻoe e pili ana i kekahi mau noi hoihoi.
I ka wā wela, hoʻomaka ka titanium e komo i nā kinoea like ʻole - oxygen, chlorine a me ka nitrogen. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia i nā mea hoʻonohonoho no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā kinoea inert (argon, no ka laʻana) - puhi ʻia ia ma nā paipu i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka titanium sponge a hoʻomehana ʻia i 500-600 °C. Ma ke ala, i kēia mahana e pili ana ka titanium sponge me ka wai - komo ka oxygen, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka hydrogen, akā maʻamau ka hydrogen i loko o nā kinoea inert ʻaʻole e hoʻopilikia i kekahi, ʻaʻole like me ka wai.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka titanium dioxide TiO2 keʻokeʻo i nā pena (e like me ka titanium keʻokeʻo) a i ka hana ʻana i ka pepa a me nā plastics. Pākuʻi meaʻai E171. Ma ke ala, i ka wā e hana ai i ka titanium dioxide, pono e hoʻomalu ʻia kona ʻano elemental - akā ʻaʻole naʻe i mea e hōʻemi ai i nā haumia, akā e hoʻohui i ka "keʻokeʻo": pono nā mea kala - hao, chromium, keleawe, etc. — ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi.
ʻO Titanium carbide, titanium diboride, titanium carbonitride nā mea hoʻokūkū o ka tungsten carbide ma ke ʻano o ka paʻakikī. ʻO ka hemahema, ʻoi aku ka māmā.
Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Titanium nitride e ʻaʻahu i nā mea kani, nā hale pule a me ka hana ʻana i nā mea hoʻonani lole, no ka mea, ua like kona kala me ke gula. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau "lāʻau lapaʻau" e like me ke gula me ka titanium nitride.
Ma ke ala, ua hana hou nā ʻepekema hoʻomau i kahi alloy ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o ka titanium! No ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia, pono wau e hoʻohui i ka palladium, silicon, phosphorus, germanium a me ke kālā. Ua lilo ka mea i pipiʻi, a no laila ua lanakila hou ka titanium.
3. Tungsten
ʻO Tungsten ka mea kū'ē i ka mercury: ka metala ʻoi loa me ka helu heheʻe o 3422 °C. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia mai ka kenekulia 200, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻo ka metala ponoʻī i ʻike ʻia, akā ʻo ka mineral wolframite, aia ka tungsten. Ma ke ala, ʻo ka inoa ʻo Wolf Rahm ma ka ʻōlelo a ka poʻe Kelemania koʻikoʻi ʻo ia ka "wolf cream": ʻo ka poʻe Kelemania i hoʻoheheʻe i ka tin ʻaʻole makemake i ka hui ʻana o ka wolframite, ka mea i hoʻopilikia i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, e hoʻohuli ana i ka tin i kahi huʻu o ka slag ( "Ua ʻai ʻo ia i ka pī e like me ka ʻīlio hae e ʻai ana i ka hipa"). Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka metala ma hope, ma kahi o XNUMX mau makahiki ma hope.
ʻO ka mea i loko o ke kiʻi ʻaʻole ia he tungsten maoli, akā he tungsten carbide, no laila inā loaʻa iā ʻoe ke apo ma kou lima, % inoa inoa%, a laila mai hopohopo nui. ʻO Tungsten carbide he mea kaumaha a paʻakikī loa - a no laila hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻāpana āpau i hoʻohana ʻia e kuʻi; ma ke ala, ʻo ka "lanakila" he 90% tungsten carbide. Hoʻohui pū ka poʻe maikaʻi i ka tungsten carbide ma ke ʻano he piko no nā pū a me nā pōkā. Akā ʻaʻole ʻo ia wale nō, e haʻi wau iā ʻoe e pili ana i kekahi metala ma hope.
