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ʻO nā meaʻawaʻawa weliweli loa

ʻO nā meaʻawaʻawa weliweli loa
Aloha hou mai, %username%!

Mahalo i nā mea a pau i mahalo kaʻu opus "ʻO nā meaʻawaʻawa weliweli loa".

He mea hoihoi loa ia i ka heluhelu ʻana i nā manaʻo, ʻo kēlā me kēia mea, hoihoi loa ka pane.

Hauʻoli wau ua makemake ʻoe i ka pākuʻi. Inā ʻaʻole wau makemake, ʻo ia, ua hana wau i nā mea āpau i hiki iaʻu.

ʻO nā ʻōlelo a me nā hana i hoʻoikaika iaʻu e kākau i ka ʻāpana ʻelua.

No laila, ke hāʻawi aku nei au iā ʻoe i kahi ʻumi make!

Wahi ʻumi

KeʻokeʻoʻO nā meaʻawaʻawa weliweli loa

ʻAe, ʻike wau, %username%, i kēia manawa e hoʻōho koke ʻoe: "Hurray, hope chlorine, ka mea nui a weliweli!" Akā ʻaʻole pēlā.

ʻO ka mea mua, ʻaʻole i loko o ka bleach ka chlorine, akā ka sodium hypochlorite. ʻAe, ua hoʻopau ʻia i loko o ka chlorine, akā ʻaʻole ia he chlorine.

ʻO ka lua, ʻoiai ʻo ka chlorine ʻo ia ka mea mua o ke kaua kemika ma ka mōʻaukala o ke kanaka philanthropic (ua hoʻohana mua ʻia ia i ka makahiki 1915 i ka wā o ke Kaua ʻo Ypres - ʻae, ʻo ia, ʻaʻole ke kinoea sinapi, ʻoiai kahi i loaʻa ai ka inoa) , "ʻaʻole e hele kāua."

ʻO ka pilikia, honi ke kanaka i ka chlorine ma mua o kona make ʻana. A holo ʻo ia ma hope iki.

E noʻonoʻo iā ʻoe iho: e ʻike ʻia ka ʻala o ka chlorine e kekahi kanaka me ka ʻole o ka sinusitis ma 0,1-0,3 ppm (ʻoiai ke ʻōlelo nei lākou ua haki pū me ka sinusitis). ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o hoʻokahi hola i ka manaʻo o ka 1-3 ppm - ʻo ke ʻano wela ʻole i nā maka e alakaʻi i nā manaʻo he nui kāu mau mea nui e hana ai, akā no kekahi kumu, mamao loa mai ʻaneʻi. Ma ka hola 30 ppm, e kahe koke nā waimaka (a ʻaʻole i loko o hoʻokahi hola), a e ʻike ʻia kahi maʻi hysterical cough. Ma 40-60 ppm, e hoʻomaka nā pilikia me nā māmā.

ʻO ka noho ʻana i loko o kahi lewa me ka chlorine concentration o 400 ppm no ka hapalua hola he mea make. ʻAe, a i ʻole kekahi mau minuke - ma ke ʻano o 1000 ppm.

I ke Kaua Honua Mua, ua hoʻohana lākou i ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻoi aku o ka chlorine ma mua o ʻelua manawa i ke kaumaha o ka ea - a no laila ua hoʻokuʻu lākou iā ia e lele ma ka pāpū, e puhi ana i ka ʻenemi mai nā ʻauwaha. A ma laila lākou i paʻi kiʻi ai i ke ala kahiko a hoʻāʻo ʻia.

ʻOiaʻiʻo, inā ʻoe e hana i kahi hale hana chlorine a nakinaki lākou iā ʻoe ma kahi kokoke i kahi pahu chlorine, aia ke kumu e hopohopo ai. Akā ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e manaʻo e make ʻoe i ka chlorine i ka wā e holoi ai i ka lua a ma muli o ka electrolysis o ka wai paʻakai.

ʻAe, ʻae, inā ʻaʻole ʻoe i laki, e ʻoluʻolu e hoʻomaopopo: ʻaʻohe antidote i ka chlorine; ʻo ka lāʻau he ea hou. ʻAe, a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka ʻiʻo kuni, ʻoiaʻiʻo.

wahi ʻeiwa

Vitamin A - a i ʻole, ma ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, retinolʻO nā meaʻawaʻawa weliweli loa

Hoʻomanaʻo nā kānaka a pau i nā huaora. ʻAe, ko lākou pōmaikaʻi. Hoʻopili kekahi poʻe i ka waiʻona a me ka puhi paka me nā huaora, akā ʻo ia ke ʻano.

I ko lākou wā kamaliʻi, ua ʻōlelo nā kupuna wahine o kēlā me kēia kanaka iā lākou e ʻai i nā ʻāpala a me nā kāloti. Ua haʻi mai ʻo ia iaʻu. Ua makemake wale au i ka puree kāloti Soviet kahiko i loko o kēlā mau ipu liʻiliʻi!

Akā, mai huikau i ka retinol weliweli me ka carotene maoli (ʻo ia ka mea i loaʻa i ka melon a me nā kāloti): me ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā carotenes, ʻeleʻele o nā lima, nā wāwae o nā wāwae a me nā mucous membranes hiki ke loaʻa (ma ke ala, ua hiki kēia i iaʻu i koʻu wā kamaliʻi!), akā i nā hihia koʻikoʻi ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona o ka ʻona.

