ʻO nā meaʻawaʻawa hoihoi loa

Aloha %username%!

ʻO ke ahiahi hou kēia, ʻaʻohe aʻu mea e hana ai, a ua hoʻoholo wau e lawe i kahi manawa liʻiliʻi e kākau i ka hapakolu o kaʻu moʻolelo ma nā mea make. Manaʻo wau e heluhelu ʻoe ka mua и ka lua ʻāpana a ua makemake ʻoe.

Ma ka hapakolu e hoomaha iki kakou. ʻAʻohe moʻolelo ma ʻaneʻi e pili ana i nā mea ʻawaʻawa āu e hālāwai ai ma kēlā me kēia pae - ʻoi aku paha, ʻo ia hoʻi. ʻAʻohe holivar e pili ana i ka pōʻino o ka waiʻona a me ka nicotine.

Ma ka ʻāpana ʻekolu, e hōʻiliʻili wau i kēlā mau mea ʻawaʻawa no kekahi kumu i ʻoluʻolu iaʻu (inā hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia kēlā ʻōlelo i nā mea make - akā, e like me kaʻu i ʻōlelo ai: He mea pena wau, ʻike wau pēlā).

No laila, hou kaʻu ʻumi make! Hele.

Wahi ʻumi

Homidium bromide

ʻIke mau ke kanaka. A i kona ʻimi ʻana i kekahi manawa, hana ʻole ʻo ia i nā monsters.

Hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Homidium bromide ma ke ʻano he intercalating agent no ka biology molecular e ʻike a noiʻi i nā ʻakika nucleic, ʻoi loa i ka hihia o ka electrophoresis gel agarose o DNA a i ʻole RNA.

ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "intercalating" ke kī ma ʻaneʻi. Ma ka wehewehe ʻana, ʻo ka intercalation ka hoʻokomo hou ʻana o kahi mole a i ʻole hui ma waena o nā molekala a i ʻole nā ​​hui ʻē aʻe. Hoʻopili ʻo Homidium bromide me nā ʻakika nucleic, me waena o nā kumu.

No ka poʻe hoihoi, ʻano like kēia

I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa, homidium bromide, ʻoiai ma nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, ke kāohi i ka DNA a me RNA synthesis a hoʻohuli i ka supercoiling o ka DNA circular. Aneane keia mea ka mutagen ike ikaika loa.

ʻAʻohe ʻike ma ka moʻolelo e pili ana i ka nui o ka homidium bromide e lawe ʻia e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻia e make. ʻAʻohe ʻike e pili ana i ke ʻano o kēia make. Ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa mau nei ka poʻe ʻepekema inā loaʻa i kēia mea nā waiwai carcinogenic.

%username%, ʻo Chomidium Bromide kahi ala maikaʻi loa e aʻo ai i kahi mea hou e pili ana i kou kino ma ka ʻuhane o S.T.A.L.K.E.R. E hele no ia!

wahi ʻeiwa

NNG

Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe ʻoluʻolu i ka ʻumi o ka wahi, e hui me: N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine! A i ʻole maʻalahi a haʻahaʻa: BFG NNG.

E hoʻomanaʻo i kaʻu i ʻōlelo ai e pili ana i "kokoke i ka mutagen ikaika loa"? No laila, ʻo NNG ka mea ikaika loa. ʻAʻole like me ka chomidium bromide palupalu, hoʻoulu mau ʻo NNG ma mua o hoʻokahi mutation i kēlā me kēia cell. Ua hoʻohana nā haku o ka ʻenekinia genetic i ka NNG i kā lākou hoʻokolohua me E. coli.

A ma ke ala, ʻo NNG he 100% carcinogenic. I kēia hihia, piʻi nui nā maʻi koko a hoʻomau mau.

Ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, NNG:

• Paʻa ʻole. He pauda keia mea, aka, palaho mau ia, a ke waiho ia iloko o ka pahu pani, pahū.
• Hana ikaika me ka wai.
• Hiki ke pahū i ka hopena.
• Paʻa i ka wela, ka māmā, ka makū - pahū me ka ʻole o ka ʻōlelo ʻana.
• Hiki ke ahi.
• ʻAʻole kūpono me nā ʻano wai wai, nā waikawa, nā alkalis, nā mea oxidizing, nā mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa - ka hopena ʻino me ka pahū.
• Alkaline hydrolysis, ke hoʻopau ʻia, hoʻokuʻu i nā kinoea ʻawaʻawa a pahū.

ʻOiai mai ka manaʻo o ka ʻawaʻawa, maikaʻi loa ka NNG: make nā ʻiole ma kahi o 90 mg/kg. Ke noʻonoʻo nei i nā waiwai kumu o NNG, hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo he laki lākou.

Wahi ʻewalu

Heptyl

Mai ka wā kahiko mai, ua moeʻuhane ke kanaka i ka lele. I ke kenekulia i hala, ua hoʻokō ʻia ka moeʻuhane i nā mokulele mokulele. I kēlā me kēia makahiki, mahalo nā kānaka i nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka mākaʻikaʻi ʻana i ka mahina, Mars, a me nā lele i nā hōkū.

A laila maloʻo ka heihei. Ua nalowale ka hoʻokūkū, ua nalowale ka hoihoi, ua hoʻomaka nā mea a pau e helu i ke kālā a ʻike koke ʻia ʻoi aku ka hoihoi o ka loaʻa kālā ma nā smartphones a me nā mea hana ma mua o ka lele ʻana i kahi wahi.

Akā ʻaʻole ʻo ia kaʻu e kamaʻilio nei. Heptyl - a i ʻole unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine) - he ʻāpana o ka paila kiʻekiʻe (loaʻa kahi paila ma luna o 0 ° C) wahie rocket. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo Dianitrogen tetroxide (AT), maʻemaʻe a hui pū ʻia me ka waikawa nitric, ma ke ʻano he oxidizing agent i hui pū ʻia me ka heptyl; ʻike ʻia nā hihia o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waika maʻemaʻe a me ka oxygen wai. No ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i kāna mau waiwai, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka heptyl i kahi hui me ka hydrazine, i kapa ʻia ʻo aerozine.

ʻO kēia wahie (a he wahie rocket kēia!) Ua hoʻohana ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi, i nā kaʻa hoʻokele Soviet "Proton", "Cosmos", "Cyclone"; ʻAmelika - ʻohana Titan; Palani - ka ʻohana "Arian"; i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻolalelale o nā mokulele mokulele, nā satelite, nā orbital a me nā kikowaena interplanetary.