Ma ke ala, ʻoiai he kaumaha ka tungsten, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke alakaʻi kuʻuna a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka pale tungsten me nā waiwai pale like a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi me ke kaupaona like. Ma muli o ka refractoriness a me ka paʻakikī o ka tungsten, ka mea e paʻakikī ai ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, i ia mau hihia, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ductile tungsten alloys me ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā metala ʻē aʻe a i ʻole ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka pauka tungsten (a i ʻole nā hui) i loko o kahi kumu polymer. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi - akā ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi. No laila inā he hāʻule, %username%, e kiʻi iā ʻoe iho i kahi mea kaua tungsten!
Ma ke ala, ua hiki iaʻu ke kau i kahi ʻeleʻele ma kaʻu "apo mau" me kekahi ʻano kemika - a ʻaʻole wau ʻike me ka mea. No laila "mau loa" wale no ka poʻe maʻamau)))
4. Uranus
ʻO ka metala maoli wale nō i hoʻohana ʻia i wahie. Pono - wahie nukili.
I koʻu wā kamaliʻi, akā ua komo i ke kulanui (ʻaʻole wau e haʻi i ke kumu!), Ua hauʻoli mau wau i ka hopena o nā haumāna haole ke hōʻike ʻia nā kristal o ka sodium uranyl acetate iā lākou ma lalo o kahi microscope. ʻAe, aia ka hopena qualitative. I ko lākou ʻōlelo ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo “uranil” i nā haole, ua puhi ʻia lākou mai ka papahele. Ua ʻakaʻaka nā kānaka a pau.
He mea ʻakaʻaka a kaumaha iaʻu i kēia manawa ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei ka hapa nui o ko mākou poʻe he mea weliweli, weliweli a weliweli ka uranium. ʻIke ʻia ka emi ʻana o ka hoʻonaʻauao.
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoiai i ka wā kahiko, hoʻohana ʻia ka uranium oxide maoli e hana i nā kīʻaha melemele. No laila, ma kahi kokoke i Naples, ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻāpana aniani melemele me ka 1% uranium oxide a mai ka makahiki 79 AD. e. ʻAʻole ia e ʻā mai i ka pōʻeleʻele a ʻaʻole hoʻi e hoʻomālamalama. Aia wau ma Zhovti Vody i Ukraine, kahi i ʻeli ʻia ai ka uranium concentrate. ʻAʻohe mea ʻālohilohi a walaʻau paha ma laila. A he maʻalahi ka pane: ʻo ka uranium kūlohelohe he radioactive nāwaliwali - ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o nā granite a me nā basalts, a me nā puʻu ʻōpala a me nā alaloa. ʻO ka uranium ʻo URANIUM ka isotope U-235, nona ka 0,7204% wale nō ma ke ʻano. He mea liʻiliʻi ka mea e pono ai nā ʻepekema nuklea e hoʻokaʻawale a hoʻopaʻa i kēia isotope ("hoʻonui" iā ia) - ʻaʻole e hana maʻalahi ka reactor.
Ma ke ala, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka U-235 ma ke ʻano - ua pohō wale i ka manawa. A no ka nui o ia mea, hiki ke hana ʻia kahi reactor nuklea ma ka kuli. Ma ke ano maoli. ʻO kēia ka mea i hana ʻia ma Gabon ma ka waihona Oklo ma kahi o 2 billion mau makahiki i hala: ua holo ka wai i loko o ka ʻai, ʻo ka wai ka mea hoʻoponopono kūlohelohe o nā neutrons i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka wā o ka palaho o ka uranium-235 - i ka huina, ua lawa ka ikehu neutron e hiki ai. e hopu ʻia e ka uranium-235 nucleus - a hoʻomaka ke kaulahao. A ua puhi ka uranium no nā haneli mau makahiki a pau i ke ahi ...