No laila, ʻo ka LD50 o retinol he 2 g/kg i nā ʻiole i ʻai ia. I ka noʻonoʻo ʻana he momona ka momona, inā ʻoe e ʻai i ka puaʻa, e emi ana ʻoe. Ua ʻike nā ʻiole i ka nalo ʻana o ka ʻike, ka ʻāʻī, a me ka make.

I loko o nā kānaka, ua ʻoi aku ka hoihoi o nā hihia: ʻo ka nui o ka huaora A o 25 IU/kg ke kumu o ka make ʻana, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā i kahi maʻi o 000 IU/kg no 4000-6 mau mahina ke kumu o ka make mau (no ka ʻike: paʻakikī loa nā kauka. kanaka e hoʻomaopopo, a ʻaʻole wale kēia ma muli o ke kākau lima - helu lākou i ka huaora A ma IU - nā ʻāpana olakino; lawe ʻia hoʻokahi ʻāpana IU me 15 mcg o retinol).

ʻO ka lāʻauʻawaʻawa i loko o ke kanaka e hōʻikeʻia e nā hōʻailona penei: ka mumū o ka cornea, ka nele o ka makemake, ka nausea, ka nui o ka ate, kaʻeha hui. Hoʻomaka ka make ʻana o ka huaora A me ka hoʻohana mau ʻana i ka nui o ka nui o ka huaora a me ka nui o ka aila iʻa.

Hiki ke ʻai ʻia ke akepaʻa o ka manō, ka polar bear, nā holoholona kai, a me nā huskies (mai hoʻomāinoino i nā ʻīlio!). Ua ʻike ka poʻe ʻEulopa i kēia mai ka liʻiliʻi loa i ka makahiki 1597, i ka wā i maʻi nui ai nā lālā o ka huakaʻi ʻekolu o Barents ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana i ka ate polar bear.

Hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka ʻawaʻawa ma ke ʻano o ka convulsions a me ka lolo. I ke ʻano maʻamau o ka overdose, piʻi ka intracranial pressure, i hui pū ʻia me ka headache, nausea, a me ka luaʻi. I ka manawa like, hiki mai ka pehu ʻana o ka macula a me nā hemahema ʻike pili. Hōʻike ʻia nā hemorrhages, a me nā hōʻailona o ka hepato- a me nā hopena nephrotoxic o ka nui o ka huaora A. Hiki ke haʻi ʻia ka iwi iwi. Hiki i ka nui o ka huaora A ke hoʻopilikia i ka hānau ʻana a no laila ʻaʻole pono e ʻoi aku ma mua o ka ʻai ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka lawe ʻole ʻana ia mea no nā wahine hāpai.

No ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka make, ua kuhikuhi ʻia ka mannitol, e hōʻemi ana i ke kaomi intracranial a hoʻopau i nā hōʻailona o ka meningism, glucocorticoids, ka mea e hoʻolalelale i ka metabolism o ka huaora i loko o ke ake a hoʻopaʻa i nā membrane o nā lysosomes i loko o ke ake a me nā puʻupaʻa. Hoʻopaʻa pū ka Vitamin E i nā membrane cell.

No laila, %username%, e hoʻomanaʻo: ʻaʻole maikaʻi nā mea olakino a pau i ka nui.

Wahi ʻewalu

ʻO ka haoʻO nā meaʻawaʻawa weliweli loa

He mea ʻawaʻawa ke koʻokoʻo hao e komo ana i loko o ka lolo. aole nae pololei keia.

Akā ʻo ka mea koʻikoʻi, kokoke loa ke kūlana me ka hao me ka huaora A.

Ua kuhikuhi ʻia kekahi poʻe i ka hao e hoʻopau i ka anemia deficiency hao. Ua ʻōlelo mau koʻu kupuna wahine poina ʻole e ʻai i nā ʻāpala - he nui ka hao (a ʻike nā mea a pau i kēia ʻumiʻumi hoʻohenehene).

Ma mua, ʻai lākou i ka hao ma ke ʻano maoli - ma ke kiʻi ma luna he hao carbonyl - no laila ʻai lākou: piha ka ʻōpū i ka waika hydrochloric, no laila ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka hao ma laila a ua lawa.

A laila hoʻomaka lākou e kuhikuhi i ka hao sulfate a me ka hao lactates. ʻO ka mea ʻakaʻaka e pili ana i ka hao, ʻo ia ka divalent: ʻaʻole hiki i ke kino ke ʻae i ka hao ferric, ʻoi aku ka hauʻoli i ka pH ma luna o 4.

7-35 g o ka hao e hoʻouna pono iā ʻoe, %username%, i ka honua aʻe. A i kēia manawa ʻaʻole wau e kamaʻilio e pili ana i kahi mea metala i kau ʻia ma kahi kūpono o ke kino - ke kamaʻilio nei wau e pili ana i nā paʻakai hao. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī me nā keiki (paʻakikī mau nā keiki): 3 grams o ka hao he mea make no nā keiki ma lalo o 3 mau makahiki. Ma ke ala, e like me ka ʻikepili, ʻo kēia ke ʻano maʻamau o ka make ʻana o ka wā kamaliʻi.