ʻO ka Heptyl kahi wai aniani ʻole a i ʻole melemele liʻiliʻi me kahi ʻala maikaʻi ʻole, ke ʻano o nā amines (ke ʻala o ka iʻa ʻino, like me ke ʻala o ka amonia, like loa me ke ʻala o sprat). Hoʻohui maikaʻi ʻia me ka wai, ethanol, ka hapa nui o nā huahana ʻaila a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kūlohelohe. Hoʻopau koke ia i ka hoʻopili ʻana me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe e pili ana i ka waikawa nitric a me ka dinitrogen tetroxide, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hoʻolālā a hōʻoia i ka hoʻomaka maʻalahi a me ka hiki ke hoʻāla hou ʻia o nā mīkini rocket. ʻO kēia kekahi o nā mea maikaʻi; ua hoʻohui pū ʻia iā lākou ka pono ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka nui o ka hui ʻana o ka wahie (ʻoi aku ka nui o ka oxygen + kerosene a me ka oxygen + hydrogen i ka density - 1170 kg/m³ versus 1070 kg/m³ a me 285 kg/m³, i kēlā me kēia) a me ka hiki ke mālama i nā missiles lōʻihi i hoʻoulu ʻia i nā mahana maʻamau.

I kēia manawa - e pili ana i ka leʻaleʻa.

• He ʻehā manawa ʻoi aku ka ʻona o ka Heptyl ma mua o ka waika hydrocyanic. Ka hopena i ke kino o ke kanaka: ka huhū o nā mucous membrane o nā maka, ka ʻōpū hanu a me nā māmā, ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana o ke kikowaena, ka huhū o ka ʻōpū (nausea, luaʻi), nalowale o ka ʻike, make.
• Ke kiko uila −15 °C; 249 °C ka wela o ka ho'ā 'ana; nā palena o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka lapalapa 2-95% vol. 'O ia ho'i, 'a'a koke ka heptyl a 'a'a 'o ia me ka 'oli'oli (na wai e kanalua).
• Pahū loa nā mahu Heptyl, nalowale wale nō i nā pālua hydrogen-oxygen.
• Mutagen. ʻO ke kino kino. He ikaika loa ia e hoʻohana pono ai i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka carcinoma colorectal i nā ʻiole i ka noiʻi tumor.

Pehea kou makemake, e Elon Musk? I ka pōkole, %username%, ʻaʻole au e lili iā ʻoe inā ʻoe e noho kokoke ana i ka spaceport.

Kahi ʻehiku

Cantharidin

Ma waho aʻe o ka lele ʻana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kanaka e hana. No ka laʻana, i nā manawa a pau, paʻakikī loa nā kāne e pili ana i ko lākou hiki - a ʻae, ʻae!, Ke kamaʻilio nei wau e pili ana i kēlā mau manawa kūpono!

I kēia manawa, i ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi lāʻau lapaʻau no ka angina, ua laki maoli kekahi kanaka - a ʻike ʻia ʻo sildenafil - a i ʻole, ma ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ʻo Viagra. Akā ma mua o ka paʻakikī loa o nā mea a pau!

ʻO kekahi o nā koho kaulana e ʻae i kēia mau holoholona:


ʻAʻole, %username%, ʻaʻole kēia he ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo, akā he lele Sepania. A he lōʻihi loa kona mōʻaukala a he waihoʻoluʻu loa.

• I ka wā Roma, ʻo Livia, ka wahine hoʻopunipuni a Octavian Augustus, ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻo ia i ka spandex i kāna meaʻai me ka manaʻolana e hoʻoulu ia i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻole i nā malihini a Livia, e kōkua ana iā ia e hoʻopiʻi iā lākou i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
• I ka makahiki 1572, ua kākau ʻo Ambroise Paré i kahi moʻolelo o kahi kanaka i loaʻa i ka "satyriasis weliweli loa" (kapa mākou he huaʻōlelo ʻokoʻa i kēia manawa, akā iā Google ʻoe iā ʻoe iho) ma hope o ka lawe ʻana i ka lāʻau ʻupena a me ka lele Sepania.
• I nā makahiki 1670, hāʻawi ʻo La Voisin i ke kilokilo a me ka mea hoʻōla i kahi "potion aloha" i hana ʻia mai ka lele Sepania, ke koko mole maloʻo, a me ke koko ʻōpeʻa (ew).
• Ma ka "Marseille Affair" o ka Marquis de Sade, ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia ʻo ia, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā "lele Spanish".

A ma muli o ka cantharidin, kahi i loaʻa ai i kēia ʻeke a hiki i ka 5%! Ma ke ala, ʻaʻole wale: ʻike ʻia ka cantharidin i ka hemolymph o nā pipi blister, T-shirts a me kekahi mau pipi lōʻihi. A ʻo ia, ma nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ʻo ia ka mea e pono ai ka chevalier ʻelemakule, i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā ʻōpio courtesans!

ʻO ka pilikia, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i kēia hana pono, cantharidin kekahi mau waiwai blister. Akā no ka mea ʻaʻole ia i ʻoki ʻia i loko, akā inu ʻia, a laila: ma hope o ke komo ʻana i ka digestive tract i nā ʻāpana o kahi o 0,5 mg / kg, hoʻomaka ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻona - ʻeha ʻōpū, luaʻi, mimi koko, ʻeha nui o nā puʻupaʻa, ka ulu ʻana o ka renal. hāʻule. ʻO ka overdose o 40-80 mg / kg me ka hilinaʻi a mau loa ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pilikia o ke kamaʻilio ʻana ʻaʻole wale me nā wahine, akā me nā mea ola a pau ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa: ma kahi autopsy ma hope, hyperemia koi o nā mucous membranes, ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā ʻeha a me ka foci o ka hemorrhage. Ua ʻike ʻia, ua ʻike ʻia nā maʻi palaha i loko o ke ake a me nā puʻupaʻa.

He kūpono paha ka pilikia? ʻAe ka mōʻaukala.

No laila, ʻaʻole kahaha ka holomua o Viagra.

Wahi ʻeono

Paraquat

No ka mea, ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i ke kanaka a me ka poʻe, ʻike ʻoe, %username%, i koʻu hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka papa inoa o nā lālā o kēia pākuʻi, no kekahi kumu ua hoʻomaka wau e hoʻomaopopo i ka algae, a me nā halo, a me nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona ʻino a pau. e hoʻopuni ana iā mākou. No ka mea, ʻoi aku ka hewa a - ʻo ia ka mea maʻamau! - he holoholona ʻawaʻawa, e like me ke kanaka - ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke loaʻa. Eia kekahi, ʻo "disorderly" ka huaʻōlelo koʻikoʻi, no ka mea, hoʻopau ke kanaka i nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona, ​​​​a me ia iho.

ʻO ka Paraquat kahi pūhui organik, inoa kālepa N,N'-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridylium dichloride. Ma ke ʻano o ka paʻakai ammonium quaternary, hoʻohana nui ʻia ka paraquat ma ke ʻano he herbicide ikaika me ka hana ʻole. Ma ke ala, %username%, aia kāu pūnaewele ponoʻī? Akā ua loaʻa ka paraquat!

Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Paraquat e hoʻomalu i ka lau ākea a me ka mauʻu, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mālama ʻana i nā mauʻu i aʻa hohonu. ʻAʻole hoʻopilikia kēia herbicide i ka ʻili o ka lāʻau, no laila ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ia e hoʻomalu i ka mauʻu ma nā māla ʻai. I ka makahiki 1960, ua hoʻohana pū ʻia ka paraquat e ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa no ka hakakā ʻana i ka lāʻau mariuana a me ka coca ma ʻAmelika Hema (no kekahi kumu ua hoʻomanaʻo wau i ka moʻolelo e pili ana i ka "Yellow Rain" a me "Agent Orange" - e hoʻomanaʻo mai iaʻu ma hope inā makemake ʻoe e hoʻolohe i kēia. moʻolelo pū kekahi).

He mea make loa ka Paraquat i nā holoholona a me nā kānaka. ʻO ka nui o ka make ma kahi o hoʻokahi teaspoon o ka mea. Ke ʻai ʻia, hele ka paraquat ma ke kahe koko i nā ʻiʻo a pau o ke kino, a ʻoi aku ka koho ʻana i loko o ka māmā. Hoʻoulu kēia i ka pehu a me nā pōʻino ʻē aʻe i ka māmā, hiki ke alakaʻi i ka fibrosis. Ma waho aʻe o ke akemāmā, hiki ke pōʻino ke ake a me nā puʻupaʻa (renal failure).

I kēia manawa, hoʻohana ʻia ka paraquat ma ke ʻano he herbicide ma 120 mau ʻāina (ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia ma Rūsia - ua kahaha wau ma aneʻi!).

He aha kaʻu e ʻōlelo ai? Keu a ka ʻono.

Wahi ʻelima

Endrin

Ua hana ʻia ʻo Endrin ma 1949 e Kurt Alder. Hoʻomaka ka hana ʻana o endrin ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka makahiki 1951, kahi i hoʻohana pū ʻia ai me aldrin ma ke ʻano he pesticide. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia mea ma mua o 2 mau manawa ma mua o aldrin a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o 10-12 mau manawa ma mua o DDT. Ua hōʻoia maikaʻi i ka hakakā ʻana:

• ka enuhe a me ka aphids ma ka baka, ke kulina, ke ko, ke ko, ka pulupulu a me na mea kanu e ae;
• blackcurrant bud mite, e kūʻē i nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole pono;
• ʻiole a me nā ʻiole ʻē aʻe;
• kanaka (he aha???).

ʻAe, ʻae, e kuʻu hoa aloha, ua like ka ʻona o endrin aerosol i ke kanaka me ka waika hydrocyanic. Hoʻopilikia nui ia i ka ʻōnaehana nerve. Hoʻopili ʻia ma ka ʻili. Loaʻa i ka hapalua ola lōʻihi mai ke kino. Nani, ʻaʻole anei?

Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻawaʻawa acute endrin e ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā kaʻa, hoʻonui ʻia ka hanu ʻana, ka ʻiʻo ʻana o ka ʻiʻo, haʻalulu, a me nā ʻūhā tonic. Hiki mai ka make ma hope o kekahi mau hoʻouka ʻia ʻana o ka convulsion ma muli o ka lolo o ke kikowaena hanu. Ua wehewehe ʻia nā hihia o ka ʻona nui ma muli o ka ʻai ʻana i ka berena i kālua ʻia mai ka palaoa i hoʻohaumia ʻia me ka maʻiʻo endrin o 150-5500 mg/kg. ʻO nā hōʻailona mua o ka ʻona i ʻike pinepine ʻia ma hope o 2-3 mau hola (malaise maʻamau, nausea, luaʻi, nāwaliwali, ka wela nui). I nā hihia koʻikoʻi, hōʻike ʻia ka convulsions, ke kuli no ka manawa lōʻihi, ka lolo, ka nalowale o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā neʻe, a me ka paresthesia. Hiki koke ke ola, akā i kekahi manawa ua ʻike ʻia ka disorientation no ka wā pōkole, ka huhū, a me ka pōʻino o ka naʻau ma muli o ka make ʻana.

I ka makahiki 1969 (18 mau makahiki ma hope!!!) ua wehe ʻia ʻo endrin mai ka papa inoa o nā mea mālama mea kanu ma muli o kona ʻano e bioaccumulate (ma ke ala, ua haʻi wau ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai?). Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia pesticide ma kekahi mau ʻāina a hiki i ka makahiki 90. Wahi a ka hoʻoholo o ka Stockholm Convention o Mei 23, 2001, ua pāpā ʻia ke ao holoʻokoʻa i ka hana ʻana, ke kūʻai ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i endrin, ʻo ia kekahi o nā pesticides ʻona loa a kūʻē i ke kaiapuni.

ʻO ka huina nui o endrin i hana ʻia mai ka makahiki 1951 he ~5000 tons, a ʻoi aku ma mua o 2500 tons i hana ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻAʻohe mea i ʻike i ka mea i loaʻa iā ia i kēia manawa a ua hoʻolei ʻia ma kahi mālie - a kaumaha kēia.

Wahi ʻehā

Rikina

Maopopo iā ʻoe he aha ka makukha, %username%? ʻO kēia ka keke sunflower, he aha ka mea i koe ke lawe ʻia ka ʻaila mai nā hua. Hoʻihoʻi mai koʻu kupuna kāne i nā ʻōpala maʻuka maikaʻi - a laila hopu ʻo ia i ka iʻa me ia.

Ua ʻike paha ʻoe i ka ʻaila castor, %username%? ʻAʻole wau e nīnau inā ua inu ʻoe, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka lāʻau lapaʻau maikaʻi a maikaʻi loa no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kekahi mau pilikia paʻakikī.

Ua ʻike anei ʻoe i ka hua castor, %username%? ʻAʻole? E manaʻoʻiʻo mai iaʻu: ʻaʻole ʻoe e ʻike.

Hana ʻia ka ʻaila Castor mai nā hua castor bean - ma nā ʻāina mahana he lāʻau kēia a hiki i 10 m kiʻekiʻe, ma ko mākou ʻāina, ma muli o ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa o ka noho ʻana i kahi anuanu, he mea kanu makahiki a hiki i 2-5 m kiʻekiʻe. .

Penei ke ano o keia mauu
A pēlā - 'castor nuts'

No laila, %username%, ʻaʻole ʻoe e ʻike i ka keke castor, no ka mea, he mea ʻawaʻawa ia a ua kau ʻia i ka helu helu a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana. ʻO ka glycoprotein ricin, ka mea i loaʻa i loko o nā hua piʻi castor, ʻo ia ka lāʻau ʻawaʻawa ikaika loa ma ka honua, ke ʻole ʻoe e helu i nā algae he mea kanu. ʻO Ricin he 6 tausani manawa ʻoi aku ka ʻona ma mua o ka potassium cyanide. He nani nō hoʻi ke ʻano o ka hopena ʻawaʻawa o ricin: kaohi ʻana i ka synthesis protein e nā ribosomes. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo kēia mau mea liʻiliʻi intracellular e synthesize i nā mea āpau a hana i nā cell pono e hoʻōki koke i ka hana. Ma nā wahi a pau. ʻO kēia kahi hōʻeha intracellular.

ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, hōʻike ʻia ka hahau iā ia iho e like me kēia: nausea, luaʻi, ʻeha a me ka wela i ka esophagus a me ka ʻōpū, ka maʻi ʻeha, ke poʻo, ka hiamoe, anuria, leukocytosis, agglutination o nā ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula (ʻo ia ka wā e pili pū ai lākou a hoʻoheheʻe pololei i loko o ke koko. nā kīʻaha koko a me ka puʻuwai) - a laila hāʻule a make. He maʻalahi.

No ka mea ua lawa ka nui o ka ricin e like me ka nui o ke poʻo pine e pepehi ai i ke kanaka makua, ua maopopo ka makemake nui ʻana o ka poʻe iā ia a ua aʻo ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ricin i mea kaua o ka luku nui ʻia e nā keʻena koa o nā ʻāina like ʻole. ke Kaua Honua Mua. Eia naʻe, ma muli o ka nui o nā hemahema, ʻaʻole i lawe ʻia kēia mea no ka lawelawe.

Eia naʻe, ua loaʻa ka ricin i ka hoʻohana ʻana i waena o nā keʻena naʻauao. ʻO kekahi o nā hanana kaulana loa e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ricin, ʻo ia ka pepehi kanaka ʻo Bulgarian dissident ʻo Georgiy Markov, ka mea i make i ka makahiki 1978 e kahi injection me kahi umbrella i hoʻolālā ʻia. Wahi a nā kumu ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka mea pepehi kanaka he pū ea e kī ana i kahi microcapsule i loaʻa i ka ricin a ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo ia he umbrella. ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka maʻi i hāʻawi ʻia iā Markov ma mua o 450 mcg (a i ʻole 0,45 milligrams).

ʻO ka maʻalahi o ka loaʻa ʻana o ke ʻawaʻawa i hiki ke loaʻa i nā hui hoʻoweliweli. No laila, i ka makahiki 2001, ua hōʻike ka nūpepa i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo no ka hana ʻana i ka ricin ma ka waihona al-Qaeda i luku ʻia ma Kabul. I ka makahiki 2003, ua loaʻa ka nui o ka ricin i loko o ka poʻe hoʻoweliweli ma Lākana; ua loaʻa nā ʻāpana o ka ricin i loko o kahi pahu waihona ma Gare de Lyon ma Paris].

I ka makahiki 2013, ua hopu ʻia kekahi poʻe mai Mississippi no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻouna i nā leka me ka ricin iā Pelekikena Barack Obama a me nā poʻe hanohano ʻē aʻe o ʻAmelika. No laila, i ka Mei o ia makahiki, ua hoʻouna ʻia ke kuhina o New York City i kahi leka hoʻoweliweli i loaʻa i ka ricin, ma muli paha o ka pane ʻana i nā hana a ka hui lehulehu "Mayors Against Illegal Weapons."

Ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia ka mea hana keaka ʻo Shannon Richardson ma Texas no ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā leka i loaʻa nā mea make i nā poʻe kālai'āina ʻAmelika. ʻO ka mea kupanaha, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka ʻōlelo Lūkini ma ʻaneʻi, a no laila ua luuluu nā mea a pau a poina ka moʻolelo.

ʻO ke kolu

No ka mea e kamaʻilio ana mākou no ka mauʻu, e hoʻomanaʻo e pili ana i ka limu. A ʻaʻole wau e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka poʻe e pili ana i kou mau wāwae ke ʻauʻau ʻoe - ʻoiai he mea hoʻopailua loa ia e ʻoi aku ka ʻino ma mua o nā mea make (i koʻu manaʻo). ʻAʻole, ke kamaʻilio nei wau e pili ana i nā ʻōpala microscopic liʻiliʻi, kahi a lākou e ʻōlelo ai: "ua pua ke kai!" ʻO nā mea e ʻā ana i ka pō, e like me kēia:


ʻAe, ʻae, haʻi wau, ua ʻakaʻaka wau, ʻoiai ma hope iki e aʻo ʻia ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka hewa o ka radiation Cherenkov.
ʻAlohilohi ka limu e like me kēia

He liʻiliʻi kēia ʻōpala, akā he nui. ʻO ia ka lalo loa o ke kaulahao meaʻai o ka honua wai. ʻO wai ka mea e ʻike iā ia?

A makehewa.

Ua kapa ʻia nā algae o nā mea kikoʻī he dinoflagellates a me nā algae uliuli-ʻōmaʻomaʻo. A ʻoi aku ka kikoʻī:

1. ʻO nā Dinoflagellates Gambierdiscus toxicus
2. Algae ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻulaʻula Gonyaulax catenella, Alexandrium sp., Gymnodinium sp., Pyrodinium sp.
3. Dinoflagellates Anabaena sp., Aphanizomenon spp., Cylindrospermopsis sp., Lyngbya sp., Planktothrix sp.

Hoʻopuka kēia mau hoaaloha i kahi papa inoa piha o nā toxins i ʻike ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea ʻawaʻawa loa ma kēia honua liʻiliʻi. E inoa a wehewehe au i nā mea nani loa.

Maitotoxin

Hana ʻia e ka makaʻāinana helu 1 ma ka papa inoa ma luna. ʻO ia ka mea ʻawaʻawa loa o ka hui o nā brevetoxins: ma kahi o 0,2 mcg/kg ua lawa i kou ʻohana e loaʻa pono ai ka ʻinikua. ʻO ke ʻano o ka hana ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā kahawai Ca i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka volta, ka piʻi ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana o Ca2+ i loko o nā pūnana nerve, ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka acetylcholine i loko o ke koko a hoʻomau i ka depolarization postsynaptic. I ka pōkole - ikaika a hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi ʻia.

ʻO ka molekala maytotoxin ponoʻī he ʻōnaehana o 32 mau apo kalapona i hoʻohui ʻia. ʻO ia kekahi o ka nui a paʻakikī hoʻi nā molekala non-protein i hana ʻia e kahi mea ola. Manaʻo wau e hōʻoluʻolu kēia iā ʻoe inā loaʻa i loko ou.

ʻAe, ʻaneʻane poina iaʻu, he kikoʻī piquant: ʻo ia ka ʻelele o brevetoxins, maytotoxin, ma mua o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ʻiʻo flaccid a me ka hopu ʻana i ka hanu, e hāʻawi maoli iā ʻoe i ka drooling, ka ihu nui a me ka hoʻohemo ʻana. I ka pōkole, hikiʻole keʻae i ka make me ka hanohano.