Ua ʻike ʻia kēia ma hope loa, i ka makahiki 1972, i ka wā o ka uranium enrichment plant ma Pierrelat (Farani), i ka wā o ka nānā ʻana o ka uranium mai Oklo, ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻokoʻa mai ka mea maʻamau i ka hana isotopic o ka uranium. ʻO ka ʻike o ka isotope U-235 he 0,717% ma kahi o ka 0,720%. ʻAʻole ʻo Uranium kahi sausage, ma ʻaneʻi ua hoʻopaʻi ʻia ka underweight: ʻo nā hale nuklea a pau e mālama pono ʻia i mea e pale ai i ka hoʻohana pono ʻole ʻana i nā mea fissile no ka hana kaua. A no laila ua hoʻomaka nā ʻepekema e noiʻi, loaʻa i kekahi mau mea hou aʻe, e like me neodymium a me ruthenium, a ʻike ua ʻaihue ʻia ʻo U-235 i mua o mākou, ua puhi wale ia, e like me ka reactor. ʻO ia hoʻi, ua hoʻokumu ke kūlohelohe i ka reactor nuklea ma mua o mākou. Eia naʻe, e like me nā mea a pau.
ʻO ka uranium i hoʻopau ʻia (ʻo ia ka manawa i lawe ʻia ai ʻo 235 a hāʻawi ʻia i nā ʻepekema nuklea, a ʻo U-238 i koe) he kaumaha a paʻakikī, ʻano hoʻomanaʻo i ka tungsten i loko o nā waiwai, a no laila ua hoʻohana ʻia i ke ʻano like kahi e pono ai ke pā. Aia kekahi moʻolelo e pili ana i kēia mai ka Yugoslavia mua: ua hoʻohana lākou i nā pūpū pale kaua me kahi pine kī i loko o ka uranium. Ua pilikia ka heluna kanaka, akā ʻaʻole naʻe ma muli o ka radiation: ua komo ka lepo uranium maikaʻi i loko o ka māmā, ua hoʻomoʻa ʻia - a hoʻohua mai: ua ʻona ka uranium i nā puʻupaʻa. ʻO ia - a ʻaʻohe mea e makaʻu ai i ka uranyl acetate! ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole kēia he kauoha e like me nā kānāwai o ka Russian Federation - a no laila aia nā pilikia mau loa me ka hōʻea ʻana o nā reagents kemika i loaʻa ka uranium - no ka mea no kahi luna hoʻokahi wale nō uranium.
A laila aia ke aniani uranium: hāʻawi kahi mea liʻiliʻi o ka uranium i kahi fluorescence melemele-'ōmaʻomaʻo nani.
A he nani loa!
Ma ke ala, he mea maikaʻi loa ke hāʻawi aku i nā ʻāpala a i ʻole salad, a laila e hoʻohuli i kahi kukui ultraviolet liʻiliʻi a hōʻike i kona nani. I ka pau ʻana o ka mahalo ʻana i nā mea a pau, e hoʻolei aku i waho: "ʻAe, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ke aniani uranium kēia ..." A nahu i kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻāpala mai ka ipu ...
5. ʻOsmium
ʻAe, ʻoiai ua kamaʻilio mua mākou e pili ana i ka uranium-tungsten koʻikoʻi, ʻo ia ka manawa e kapa ai i ka metala kaumaha loa ma ka laulā - osmium. ʻO 22,62 g/cm3 kona mānoanoa!
Eia naʻe, ʻo ka osmium, ʻo ia ka mea kaumaha loa, ʻaʻole ia e pale i kekahi mea mai ka hoʻololi ʻana: i ka ea e hoʻoheheʻe mālie ʻo ia i OsO4, a he mea ʻawaʻawa loa. ʻAe, he mea hui pūʻulu platinum ia, akā ua oxidized loa ia. ʻO ka inoa "osmium" mai ka Helene kahiko ʻo ὀσμή - "ʻala" - ma muli o kēia: nā hopena kemika o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka alkaline alloy osmiridium (kahi koena insoluble o ka platinum i loko o ka aqua regia) i ka wai a i ʻole ka waikawa e hui pū ʻia me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o he ʻala ʻoluʻolu ʻole, hoʻomau ʻia ʻo OsO4, hoʻonāukiuki i ka ʻāʻī, e like me ke ʻala o ka chlorine a i ʻole radish pala. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia ʻala e Smithson Tennant (e pili ana iā ia ma hope), nāna i hana me ka osmiridium - a kapa ʻia ka metala ma ia ala. A ʻike wau he pono ka osmium i loko o ka pauka a pono e wela ia no ke kaʻina hana e hoʻomau ikaika - akā i kekahi hihia, ʻaʻole au e hoʻoikaika e kokoke i kēia metala no ka manawa lōʻihi.