Ua like loa ka hana o ka hao nui me ka make metala kaumaha (a, ma ke ala, hiki ke mālama ʻia ma ke ʻano like. Hiki ke hōʻiliʻili ka hao i loko o ke kino, e like me nā metala kaumaha - akā me kekahi mau maʻi hoʻoilina a me nā maʻi maʻi a me ka nui ʻO ka poʻe me ka hao nui e loaʻa i ka nāwaliwali o ke kino, lilo ke kaumaha, loaʻa pinepine ka maʻi.

I ka hao nui, ua poino ka mucosa intestinal, ulu ka hana ole o ke ake, a hiki mai ka nausea a me ka luai. ʻO ka maʻi maʻi a me nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "nā ʻeleʻele" he maʻamau - loaʻa iā ʻoe ka manaʻo. Inā ʻoe e hoʻokuʻu iā ia - nā ʻano koʻikoʻi o ka pōʻino o ke ake, coma, hui me nā ʻohana lōʻihi i make.

Kahi ʻehiku

ʻO AspirinʻO nā meaʻawaʻawa weliweli loa

No kekahi kumu, i kēia manawa ke hoʻomanaʻo nei au i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻAmelika a pau nā mea i loaʻa i ka poʻo, e ʻai wale i nā pūʻulu o nā huaʻōlelo. Akua!

Acetylsalicylic acid a i ʻole aspirin - e like me Felix Hoffman i kapa ai, nāna i hana i kēia huahana hāʻawi ola i loko o nā hale hana o Bayer AG ma ʻAukake 10, 1897, he LD50 i nā ʻiole o 200 mg/kg. ʻAe, he nui kēia, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻai i ka nui o nā lāʻau lapaʻau, akā e like me nā lāʻau lapaʻau, loaʻa ka aspirin i nā hopena ʻaoʻao. A pēlā lākou: nā pilikia me ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū a me ka pehu ʻana. Eia naʻe, inā loaʻa iā ʻoe ka nui o ka aspirin, a laila me kahi overdose nui (ʻo ia ka manawa hoʻokahi - akā ʻo ke kaʻa) ka nui o ka make ʻana he 2%. ʻO ka overdose maʻamau (ʻo ia ka wā e hoʻohana ʻia ai nā koina kiʻekiʻe no ka manawa lōʻihi) he mea make pinepine, ʻo 25% ka nui o ka make, a e like me ka hao, hiki i ka overdose maʻi ke koʻikoʻi loa i nā keiki.

I ka hihia o ka make ʻana o ka aspirin, ʻeha nui ka ʻōpū, huikau, psychosis, stupor, kani i nā pepeiao, a me ka hiamoe.

E mālama e like me ka overdose: activated charcoal, intravenous dextrose a me ka paʻakai maʻamau, sodium bicarbonate, a me ka dialysis.

Pono ka maʻi o Reye i ka nānā kūikawā - he maʻi kakaʻikahi akā koʻikoʻi i hōʻike ʻia e ka encephalopathy acute a me nā waihona momona i loko o ke ake. Hiki ke hana kēia mea ke hāʻawi ʻia nā keiki a ʻōpio paha i ka aspirin no ke kuni a i ʻole nā ​​maʻi ʻē aʻe. Mai ka makahiki 1981 a hiki i ka makahiki 1997, ua hōʻike ʻia he 1207 maʻi o Reye's Syndrome i ka poʻe ʻōpio ma mua o 18 makahiki i ka US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ʻO kēia mau mea, 93% i hōʻike i ka maʻi i loko o nā pule ʻekolu ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Reye's Syndrome, ʻo ka pinepine me ka maʻi hanu, ka moa, a i ʻole ka maʻi maʻi.

Ua like me keia:

  • 5-6 mau lā ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka maʻi viral (me ka moa moa - 4-5 mau lā ma hope o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o ka ʻūlū), ulu koke ka nausea a me ka luaʻi hiki ʻole ke kāohi ʻia, me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kūlana noʻonoʻo (e like me ka lethargy haʻahaʻa a hiki i ka coma hohonu a nā manawa o ka disorientation, psychomotor agitation).
  • I nā keiki ma lalo o 3 mau makahiki, ʻo nā hōʻailona nui o ka maʻi he hiki ʻole i ka hanu, ka hiamoe a me ka convulsions, a i nā keiki o ka makahiki mua o ke ola, ʻike ʻia ka ʻāʻī o ka fontanel nui.
  • I ka loaʻa ʻole o ka lāʻau lapaʻau kūpono, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ke kūlana o ka mea maʻi: ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o ka coma, convulsions, a me ka hopu ʻana i ka hanu.
  • ʻIke ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ate ma 40% o nā hihia, akā he kakaikahi ka jaundice.
  • ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka AST, ALT, a me ka amonia i ka serum koko o nā mea maʻi he maʻamau.

Pehea e pale aku ai i kēia? He mea maʻalahi: ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e hāʻawi i kāu keiki i ka aspirin inā loaʻa ʻo ia i ka maʻi maʻi, maʻi ʻaʻai a i ʻole ka moa. E hoʻohana makaʻala i ka wā e kuhikuhi ai i ka acetylsalicylic acid i nā wela kiʻekiʻe i nā keiki ma lalo o 12 mau makahiki. I kēia kūlana, ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻololi i ka acetylsalicylic acid me ka paracetamol a i ʻole ibuprofen. E kelepona koke i kāu kauka inā hōʻike kāu keiki i nā hōʻailona o: luaʻi, ʻeha ʻeha, lethargy, irritability, delirium, pilikia hanu, lima a me nā wāwae ʻoʻoleʻa, coma.