Saxitoxin

Hana ʻia e ka hui kamaʻāina helu 2 a me 3 ma ka papa inoa ma luna. ʻAʻole ʻoluʻolu a nani hoʻi e like me ka maytotoxin, akā ʻaʻole i emi iki ka misanthropic: ʻo ka ʻai ʻana i ka 2 mcg/kg e poina nā kānaka a pau iā ʻoe. ʻO ke ʻano o ka hana o ka saxitoxin ʻo ia ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā kahawai sodium-gated i loko o nā aʻalolo. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia i ka hoʻoiho ʻana i nā aʻalolo a hoʻoulu i ka lolo.

He mea hoihoi loa ka Saxitoxin no ka mea, ua pili kona inoa me ka inoa o na mollusks hikiwawe loa o ka genus Saxidomus, i kapaia hoi "Washington clams" a me "butter clams" ("Washington clams" a me "butter clam" ina aole i ko makou manao). ʻAe, mai ka inoa ua maopopo kahi e makemake ai ka poʻe e ʻai iā lākou. No laila, makemake kēia mau mea uʻi e ʻai i ka algae, a i ka wā e nui ai ka nui o ia mea i ka wā o ka hoʻohua wikiwiki ("ʻulaʻula ʻula"), makemake lākou e hōʻiliʻili i nā mea ʻawaʻawa a pau i loko o lākou iho. ʻAʻole maopopo iaʻu ke kumu: hiki iā ʻoe ke noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka evolution, e pili ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kū'ē - akā maikaʻi loa ka lāʻau ʻawaʻawa ma luna o nā holoholona koko pumehana - ʻaʻole nui i nā holoholona koko anu. ʻOi aku no ka pūpū.

I ka pōkole: ua ʻai ʻoe i ka iʻa i ka wā o ke kai ʻulaʻula, hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i kāu ʻai hope loa.

ʻIke ʻia ʻaʻole hiki i ka Most Democratic Country in the World ke haʻalele i ka loaʻa ʻana, a no laila ua manaʻo ʻia ka saxitoxin he mea no ka hoʻohana ʻana i mea kaua kemika a ua kapa ʻia ʻo TZ i nā pūʻali koa US.

Microcystin-LR

ʻO ke kemika, ʻo ka microcystin-LR kahi heptapeptide cyclic. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻehiku ʻakika amino kēia i paʻa i ka lima a ulana i kahi hula poepoe nani. Ma ke ala, ʻo kekahi o lākou he ʻakika β-amino kūʻokoʻa; ʻo ka maʻamau i nā peptides he alpha nā amino acids. He nani maoli nō? ʻAʻole? ʻAe, ʻae!

ʻO Microcystin-LR ka mea ʻino loa o nā microcystins a pau i hana ʻia e nā algae uliuli-'ōmaʻomaʻo. A ua lawa lākou, e manaʻoʻiʻo mai iaʻu! Kāohi ʻo Microcystin i ka hana o ka protein phosphatase type 1 a me ke ʻano 2A (PP1 a me PP2A) i loko o ka cytoplasm o nā pūpū ate. Ke alakaʻi nei kēia i ka piʻi ʻana o ka phosphorylation protein i loko o nā pūnaʻi o ka ate, kahi e hoʻohuli pono ai i kēia kino koʻikoʻi. Akā - he aha ka mea nui! - piʻo i ke kuanaʻike.

ʻAʻohe mea i hōʻike i ka ʻawaʻawa pōkole mai nā microcystins. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā pilikia o ka ate-me ka maʻi maʻi ate-ua manaʻo ʻia e pili ana i kekahi ala i ka maʻi ʻawaʻawa uliuli-'ōmaʻomaʻo. ʻO WHO, ʻoi aku ka hopohopo nui.

ʻO ia ke kumu i ʻike ʻia ai ka poʻe lanakila ʻekolu o kā mākou huakaʻi pāʻani e nā ʻawaʻawa o nā limu liʻiliʻi akā haʻaheo loa, ka mea i luhi i kēia mau kānaka āpau.

Ka lua

VX

Ua noho ke kanaka ma luna o ka ʻōpala a noʻonoʻo: he nui nā mea like ʻole a puni e hiki ke hoʻomake iā mākou ma nā ʻano like ʻole. No ke aha mākou i hewa ai?

A hiki mai.

Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 1950, ua aʻo ʻia kekahi mau O, S-esters o ka waikawa phosphoric i loaʻa kahi hui dialkylaminoethylthio ma UK. Ua maikaʻi loa ka pahuhopu: ke kūkulu ʻia nei nā insecticides hou. Akā, ua ʻike koke ʻia ka hopena o nā pūhui, i kapa ʻia ʻo phosphorylthiocholines, he mea ʻawaʻawa loa i nā holoholona pumehana. Ua maopopo ua lilo koke ke kumuhana o nā insecticides i mea hoihoi ʻole i ka poʻe āpau - a ua iho nā loea maoli i ka ʻoihana.

Ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa liʻiliʻi ka poʻe loea i nā pōpoki a ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole ia he phosphates, akā he mau alkylphosphone analogues o phosphorothiocholines i hana i ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻino loa. Ua hele mai ʻo USA, Great Britain, Netherlands a me Kanada e hoʻopakele a kūkulu i kahi papa hou o nā pūhui i kapa ʻia ʻo V-gases. ʻO VX ko lākou ʻelele ʻona loa.

ʻO VX ka mea ʻawaʻawa loa i hana ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kaua kemika. E like me nā mea ʻawaʻawa organophosphate like ʻole, ʻo VX kahi mea hoʻopaneʻe acetylcholinesterase: koho koho ia i kēia enzyme, ka mea e hoʻoheheʻe i ka hydrolysis o acetylcholine, kahi mea hoʻolaha o ka pīhoihoi hopohopo. ʻO ka hydrolysis o ka acetylcholine i loko o ke kino olakino e hana mau a pono e hoʻōki i ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā nerve impulses, e hiki ai i ka ʻiʻo ke hoʻi i kahi kūlana hoʻomaha. ʻO ka Phosphorylated cholinesterase, ka mea i hana ʻia i ka wā o ka make ʻana o VX, ʻaʻole like me ka acetylated, he pūhui paʻa a ʻaʻole i komo i ka hydrolysis spontaneous. No laila, ua kāohiʻia ka lukuʻiaʻana o nā molekala acetylcholine a ke hoʻomau nei ka hopena i nā mea hoʻokipa cholinergic. Ke alakaʻi nei kēia i ka overexcitation maʻamau o nā mea hoʻokipa cholinergic, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka hauʻoli ikaika a laila maʻi maʻi o ka hana o nā kino a me nā ʻiʻo. Ma kēiaʻano, hiki ke unuhiʻia nā hōʻailona nui o ka makeʻana o VX ma keʻano he hōʻailona o ka nui, kūponoʻole no ke kino, ka hana o kekahi mau hale a me nā kino, i hāʻawiʻia e ka acetylcholine mediation. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo ia nā pūnana aʻalolo, nā ʻiʻo striated a maʻemaʻe, a me nā ʻili like ʻole.