Ma ke ala, aia kekahi isotope Os-187. He liʻiliʻi loa ia ma ke ʻano, a no laila ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka osmium i nā centrifuges e ka hoʻokaʻawale nui - e like me ka uranium. Ke kali nei lākou i 9 mau mahina no ka kaʻawale - ʻae, ʻae, hiki ke hānau. No laila, ʻo Os-187 kekahi o nā metala makamae loa; ʻo kāna ʻike e hoʻoholo ai i ke kumukūʻai mākeke o ka osmium maoli. Akā ʻaʻole ia ka mea kūʻai nui loa, e haʻi wau iā ʻoe ma lalo nei.
6. Iridium
No ka mea ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i ka pūʻulu platinum, pono nō hoʻi e hoʻomanaʻo i ka iridium. Lawe ʻo Osmium i ke poʻo inoa o ka metala kaumaha loa mai ka iridium - akā aia ka ʻokoʻa i nā peni: ʻo ka nui o ka iridium he 22,53 g/cm3. Ua ʻike pū ʻia ʻo Osmium a me ka iridium i ka makahiki 1803 e ka mea hoʻokalakupua Pelekane ʻo S. Tennant - aia lāua ʻelua ma ke ʻano he haumia i loko o ka platinum maoli i hāʻawi ʻia mai ʻAmelika Hema. ʻO Tennant ka mea mua ma waena o kekahi mau ʻepekema i kūleʻa i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka nui o ke koena insoluble ma hope o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka platinum i ka aqua regia a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā metala ʻike ʻole ʻia i loko.
Akā ʻaʻole like me ka osmium, ʻo ka iridium ka mea paʻa paʻa loa: ma ke ʻano o kahi ingot ʻaʻole ia e hoʻoheheʻe i loko o nā waikawa a i ʻole kā lākou hui ʻana! I nā mea āpau! ʻO ka fluorine weliweli wale nō e lawe iā ia ma 400-450 ° C. I mea e hoʻopau mau ai i ka iridium, pono ʻoe e hoʻohui iā ia me ka alkalis - a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma ke kahawai o ka oxygen.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka ikaika mechanical a me ka kemika o ka iridium i loko o ka Chamber of Weights and Measures - ua hana ʻia ka maʻamau kilokani mai kahi alloy platinum-iridium.
I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole ʻo iridium he metala panakō, akā aia nā loli i kēia: i ka makahiki 2013, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka iridium no ka manawa mua ma ka honua i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana kūhelu e ka National Bank of Rwanda, nāna i hoʻopuka i kahi kālā. o ka metala maemae o 999 maemae. Ua hoʻopuka ʻia kahi kālā iridium ma ka denomination o 10 Rwandan francs. A pōʻino - makemake wau i kēlā kālā!
Ma ke ala, i koʻu wā ʻōpio hohonu ua heluhelu wau i kekahi moʻolelo maikaʻi loa i ka "Young Technician", i ka wā e hele ana ke kanaka i ka kūleʻa a hiki iā ia ke hoʻololi i ke one no ka iridium ma kahi helu 1: 1 me kekahi mau malihini i ka haʻahaʻa. . ʻAe, ʻike ʻoe, pono lākou i ke silika! ʻAʻole wau hoʻomanaʻo i ke poʻo a me ka mea kākau o ka moʻolelo. Mahalo - V. Shibaev. No laila ke kaula.