E mālama i nā keiki, ʻoiai, ʻo lākou ko kākou hoʻoilina.

Wahi ʻeono

KālāʻO nā meaʻawaʻawa weliweli loa

ʻAe, ʻae, hanu mākou a pau i kēia kalapona kalapona like ʻole. Akā ʻaʻole e hoʻolei ke kino i kekahi mea pono me ka maʻalahi! Ma ke ala, aia ma kahi o 0,04% carbon dioxide i ka lewa - no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, he 20 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka argon i ka lewa.

Ma waho aʻe o ʻoe a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ke kalapona dioxide i ka wā hoʻopau piha a loaʻa i loko o nā mea inu ʻawaʻawa - ʻaʻohe waiʻona a me nā mea hoihoi (e pili ana iā lākou ma lalo).

Ma kahi o ka nui o ka 0,1% (keia pae o carbon dioxide i kekahi manawa ke nānā ʻia i ka lewa o nā megacities), hoʻomaka ka poʻe e nāwaliwali, hiamoe - e hoʻomanaʻo i kou manaʻo i kahi makemake ʻole e ʻae? Ke hoʻonui ʻia i ka 7-10%, hoʻomohala ʻia nā hōʻailona o ka suffocation, i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka maʻi poʻo, dizziness, ka lohe ʻana a me ka nalowale o ka ʻike (nā hōʻailona e like me ka maʻi kiʻekiʻe), e ulu ana kēia mau hōʻailona, ​​​​ma muli o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana, i kahi manawa. o kekahi mau minuke a i ka hora hookahi.

Ke hoʻi ʻia ka ea me ke kinoea kiʻekiʻe loa, hiki koke mai ka make mai ka asphyxiation ma muli o ka hypoxia.

ʻO ka hanu ʻana i ka ea me ka nui o kēia kinoea ʻaʻole ia e alakaʻi i nā pilikia olakino lōʻihi. Ma hope o ka wehe ʻana i ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia mai kahi lewa me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka carbon dioxide, hiki koke ke hoʻihoʻi piha i ke olakino a maikaʻi.

ʻO ka carbon dioxide he 1,5 mau manawa ke kaumaha ma mua o ka ea - a pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia kēia ma ke ʻano o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā niches a me nā basements.

E hoʻolele i kou lumi, %username%!

Wahi ʻelima

PāʻO nā meaʻawaʻawa weliweli loa

Ua ʻike nā kānaka a pau i ke ʻano o ke kō. ʻAʻole mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka holivar - he aha ka mea e inu ai me ke kō a me ka mea ʻole: kofe a i ʻole ke kī, ua hoʻopau i nā ola he nui.

ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ke kō (ʻoi aku ka pololei, glucose) ʻo ia kekahi o nā pūhui meaʻai nui - a ʻo ka mea wale nō i hoʻopili ʻia e ka ʻiʻo hopohopo. Me ke kō ʻole, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke noʻonoʻo a heluhelu i kēia kikokikona, %username%!

Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa i ke kōpaʻa kahi maʻi ʻawaʻawa - 50% o nā ʻiole make ke ʻai lākou i 30 g/kg o ke kō (mai nīnau pehea lākou i hānai ʻia ai). Ke hoʻomanaʻo nei au i kahi kaʻa subway ma New York i ka makahiki 2014, kahi i hoʻopiʻi ʻia ai nā maʻi āpau i ke kō: mai ka maʻi ʻole a hiki i ka hōʻeha puʻuwai. Noʻonoʻo nō hoʻi au: pehea i ola ai ke kanaka me ka ʻole o nā mea ʻono kemika?

Hoʻokahi ʻaoʻao a i ʻole, he mea ʻawaʻawa ke kō i ka nui (e like me kāu i ʻike ai - VERY nui doses). ʻAʻole liʻiliʻi nā hōʻailona o ka make:

  • kūlana kaumahaʻO nā meaʻawaʻawa weliweli loa
  • Nā maʻi ʻōpū.

Akā ʻo ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo, he kakaikahi wale nō ka poʻe i waena o mākou he mea ʻawaʻawa maoli ke kō. He poe ma'i ma'i keia. He chemist wau, ʻaʻole wau he kauka, akā ʻike wau. hiki mai ka maʻi diabetes i nā ʻano like ʻole, ʻokoʻa ka paʻakikī, ma muli o nā kumu like ʻole a mālama ʻia ʻokoʻa. No laila, %username%, inā ʻike ʻoe:

  • ʻO ka polyuria ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka mimi ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o ke kaomi osmotic o ka mimi ma muli o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ka glucose i loko o ia mea (ʻo ka mea maʻamau ʻaʻohe glucose i loko o ka mimi). Hōʻike ʻia e ka mimi pinepine, copious, me ka pō.
  • ʻO ka polydipsia (makewai mau ʻole) ma muli o ka lilo nui o ka wai i loko o ka mimi a me ka piʻi ʻana o ke kaomi osmotic o ke koko.
  • Polyphagia - pololi mau ʻole. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia hōʻailona ma muli o kahi maʻi maʻi metabolic i ka maʻi diabetes, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hiki ʻole o nā cell ke komo a hoʻōla i ka glucose i ka nele o ka insulin (pōloli i waena o ka nui).
  • ʻO ka pohō kaumaha (ʻoi aku ka maʻamau no ka maʻi diabetes type XNUMX) he hōʻailona maʻamau o ka maʻi maʻi, e ulu ana me ka piʻi ʻana o ka makemake o nā maʻi. ʻO ke kaumaha o ke kaumaha (a hiki i ka luhi) ke kumu o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka catabolism o nā protein a me nā momona ma muli o ka haʻalele ʻana o ka glucose mai ka metabolism ikehu o nā cell.
  • ʻO nā hōʻailona lua: ʻo ka ʻili o ka ʻili a me ka mucous membrane, ka waha maloʻo, ka nāwaliwali o ka ʻiʻo maʻamau, ke poʻo, nā ʻili ʻili a paʻakikī ke mālama ʻia, ʻike maka.

- hele i ka haukapila a hāʻawi i ke koko no ke kō!

ʻO ka maʻi diabetes kahi mamao loa mai ka hoʻopaʻi make, hiki ke mālama ʻia, akā inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e mālama a ʻai i nā mea ʻono, a laila ʻo ka mea e kali nei iā ʻoe ʻo ka maʻi puʻuwai, ka makapō, ka pōʻino o ka puʻupaʻa, ka pōʻino nerve, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka wāwae diabetic - Google it , makemake ʻoe.

Wahi ʻehā

Ka paʻakai paʻakaiʻO nā meaʻawaʻawa weliweli loa

"ʻO ka paʻakai a me ke kō ko mākou mau ʻenemi keʻokeʻo," pololei? ʻAe, ʻo ia ke kumu e hahai ai ka paʻakai i ke kō.

He mea paʻakikī ke noʻonoʻo i kā mākou meaʻai me ka paʻakai ʻole, a ma ke ala, hoʻohana mākou iā ia wale nō ma muli o nā makemake pilikino: piha nā huahana i ka sodium a me ka chlorine, ʻaʻole pono kahi kumu hou.

ʻOiai ʻo ka paʻakai e hana i ka hana koʻikoʻi o ka mālama ʻana i ka paʻakai wai-paʻakai i loko o ke kino, e hōʻoia i ka hana kūpono o nā mea āpau - mai ke koko a hiki i nā puʻupaʻa, 3 g / kg o ka ʻiole a i ʻole 12,5 g / kg o ke kanaka hiki ke pepehi. .

ʻO ke kumu ʻo ia ka uhaki ʻana i kēia kaulike wai-paʻakai like, e alakaʻi ai i ka hōʻino ʻole ʻana, kahi piʻi nui o ke koko a me ka make.

Manaʻo wau ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ke ʻai i kēlā nui o ka paʻakai (koe wale no ka wiwo ʻole - ʻoi, kahi koho maikaʻi no ka Darwin Award), akā ʻo nā "overdoses" liʻiliʻi o ka paʻakai he mau hopena maikaʻi ʻole: ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka lawe ʻana i ka paʻakai. ʻO 1 teaspoon i ka lā a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi e hoʻemi i ke koko i 8 mm Hg. E kū'ē i ke kua o ka mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hypertension ma mua o ka AIDS a me ka maʻi kanesa, ʻAʻole wau i manaʻo ʻo ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka paʻakai he mea ola ʻole.

makana ʻekolu! Wahi ʻekolu

KaʻiineʻO nā meaʻawaʻawa weliweli loa

I kēia manawa e kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i nā mea inu. Kofe, kī, kola, nā mea inu ikaika - aia nā mea a pau i ka caffeine. ʻEhia mau kīʻaha kofe āu i inu ai i kēia lā? ʻOiai wau e kākau nei i kēia mau mea a pau, ʻaʻohe aʻu, akā makemake nui au e...

Ma ke ala, ʻo 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, guaranine, caffeine, mateine, methyltheobromine, theine - aia ka mea like ma ka ʻaoʻao, nā inoa like ʻole, i hana pinepine ʻia e hoʻōho: "He aha, ʻaʻohe gram o ka caffeine i loko. kēia inu - ma laila ... "He ʻokoʻa loa a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi!" ʻO ka mōʻaukala, ua like ia me kēia: i ka makahiki 1819, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Ferdinand Runge ke kanaka Kelemania i kahi alkaloid, i kapa ʻia ʻo caffeine (ma ke ala, he kanaka maikaʻi ʻo ia: ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo ia i ka quinine, ua piʻi mai ka manaʻo. me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka chlorine ma ke ʻano he disinfectant, a hoʻomaka i ka mōʻaukala o nā dyes aniline). A laila i ka makahiki 1827, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Udri i kahi alkaloid hou mai nā lau kī a kapa ʻia ʻo theine. A i ka makahiki 1838, ua huhū ʻo Jobst lāua ʻo G. Ya. Mulder i nā mea a pau a ua hōʻoia i ka ʻike o ia a me ka caffeine. Ua wehewehe ʻia ke ʻano o ka caffeine i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 1902 e Hermann Emil Fischer, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea mua i hana i ka caffeine. Ua lanakila 'o ia i ka Nobel Prize in Chemistry i ka makahiki XNUMX, i loa'a iā ia ma kekahi hapa no kēia hana - ua lanakila 'o ke kaua me ka hiamoe!