Nā hōʻailona o ka pōʻino: 1-2 mau minuke - constriction o nā haumāna; 2-4 mau minuke - ka sweating, salivation; 5-10 mau minuke - convulsions, paralysis, spasms; 10-15 mau minuke - make.

No nā kānaka, LD50 dermal = 100 mcg/kg, waha = 70 mcg/kg. LCt100 = 0,01 mg min./l, aʻo ka manawa o ka hana huna he 5-10 mau minuke. Loaʻa ka Miosis ma kahi o 0,0001 mg / l ma hope o 1 mau minuke.

ʻAe, pololei - ua ʻike pololei ka mea heluhelu i ka huaʻōlelo "dermal": He kiʻekiʻe loa ka VX i ka ʻili-resorptive toxicity i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea ʻona i loko o ka phosphorus. ʻO ka ʻili o ka maka a me ka ʻāʻī ke maʻalahi loa i nā hopena o VX. Hoʻomaka nā hōʻailona mai ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka dermal i loko o 1 a 24 mau hola, akā inā pili ʻo VX me nā lehelehe a i ʻole ka ʻili haki, wikiwiki loa ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hana. ʻO ka hōʻailona mua o ka resorption ma o ka ʻili ʻaʻole ʻo ka miosis, akā ʻo ka ʻiʻo liʻiliʻi e ʻā ana ma ke kahua o ka hui ʻana me VX, a ukali ʻia e ka cramps, nāwaliwali o ka ʻiʻo a me ka lolo.

Hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia nā hopena ʻawaʻawa o VX ma o ka ʻili e nā mea ʻawaʻawa ʻole akā hiki ke lawe i ka lāʻau make i loko o ke kino. ʻO ka mea maikaʻi loa i waena o lākou he dimethyl sulfoxide a me N, N-dimethylamide o ka waika palmitic. He aha kou manaʻo, %username%, ua hana ʻia kekahi hana a hui pū paha e hoʻohana ai i kēia waiwai nani? Prralna!

Hoʻopili ʻo VX i nā kino wai hāmama no kahi manawa lōʻihi - a hiki i 6 mahina. ʻAe, nā hale a me nā mea āpau e kū nei a puni, i haumia me nā droplets VX, e hoʻopilikia i ke kauwela no 1-3 mau lā, i ka hoʻoilo - 30-60 mau lā. Ma keʻano laulā, ka lōʻihi o VX ma ka honua (ka hopena o ka ʻili-resorptive): i ke kauwela - mai 7 a 15 mau lā, i ka hoʻoilo - no ka manawa holoʻokoʻa ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wela.

A ke kamaʻilio nei ʻoe no ka hoʻoilo nuklea...

Ua ʻike ka honua i nā hihia he nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana iā VX.

• I Kekemapa 1994 a me Ianuali 1995, ʻo Masami Tsuchiya, he lālā o ka hui hoʻomana Kepani ʻo Aum Shinrikyo, ma ke kauoha a ke alakaʻi o ka sect Shoko Asahara, synthesized 100 a 200 grams o VX, i hoʻohana ʻia e pepehi kanaka ʻekolu. ʻElua i ʻona akā ʻaʻole i make. ʻO kekahi o kēlā mau mea ʻona, he kanaka 28 makahiki, ua make, a lilo ʻo ia ka mea pepehi VX mua i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka honua. Ua hoʻouka ʻia ke kanaka ʻo Asahara i manaʻo he kipi i ka hola 7:00 i ka lā 12 o Dekemaba, 1994, ma ke alanui ma Osaka. ʻO ka poʻe hoʻouka kaua ʻana i ka wai VX ma ka ʻāʻī o ka mea i pepehi ʻia. Ua alualu ke kanaka ʻona iā lākou ma kahi o 100 mika ma mua o ka hāʻule ʻana; ua make ʻo ia he 10 mau lā ma hope mai, me ka puka ʻole ʻana mai kahi coma hohonu. Ua manaʻo mua nā kauka ua ʻona ʻia ʻo ia e kekahi ʻano pesticide organophosphorus, akā ʻike ʻia ke kumu maoli o ka make ma hope o ka hopu ʻia ʻana o nā lālā hoʻomana no ka hoʻomake ʻana o ke kaʻaahi o Tokyo a hōʻoia i ka pepehi kanaka. ʻEhiku mahina ma hope o ka pepehi kanaka, ua ʻike ʻia nā metabolites VX e like me ka ethyl methylphosphonate, methylphosphonic acid a me diisopropyl-2-(methylthio)ethylamine i loko o nā laʻana koko o ka mea i pepehi ʻia. ʻAʻole like me ka sarin, ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia ʻo VX e ka hoʻomana no ka pepehi kanaka nui (e like me ka hanana Matsumoto a me ka hoʻouka kaua o Tokyo).
• Ma Pepeluali 13, 2017, ua pepehi ʻia ʻo Kim Jong Nam, ka hapalua o Kim Jong-un, ke aliʻi o ka DPRK, me ke kōkua o VX. Ua hana ʻia ka pepehi kanaka ma ka wahi haʻalele o ke kahua mokulele honua ma Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia). ʻElua wahine i komo i ka pepehi kanaka. Hoʻopilikia kekahi i ka manaʻo o Kim Jong Nam, a ʻo ka mea ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻolei ʻo ia i kahi hainaka i pulu i loko o kahi mea ʻawaʻawa ma luna o kona mau maka mai hope. Ua kaumaha mākou, lawe lākou iā ia i ka haukapila, akā make ʻo ia ma ke ala.

ʻAe, e like me ka mea maʻamau, i ka wā i ʻike liʻiliʻi ai ke kanaka a ʻike i kāna mea i hana ai, aia kahi backlash. Ua pāpā ʻia nā kinoea V e ka 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻaʻole hiki ke hana ʻia a pono e luku ʻia nā waihona waiwai. Akā aia nā nuances.

• ʻO Rusia wale nō a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ʻae i ka loaʻa ʻana a i ʻole ka mālama ʻana i nā kinoea V, akā ua manaʻo ʻia nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe kekahi o kēia mea make.
• Ma Sepatemaba 27, 2017, ua hōʻike ka media Lūkini i ka luku piha ʻana i nā waihona o nā mea kaua kemika o Rūsia, me VX. ʻAʻohe kanaka i manaʻoʻiʻo.
• Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Cindy Westergaard, he loea i nā mea kaua a me nā hoa kiʻekiʻe ma ka Stimson Center, ʻo Iraq "ua hana maoli ʻo VX" i nā makahiki 1980, akā ʻaʻohe mea hōʻike o kona hoʻohana ʻana. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo nā kānaka a pau. Ma ke ala, loaʻa mau ʻo VX i nā arsenals US (ʻekolu mau apo ʻōmaʻomaʻo me ka palapala VX-GAS). Akā, ʻaʻohe mea mālama.
• ʻAʻole ʻo North Korea, me ʻAigupita a me South Sudan, ʻaʻole i kau inoa a hōʻoia i ka Hui Kūʻai Kūʻai.