7. Ke gulaE hele mai, ua ʻike nā kānaka a pau iā ia
I ke ola, loaʻa pinepine ka poʻokela maoli a me ka poʻokela. Inā ʻo ka iridium ka mea lanakila maoli i ke kūʻē kemika, a laila ʻo ke gula ka mea maʻamau: ʻo ia ka metala electronegative loa, 2,54 ma ka pālākiō Pauling. Akā ʻaʻole kēia e pale i ke gula mai ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā hui o nā waikawa, no laila, e like me ka mea maʻamau, hele nā laurels i ka poʻe waiwai.
A ʻoiaʻiʻo, i kēia manawa, mahalo i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ke neʻe nei ʻo Kina a me ka Russian Federation mai ke kulekele o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ke gula a me nā waihona kālā o nā ʻāina ʻē i nā kālā ʻAmelika i ke kulekele o ka hōʻiliʻili gula ponoʻī, ʻo ke gula ke kumu kūʻai nui loa o ka waihona kālā: ma Ua ʻoi aku ke kumu kūʻai ma mua o ka platinum - a ʻo ka hui platinum holoʻokoʻa. No laila e mālama i kāu kālā i loko o kahi waihona mālama gula, %username%!
No ka mea, ʻo ke ʻano alchemical o ka unuhi ʻana i ke gula, ua ʻike ʻia he kumukūʻai, loaʻa kēia metala ma nā hale hoʻomaʻemaʻe. A ua hana ʻia nā kālā ma nā mints. No laila, ma ke ʻano he kanaka i hele ma laila a ma laila, hiki iaʻu ke ʻōlelo: i ka wā e kipa aku ai nā limahana o ia mau ʻoihana i kahi wahi metala makamae, hoʻololi paha lākou i nā lole - a ʻaʻohe pine a i ʻole pepa paʻi ma ko lākou lole hana. - ʻaʻole like nā kiʻi ma ke kahua hōʻoia me nā mokulele, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā mea āpau ma laila. A i ʻole he mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "ʻano hulahula" - ʻae, hoʻomaopopo pololei ʻoe: kahi mākaʻikaʻi no nā keikikāne a me kahi māka no nā kaikamahine - e ʻaʻahu ʻoe i loko. Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi implant metala, nui nā palapala hōʻoia, nui nā palapala ʻae, i kēlā me kēia manawa e nānā pono lākou aia ka implant ma kahi e pono ai.
Ma ke ala, pehea kou manaʻo ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā mākaʻikaʻi ma ka pā banknote? ʻAʻole kani nā pepa!
Eia ka pane, akā e noʻonoʻo iki iā ʻoe ihoMa hope o ka hana, ʻaʻohe mea e ʻae ʻia i waho, me ka hoʻokele, a hiki i ka helu ʻana o nā huahana a pau. ʻAe - paʻa nā mea a pau. Akā ʻaʻohe manaʻo i ka wā i uku ʻia ai ka uku ma nā huahana.
8. Lithium
ʻAʻole like me ka osmium-iridium kaumaha, ʻo ka lithium ka metala māmā loa, ʻo 0,534 g / cm3 wale nō kona density. He metala alkali ia, akā ʻo ka mea hana ʻole o ka hui holoʻokoʻa: ʻaʻole ia e pahū i ka wai, akā e pane mālie, i ka ea ʻaʻole ia e oxidize nui, a ʻaʻole maʻalahi ke kau ʻana i ke ahi: ma hope o 100 °C ua uhi maikaʻi ʻia me ka oxide ʻaʻole ia e oxidize hou. No laila, ʻo ka lithium wale nō ka metala alkali i mālama ʻole ʻia i loko o ke kerosene - no ke aha, inā he inert loa? A pōmaikaʻi kēia - ma muli o kona haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, lana ka lithium i ka ʻaila.