50% o nā ʻīlio make inā lawe lākou i ka 140 mg/kg o ka caffeine me ka meaʻai. I ka manawa like, ʻike lākou i ka hiki ʻole o ka renal acute, nausea, ka luaʻi ʻana, nā hemorrhages i loko, nā haunaele o ka puʻuwai, a me nā convulsions. He make ʻoluʻolu ʻole, ʻae.

I loko o nā kānaka, ma nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, he hopena hoʻoulu ka caffeine i ka ʻōnaehana nerve - maikaʻi, hoʻāʻo nā mea a pau iā lākou iho. Me ka hoʻohana lōʻihi, hiki iā ia ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka hilinaʻi - theism.

Ma lalo o ka mana o ka caffeine, wikiwiki ka hana o ka naʻau, piʻi ke koko, a ma kahi o 40 mau minuke e hoʻomaikaʻi iki ke ʻano ma muli o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o dopamine, akā ma hope o nā hola 3-6 e pau ka hopena o ka caffeine: luhi, lethargy, a me ka hiki ke emi. e puka mai ka hana.

He hana hoʻoluhi e wehewehe i ka hopena o ka caffeine.Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hopena psychostimulating o ka caffeine ma muli o kona hiki ke hoʻopau i ka hana o nā adenosine receptors waena (A1 a me A2) i loko o ka cerebral cortex a me nā subcortical formations o ka ʻōnaehana nerve waena. I kēia manawa ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo ka adenosine e pāʻani i ke ʻano o kahi neurotransmitter i loko o ka ʻōnaehana o ke kikowaena, me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka adenosine receptors i loaʻa ma nā membrane cytoplasmic o nā neurons. ʻO ka hauʻoli o ke ʻano I adenosine receptors (A1) e ka adenosine ke kumu i ka emi ʻana o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka cAMP i loko o nā pūnaewele lolo, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka pale ʻana i kā lākou hana hana. ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā mea loaʻa A1-adenosine e kōkua i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hopena inhibitory o ka adenosine, i hōʻike ʻia i ke kino e ka piʻi ʻana o ka hana noʻonoʻo a me ke kino.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka caffeine ka mana koho e pale i nā mea loaʻa A1-adenosine wale nō i loko o ka lolo, a hoʻopaʻa pū kekahi i nā mea loaʻa A2-adenosine. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo ka hoʻāla ʻana o nā mea hoʻokipa A2-adenosine i loko o ka ʻōnaehana nūnū waena e hele pū me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hana hana o D2 dopamine receptors. ʻO ka blockade o nā mea hoʻokipa A2-adenosine e ka caffeine e kōkua i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka hana hana o D2 dopamine receptors, e kōkua pū ana i ka hopena psychostimulating o ka lāʻau.

I ka pōkole, paʻa ka caffeine i kekahi mea ma laila. Pela no na opiates. E like me ka LSD. No laila, e loaʻa ana ka addiction, akā no ka mea ʻaʻole ikaika loa ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, a ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi nā mea hoʻokipa, ʻaʻole ia he addiction (ʻoiai e hoʻopaʻapaʻa nā mea aloha kofe).

ʻO nā hōʻailona o ka ʻai nui o ka caffeine - ʻeha ʻōpū, haʻalulu, hopohopo, noʻonoʻo a me nā kaʻa kaʻa, huikau, delirium (dissociative), dehydration, tachycardia, arrhythmia, hyperthermia, mimi pinepine, headache, hoʻonui i ka tactile a i ʻole ka ʻeha ʻeha, haʻalulu a i ʻole ka ʻiʻo o ka ʻiʻo; nausea a me ka luai, i kekahi manawa me ke koko; ke kani ʻana i nā pepeiao, ka epileptic seizures (i ka hihia o ka overdose acute - tonic-clonic seizures).

ʻO ka caffeine i loko o ka nui ma mua o 300 mg i kēlā me kēia lā (me ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kofe - ʻoi aku ma mua o 4 mau kīʻaha kofe maoli, 150 ml kēlā me kēia) hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka hopohopo, ke poʻo, ka haʻalulu, ka huikau, a me ka hana ʻole o ka naʻau.

I loko o ka nui o 150-200 mg no ka kilo o ke kaumaha o ke kanaka, make ka caffeine. E like me nā ʻīlio.

No laila, pōʻino, auhea kaʻu kofe?

Ka lua

NikotineʻO nā meaʻawaʻawa weliweli loa

ʻAe, ua ʻike nā kānaka a pau i ka pōʻino o ka puhi paka. A e pili ana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo he mea make ka nicotine. Akā, e noʻonoʻo kākou.

Hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻawaʻawa o ka nicotine me kahi hihia ʻawaʻawa weliweli ma Belgium i ka makahiki 1850, i ka wā i hoʻopiʻi ʻia ai ʻo Count Bocarme no ka make ʻana i ke kaikunāne o kāna wahine. Ua hana ʻo Belgian chemist ʻo Jean Servais Stas ma ke ʻano he kūkākūkā a, ma o ka loiloi paʻakikī, ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu wale ʻia ke kumu o ka make ʻana e ka nicotine, akā ua hoʻomohala pū kekahi i kahi ala no ka ʻike ʻana i nā alkaloids, kahi, me nā hoʻololi liʻiliʻi, hoʻohana mau ʻia i kēia lā i ka kemika analytical. .