A i kēia manawa - he mau hua'ōlelo e pili ana iā Novichok.

Pūʻulu pili 'Novichok'

He mea maʻamau ka hui pū me "Novichok":

• A-230: N-(methylfluorophosphonyl)-N',N'-diethyl-acetamidine (ma ke kiʻi ma ka hema), maloʻo i ke anuanu;
• A-232: N-(O-Methylfluorophosphonyl)-N',N'-diethyl-acetamidine (hōʻike ʻia ma ka ʻākau), hoʻomohala a hoʻāʻo ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ke ʻano he mea hana kaua kemika;
• A-234: N-(O-Ethylfluorophosphonyl)-N',N'-diethyl-acetamidine, e like me ka poni ʻeleʻele a ʻaʻole laha i ka lewa, pili i ke kino ke pili me ka ʻili, kūpaʻa a kūpaʻa i nā kūlana o ka wā. .

ʻO kēia mau pūhui i hōʻike ʻia e Viktor Kholstov, he lālā o ka ʻelele Lūkini ma ka 57th a me 59th Sessions o ke Kōmike Hoʻokō o ka Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons; akā naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻohana ma mua o kanaono mau pūhui like.

Aia kekahi manaʻo he ʻoi aku ka ʻona o Novichok ma mua o VX, akā ʻaʻohe helu i hāʻawi ʻia no nā lāʻau ʻawaʻawa. I nā huaʻōlelo, ʻo Novichok he 5-10 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka ʻona.

ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, he nui nā mea ʻino i loko o kēia moʻolelo e pono ai kāna ʻatikala ponoʻī. E haʻi mai iaʻu ma nā manaʻo, %username%.

Iloko o ka manawa nō...

He lanakila kā mākou! Kahi mua

ʻAʻole i mālie ka noʻonoʻo nīnau o Homo sapiens ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o VX. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua ʻike ʻia kahi mea hiki ke hoʻohaumia i nā mea āpau a puni ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka pahū atomic - akā pehea inā e hui pū ʻia kēia mau mea?

A laila, he mau ʻōlelo e pili ana i ka radiation.

Ua ʻike ke kanaka i kekahi mau ʻano o ka radiation. Ma ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi a hiki ke loaʻa, hana kēia:

1. ʻO ke kukui i hana ʻia e nā kiʻi - UV, X-ray, gamma
2. ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e nā electrons - beta
3. ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e nā ʻāpana haʻahaʻa - neutrons, protons
4. ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e nā ʻāpana nui - alpha

Inā makemake ʻoe, e %username%, e hoʻolele i ka pī, ka pōleʻa tennis, ka pōʻaleʻa a me ka paona paona, he aha ka mea e hoʻonāukiuki ai ʻoe? Ua like ia me ka radiation - ʻoi aku ke kaumaha, ʻoi aku ka ʻeha. ʻAe, ua maopopo e pili ana nā mea a pau i ka wikiwiki.

ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pōʻino mai nā ʻāpana alpha - a ʻo ia ke kumu no nā ʻāpana alpha he 20 ka nui o ka maikaʻi a ʻo ia hoʻi me ka nui like o ka ikehu radiation i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o kahi ʻāpana a i ʻole ka ʻiʻo, ka hopena olaola o nā ʻāpana alpha. ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ikaika ma mua o ka hopena o ka radiation gamma.

ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, kaumaha loa nā ʻāpana alpha a hui pū ʻia a pili ikaika me nā mea āpau i hiki ʻole iā lākou ke komo i loko o nā ʻili keratinized. Akā…
Polonium-210

ʻAʻohe polonium-210 maʻemaʻe ma ka honua, ʻoiai ua loaʻa ia ma nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi ma nā uranium a me thorium ores. I loko o kona ʻano maʻemaʻe, loaʻa ia me ka artificially. ʻOi aku ka pololei, ua loaʻa iā lākou. E like me ka ʻike i hōʻike ʻia, ʻaʻole makemake nui nā waiwai o ka polonium-210 i ke kanaka, koe wale nō hoʻokahi mea:

• Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Polonium-210 i loko o nā huila me ka beryllium a me ka boron no ka hana ʻana i nā kumu neutron paʻakikī a ikaika loa i hana ʻole i ka γ-radiation. Eia naʻe, i kēia manawa ua paʻa paʻa kēia niche e californium.
• ʻO kahi wahi koʻikoʻi o ka noi no ka polonium-210 ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano o nā alloys me ke alakaʻi, yttrium, a kūʻokoʻa paha no ka hana ʻana i nā kumu wela ikaika a paʻa loa no nā hoʻonohonoho autonomous, no ka laʻana, ma ka lewa. Hoʻokahi kenimika cubic o ka polonium-210 e hoʻopuka ana ma kahi o 1320 W o ka wela. He kiʻekiʻe loa kēia mana; lawe maʻalahi ia i ka polonium i loko o kahi ʻano i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ʻo ia ke kumu i hoʻohui ʻia ai, no ka laʻana, me ke kēpau. ʻOiai he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa kēia mau ʻāpana o ka ikehu (150 W/cm³), ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻohana ʻana a me ka palekana, ʻoiai ʻo ka polonium-210 e hoʻokuʻu wale i nā ʻāpana alpha wale nō, a ʻo ko lākou hiki ke komo a me ka mamao o ka huakaʻi i ka mea paʻa. No ka laʻana, ua hoʻohana nā kaʻa kaʻa ponoʻī Soviet o ka Lunokhod space program i kahi mea hoʻomehana polonium e hoʻomehana i ka ʻāpana mea kani. Akā ʻaʻole i noho hou ka USSR, ʻo ka papahana lunar kekahi, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka hale ma mua o ka polonium.
• Ua hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo Polonium-210 e hoʻokaʻawale i nā kinoea (ʻoi aku ka ea). No ka laʻana, ua hoʻohui ʻia i nā mea hoʻohui electrode o nā pahu kukui uila e hōʻemi i ka uila uila. ʻAʻole i hana ʻia i kēia manawa, ʻoiai, no ka laʻana, no ka optics precision, hana ʻia nā pulupulu hoʻoneʻe lepo kahi i hoʻokomo ʻia ai ka nui o ka polonium. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole ma Rūsia - ua pāpā loa ʻia ka polonium ma ʻaneʻi, akā ma ʻAmelika hiki ke kūʻai ʻia nā pulupulu a laila hoʻolei ʻia i loko o ka ʻōpala maʻamau.
• Hiki i ka Polonium-210 ke lawelawe i loko o kahi huila me kahi isotope māmā o ka lithium (6Li) ma ke ʻano he mea hiki ke hōʻemi nui i ka nui koʻikoʻi o kahi hoʻopiʻi nuklea a lawelawe ma ke ʻano o ka detonator nuklea. Eia kekahi, kūpono ka polonium no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā "poma lepo" paʻa a maʻalahi no ka halihali huna, no ka mea, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻokuʻu i ka radiation gamma. Hoʻokuʻu ka isotope i nā kukuna gamma me ka ikehu o 803 keV me ka hua palaho o 0,001% wale nō - e like me ka dosimeter, palekana ka isotope. Akā no ke ana ʻana i ka radiation alpha, pono ʻoe i kahi mea koʻikoʻi. BINGO!