ʻO ka lithium kūlohelohe he ʻelua isotopes: Li-6 a me Li-7. Ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o ka atom ponoʻī, pili nui ka neutron keu i ka radius orbital a me ka ikehu excitation o ka electron, a no laila ʻokoʻa ka spectrum atomic maʻamau o kēia mau isotopes ʻelua - no laila, hiki ke hoʻoholo iā lākou me ka ʻole o nā spectrometers nui. - a ʻo kēia wale nō ka ʻokoʻa ma ke ʻano! He mea koʻikoʻi loa nā isotopes ʻelua i ka ikehu nuklea; ma ke ala, hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Li-6 deuteride e like me ka pauda thermonuclear i nā mea kaua thermonuclear - a ʻaʻole wau e ʻōlelo hou i kēia kumuhana!
Hoʻohana ʻia ka Lithium e nā psychiatrist ma ke ʻano he normometic no ka mālama ʻana a me ka pale ʻana i ka mania. I koʻu hana ʻana i ka hapa manawa ma ke keʻena ma ke ʻano he haumāna, ua hele mai kekahi ʻanakē iā mākou me ka plasma koko kahi e pono ai e hoʻoholo i ka lithium. I kekahi manawa, hele au a nānā i ka palapala (ʻaʻohe pūnaewele i kēia manawa) e hoʻomaopopo i ke kumu e hoʻoholo ai ka lithium ma laila? A ʻike wau ... Mai ka huakaʻi hou aʻe, ua nīnau au i koʻu ʻanakē, ʻo wai ke koko? I kāna pane ʻana iā ia, ua hoʻoikaika au e ʻaʻole e hālāwai kino me ia.
ʻAe, no laila - lithium a me lithium, ʻike ʻia i kekahi manawa i loko o ka wai. Ma ke ala, he nui loa ia i loko o ka wai ma Lviv.
9. Palani
Loaʻa iā Farani kahi pūʻulu inoa holoʻokoʻa. ʻAe, ʻo ka mea mua, ʻo ka francium ka metala loa loa. ʻO kona ʻike holoʻokoʻa he radiogenic loa: aia ia ma ke ʻano he huahana waena o ka pala o uranium-235 a me thorium-232. ʻO ka nui o ka francium i loko o ka ʻōpala o ka honua i manaʻo ʻia ma 340 grams. No laila, ʻaʻole kahi kiʻi ma ke kiʻi ma luna nei he kiʻi mua o kahi lua ʻeleʻele, akā ma kahi o 200 francium atoms i loko o kahi pahele magnetic-optical. ʻO nā isotopes a pau o ka francium he radioactive; ʻo ka isotope lōʻihi loa, ʻo Fr-000, he 223 mau minuke ka hapalua o ke ola. ʻO ia ke kumu liʻiliʻi loa ʻo Farani.
Eia naʻe, loaʻa i ka francium ka electronegativity haʻahaʻa loa o kekahi mea i ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa, ma 0,7 ma ka pālākiō Pauling. No laila, ʻo ka francium ka metala alkali ikaika loa a hana i ka alkali ikaika loa - francium hydroxide FrOH. Mai nīnau ʻoe, %username%, pehea lākou i hoʻoholo ai i kēia mau mea āpau me kahi mea ʻaʻole nui, a ʻo kēlā me kēia 22,3 mau minuke e lilo ʻelua i ka liʻiliʻi, a ʻo ka mea noiʻi ponoʻī e hoʻomālamalama a ʻoi aku ka mālamalama. No laila, he mea hoihoi a leʻaleʻa kēia mau mea, akā ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia ka francium ma nā wahi āpau.