Ma hope o kēlā, ʻaʻole i aʻo ʻia ka nicotine a hoʻoholo wale ʻia e ka palaualelo. I kēia manawa ua ʻike ʻia kēia mau mea.

Ke komo ka nicotine i ke kino, laha koke ia ma ke koko a hiki ke hele i ka pale koko-lolo. ʻO ia hoʻi, hele pololei i ka lolo. Ma ka awelika, ʻo 7 kekona ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana i ka uahi paka ua lawa ka nicotine e hiki i ka lolo. ʻO ka hapalua o ke ola o ka nicotine mai ke kino ma kahi o ʻelua hola. ʻO ka nicotine i hanu ʻia e ka uahi paka i ka wā e puhi ana he hapa liʻiliʻi ia o ka nicotine i loko o nā lau paka (ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea i ke ahi, kaumaha). ʻO ka nui o ka nicotine e komo i ke kino i ka puhi paka ʻana ma muli o nā kumu he nui, e like me ke ʻano o ka paka, inā ua inhaled ʻia ka uahi a pau, a inā hoʻohana ʻia kahi kānana. Me ka nahu paka a me ka snuff, i waiho ʻia i loko o ka waha a nau a inhaled paha ma ka ihu, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nicotine i komo i ke kino ma mua o ka puhi paka. Hoʻopili ʻia ʻo Nicotine i loko o ke ake e ka cytochrome P450 enzyme (ʻo CYP2A6 ka nui, akā ʻo CYP2B6 pū kekahi). ʻO ka metabolite nui ka cotinine.

Hoʻopaʻapaʻa maikaʻi ʻia ka hopena o ka nicotine ma ka ʻōnaehana nerve. Hana ʻo nikotina i nā mea hoʻokipa nicotinic acetylcholine: ʻo ka atom nitrogen protonated o ke apo pyrrolidine i loko o ka nicotine e hoʻohālike ana i ka atom nitrogen quaternary i acetylcholine, a ʻo ka pyridine nitrogen atom ke ʻano o kahi kumu Lewis, e like me ka oxygen o ka hui keto o acetylcholine. Ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hoʻonui ia i ka hana o kēia mau mea loaʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, e alakaʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka adrenaline hormone hoʻoikaika (epinephrine). ʻO ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka adrenaline e alakaʻi i ka piʻi ʻana o ka puʻuwai, hoʻonui i ke koko a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hanu, a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka glucose koko.

ʻO ka ʻōnaehana sympathetic nerve, e hana ana ma o nā aʻalolo splanchnic ma ka adrenal medulla, hoʻoulu i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o adrenaline. ʻO ka Acetylcholine i hana ʻia e nā preganglionic sympathetic fibers o kēia mau aʻalolo e hana ma luna o ka nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, e hoʻoulu ai i ka depolarization cell a me ka komo ʻana o ka calcium ma o nā kahawai calcium-gated. Hoʻomaka ka calcium i ka exocytosis o nā granules chromaffin, a laila e hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o adrenaline (a me norepinephrine) i loko o ke koko.

Ua paʻi paha au i kou lolo ma mua o ka nicotine? ʻAe? A laila, e kamaʻilio kākou no nā mea ʻoluʻolu.

Ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, hoʻonui ka nicotine i nā pae dopamine i nā kikowaena uku o ka lolo. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka puhi paka e kaohi i ka monoamine oxidase, he enzyme kuleana no ka wāwahi ʻana i nā neurotransmitters monoamine (e like me dopamine) i loko o ka lolo. Manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole ʻo ka nicotine ponoʻī e kāohi i ka hana ʻana o ka monoamine oxidase; ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe o ka uahi paka ke kuleana no kēia. ʻO ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o ka dopamine e hoʻohauʻoli i nā kikowaena leʻaleʻa o ka lolo; ʻo kēia mau kikowaena lolo ke kuleana no ka "paepae ʻeha o ke kino"; no laila, ʻo ka nīnau inā loaʻa ka leʻaleʻa i ka mea puhi paka.

ʻOiai kona ʻona ikaika, i ka wā e ʻai ʻia ai i nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi (no ka laʻana, ma o ka puhi ʻana), hana ʻo nicotine ma ke ʻano he psychostimulant. ʻOkoʻa nā hopena o ka nikotina i ke ʻano. Ma muli o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka glucose mai ke ake a me ka adrenaline (epinephrine) mai ka adrenal medulla, hoʻoulu ia i ka hauʻoli. Mai kahi manaʻo kumuhana, hōʻike ʻia kēia e nā manaʻo hoʻomaha, mālie a me ke ola, a me kahi kūlana euphoric moderately.

ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nikotina e alakaʻi i ke kaumaha o ke kaumaha, e hōʻemi ana i ka ʻai ma muli o kona hoʻoulu ʻana i nā neurons POMC a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ke koko glucose (glucose, e hana ana i ka satiety a me nā kikowaena pololi i ka hypothalamus o ka lolo, dulls ka manaʻo o ka pōloli). ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kahi meaʻai maʻalahi, hoʻomaopopo a olakino "ʻaʻole ʻai nui".