ʻO Polonium-210 he mea ʻawaʻawa loa, radiotoxic a carcinogenic, me ka hapalua o ke ola o 138 mau lā a me 9 mau hola. I kēia mau lā a me nā hola a pau, e lele ana nā ʻāpana alpha paʻa mai ia mea: ʻo kāna hana kikoʻī (166 TBq/g) he kiʻekiʻe loa ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke lawe me kou mau lima, no ka mea, ʻo ka hopena ka pōʻino o ka radiation i ka ʻili a, malia paha, ka kino holoʻokoʻa: komo maʻalahi ka polonium ma ka ʻili. ʻO ka maʻamau, lele nā ​​ʻāpana alpha me ka ikehu ma mua o 1 knm i ka lewa, akā ʻaʻole kēia he koho no ka polonium koʻikoʻi: ʻo kāna mau pūhui e hoʻomehana iā ia iho a lilo i kahi kūlana aerosol.

A he aha ka hopena o kou kino i ka wā e komo ai ka polonium-210 ola - pono anei e haʻi? ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo kēlā me kēia ʻātoma e paʻi i kou ʻiʻo ʻulaʻula palupalu i loko e puʻunaue a hoʻopaʻa i nā mea āpau e pili ana me nā ʻāpana alpha. Nā pūnaewele. Wai. DNA a me RNA mole. Pau kēia mau mea i ka ʻike ʻo ke Akua i ka mea - a lawe ʻoe i nā leʻaleʻa āpau o ka maʻi radiation i kona ʻike maikaʻi loa.

ʻO Polonium-210 he 4 trillion manawa ʻoi aku ka ʻona ma mua o ka waika hydrocyanic. Wahi a ka poʻe loea, ʻo ka nui o ka make o ka polonium-210 no ke kanaka makua e manaʻo ʻia mai ka 0,6-2 mcg ke komo ka isotope i ke kino ma o ka māmā, a hiki i ka 6-18 mcg ke komo i ke kino ma o ka digestive tract.

Ua ʻike ka mōʻaukala i ʻelua mau hihia o ka polonium-210 poisoning. Ua paulele loa.

• Ua make ʻo Alexander Litvinenko i ka makahiki 2006, ka mea i make ma muli o ka make ʻana o ka polonium-210. Ma ke ala, ua manaʻo mua ʻia ua make ʻo ia me ka thallium. Ma ka lā 24 o Nowemapa, ua hoʻolaha ka poʻe ʻepekema mai ka British Health Agency (BHA) ua make ʻo Litvinenko mai ka radioactive contamination. Wahi a Roger Cox, ke poʻo o ka BAZ Center for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Risks, ua hōʻike ʻia nā hōʻike mimi i nā ʻano o ka radiation i hana ʻia e e like me ka mea i manaoia, polonium-210. Ua ʻōlelo pū ʻo ia ma nā ʻano liʻiliʻi ʻo Po-210 e hoʻonui i ka pilikia o nā neoplasms malignant, a ma ka nui nui e hoʻopau i ka hana o ka iwi iwi, digestive system a me nā mea koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe.
• Loaʻa ka Polonium i nā waiwai pilikino o Yasser Arafat, i make i ka makahiki 2004. Ua ʻeli ʻia ke kino. I ka wā mua, ua hōʻoia ka ʻaoʻao Swiss o ke kōmike honua i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka make polonium. Eia naʻe, ma hope mai ua ʻae ʻo ia me nā manaʻo o nā ʻaoʻao Lūkini a me Farani ʻaʻohe hōʻike o ka make.

Ma ke ala, aia kahi mana liʻiliʻi o ka polonium-210 - ʻo ia ka protactinium-231. Me ka hana like (alpha decay), ʻo ka hapalua o ke ola o ka protactinium e like me 32480 mau makahiki, a no laila ʻaʻole ia he pōʻino: ʻaʻole ia e wela, ʻaʻole radioactive, a no laila he 250 miliona mau manawa ʻoi aku ka ʻona. ma mua o ka waika hydrocyanic. He non-volatile, ʻaʻole ia e komo i loko o ka ʻili - ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka polonium he mea minamina ia, a no laila ʻo ka palekana kiʻekiʻe (eia wau i ʻakaʻaka me ka ʻinoʻino loa) ka nui o ka protactinium i ke komo ʻana i ke kino kanaka he 0,5 mcg. ʻOiaʻiʻo, i loko o ke kino kanaka protactinium-231 e hōʻiliʻili i loko o nā puʻupaʻa a me nā iwi - a noho ma laila no ka manawa lōʻihi, e hoʻomālamalama i ke kino mai loko. No laila pono ʻoe e make.

A pau!

No laila ua hoʻopau mākou i ka hapakolu o kā mākou kamaʻāina, %username%.

Manaʻo wau e heluhelu ʻoe i nā mea a pau a hiki i ka hopena a loaʻa iā ʻoe ka ikaika e kaomi i ke pihi koho e hoʻoholo ai inā e hoʻomau hou ʻia kā mākou kamaʻāina.

A kokoke i ka ʻeono o ke kakahiaka, ka manawa e hiamoe ai.

Ke makemake nei au iā ʻoe i ke olakino a me ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea make i ke ola!

ʻO wau ka make, ka mea luku nui i nā honua.

— Nā laina mai ka Bhagavad Gita i heluhelu ʻia e Robert Oppenheimer i ka wā o ka pahū nuklea mua loa ma kahi o Alamogordo ma Iulai 16, 1945

Hiki i nā mea hoʻohana i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ke komo i ka noiʻi. Eʻe, e 'oluʻolu.

He mea pono ke hoʻomau?

• E ho'ōki i ka hoʻohenehene ʻana i koʻu lolo!

• ʻO wai ka mea heluhelu i kēia mea lapuwale ma ka pūnaewele IT?

• Inu i ka mea make!

• Kākau e pili ana i ka ua Melemele a me ka Agent Orange.

• Kākau e pili ana iā Novichok.

6 mea hoʻohana i koho. Ua hōʻole nā ​​mea hoʻohana 3.

Source: www.habr.com