10. Kaleponi/>
ʻAʻole ʻo Kaleponi i kēia ao, akā ua hana ʻia ma nā wahi ʻelua: Dimitrovgrad i ka Russian Federation a me Oak Ridge National Laboratory ma USA. No ka hana ʻana i hoʻokahi gram o ka californium, plutonium a i ʻole curium e kau ʻia i ka neutron irradiation lōʻihi i loko o kahi reactor nuklea - mai 8 mahina a 1,5 mau makahiki. ʻO ka laina holoʻokoʻa o ka palaho e like me kēia: Plutonium-Americium-Curium-Berkley-Califorium. ʻO Kaleponi-252 ka hopena hope o ke kaulahao - ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia kēia mea i kahi isotope kaumaha, no ka mea, ʻo kāna nucleus, me he mea lā, ʻōlelo ʻia "mahalo, piha wau" a pane nāwaliwali i ka ʻike ʻana i nā neutrons.
Ma ke ala o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka plutonium i californium, 100% o 99,7% o ka palaho nuclei. ʻO 0,3% wale nō o ka nuclei i mālama ʻia mai ka palaho a hiki i ka pae holoʻokoʻa. A pono e hōʻike ʻia ka huahana! Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka isotope e ka unuhi ʻana, extraction chromatography, a i ʻole ma muli o ka hoʻololi ion. No ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi hiʻohiʻona metala, hana ʻia kahi hopena hoʻemi.
He 252 kilokani o ka plutonium-10 e hana ai i hoʻokahi kalama o California-239.
ʻO ka nui makahiki o Kaleponi-252 mined he 40-80 micrograms, a e like me ka poʻe loea, ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ka nui o ka mālama honua o Kaleponi ma mua o 8 grams. No laila, ʻo Kaleponi, a ʻoi aku paha ʻo Kaleponi-252, ʻo ia ka metala ʻoihana kūʻai nui loa ma ka honua, ʻo ke kumukūʻai o hoʻokahi gram i nā makahiki like ʻole mai 6,5 a 27 miliona mau kālā.
ʻO ka nīnau kūpono: ʻo wai ka mea e pono ai? ʻAʻole hiki iāʻoe ke hana i kahi kaulahao mai loko mai o kou'ā'ī,ʻaʻole hiki iāʻoe ke hāʻawi aku i kāu mea aloha i keʻano o ke apo. ʻO ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo, loaʻa iā Cf-252 kahi mea hoʻonui neutron kiʻekiʻe (ma luna o 3). Hoʻopuka ka gram o Cf-252 ma kahi o 3⋅1012 neutrons i kekona. ʻAe, hiki ke hana i kahi pōkā atomika, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka uranium a me ka plutonium hoʻokahi, no laila ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo California ma ke ʻano he kumu o nā neutrons i nā haʻawina like ʻole, e komo pū ana i nā ʻenehana hoʻonā neutron activation analyses ma ke kāʻei conveyor. Ma ke ala, %username%, ua ʻike pono wau i kēia Kaleponi ma ke ʻano o kahi ampoule liʻiliʻi, i huki ʻia mai loko mai o kahi pahu kiʻekiʻe o ka pale radiation a hoʻokuʻu koke ʻia i kahi kūpono ma ka mea nānā.
Ua maopopo no kēlā ʻano kālā, he mea make wale nō ʻo California, ʻaʻole naʻe i ʻoluʻolu. , aka, he mea ole na neutrons. Akā, lilo ia i mea pipiʻi iki, ʻoiaʻiʻo.
ʻAe, ua pau nā mea a pau - ma kahi o ʻehā hola o ka hiamoe i koe ma mua o ka huakaʻi. Manaʻo wau ua lilo ia i mea hoihoi, a ʻaʻole wau i kākau hewa i kēia mau mea āpau.
Makemake au iā ʻoe, %username%, e like me ka paʻakikī e like me ka titanium, maʻalahi e piʻi e like me ka lithium, ʻaʻole hoʻi e like me ka iridium a waiwai e like me Kaleponi! ʻAe, ʻoi aku ke gula i loko o kāu ʻeke, ʻoiaʻiʻo.
(Hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻike i kēia mea ʻai i ka lā hoʻomaha aʻe - mai hoʻomaikaʻi mai iaʻu)
Source: www.habr.com