E like me kā mākou e ʻike ai, paʻakikī loa ka hopena o ka nicotine i ke kino. He aha ka mea e pono e lawe ʻia mai kēia:

  • ʻO ka Nicotine kahi mea e launa pū me nā mea hoʻokipa nerve
  • E like me nā mea like he nui, ʻo ka nicotine ka mea hoʻohui a hoʻohui.

Ma ke ala, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea maʻi me nā maʻi noʻonoʻo i ka puhi ʻana (ke puhi nei ʻoe? - e noʻonoʻo a hele i kahi psychiatrist: ʻaʻohe poʻe olakino - aia nā poʻe ma lalo o ka nānā ʻana). ʻO ka nui o nā noiʻi a puni ka honua e ʻōlelo nei he ʻoi aku ka puhi ʻana o ka poʻe me ka schizophrenia (20 mau ʻāina like ʻole i aʻo i ka huina o 7593 mau maʻi me ka schizophrenia, ʻo 62% ka poʻe puhi paka). I ka makahiki 2006, 80% a oi aku paha o na kanaka me ka schizophrenia ma ka United States ua puhi, ke hoohalikeia me 20% o ka heluna nui o ka poe puhi paka ole (e like me ka NCI). Aia kekahi mau kuhiakau e pili ana i nā kumu o kēia addiction, e wehewehe ana i ka makemake e pale aku i nā hōʻailona o ka maʻi a me ka makemake e pale i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o nā antipsychotics. Wahi a kekahi kuhiakau, ʻo ka nicotine ponoʻī e hoʻopilikia i ka psyche.

He mea make loa ka nikotina i na holoholona koko anu. Hana ma ke ʻano he neurotoxin, e hoʻoulu ai i ka maʻi maʻi o ka ʻōnaehana nerve (hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka hanu, hoʻopau i ka hana cardiac, make). ʻO ka maʻamau make maʻamau no nā kānaka he 0,5-1 mg/kg, no nā ʻiole - 140 mg/kg ma o ka ʻili, no nā ʻiole - 0,8 mg/kg intravenously a me 5,9 mg/kg ke lawelawe ʻia intraperitoneally. He mea make ka nicotine i kekahi mau pepeke, no ka mea, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he insecticide, a i kēia manawa nā derivatives nicotine, e like me, no ka laʻana, imidacloprid, hoʻohana mau ʻia i ka mana like.

Hiki i ka hoʻohana lōʻihi ke hana i nā maʻi a me nā hana like ʻole e like me ka hyperglycemia, arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, tachycardia, arrhythmia, angina pectoris, coronary heart disease, and heart failure.

ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻohe mea ʻino o ka nicotine i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ke koena o kona nani, ʻo ia hoʻi:

  • Hāʻawi ka paka i ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi kanesa, me ka maʻi kanesa o ka māmā, ke alelo, larynx, esophagus, ʻōpū, etc.
  • Hāʻawi ka puhi puhi ʻole i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka gingivitis a me ka stomatitis.
  • Nā huahana o ka hoʻopau piha ʻana (carbon monoxide) - maikaʻi, maopopo, heluhelu i kaʻu hana mua
  • ʻO ka waiho ʻana o ka ta i loko o ka māmā - ka ʻuʻu kakahiaka o ka mea puhi paka, bronchitis, emphysema a me ka maʻi kanesa.

I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi o nā kaʻina puhi paka ke hoʻopakele iā ʻoe i ka 100% mai nā hopena - a no laila ʻaʻole hana kāu mau kānana a pau, hookahs, etc.

ʻAʻole hoʻomaha nā vapers - a maʻalahi ke kumu:

  • ʻOiai ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea ʻino ʻole e like me ka glycerin - ʻaʻole lākou e pōʻino i ka ʻoihana meaʻai! ʻAʻohe mea i ʻike e pili ana i ka hopena o ka hoʻolaha ʻana a, ma ka laulā, e pili ana i ke ʻano o nā kinoea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka wā pyrolysis i ka wā vaping. Ke holo nei ka hana noiʻi (hookahi laana и ʻelua laʻana), a he mea kupanaha nā hopena.
    Huli akuʻO nā meaʻawaʻawa weliweli loa
  • Ua ʻōlelo mua wau ua hoʻohana ʻia ka nicotine ma ke ʻano he pesticide. Mai ka makahiki 2014, ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa; i ka European Union ua pāpā ʻia ʻo ia mai 2009. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole kēia e pale i ka hoʻohana ʻana ma Kina ...
    I kēia manawa, loaʻa ka nikotine papa lāʻau lapaʻau (Pharma Grade, USP /PhEur a i ʻole USP/EP) ma ka mākeke. Akā aia kekahi insecticide i hana ʻia ma Kina. Nānā: ʻo wai ka mea maʻalahi? Eia hou, ʻaʻole wau he vaper, akā no ka leʻaleʻa, e google wau a hoʻohālikelike i ke kumukūʻai o nā mea āu i kūʻai ai i loko o kēia hue me ka nui o ke kumukūʻai. A i ʻole, i kekahi manawa e manaʻo paha ʻoe me he mooaka a hauʻoli piha i nā haumia o ka nicotine haʻahaʻa.

I ka pōkole, ʻaʻole hoʻohana ke kanaka i nā ala palekana loa e ʻai ai i ka nicotine. Pono anei?

A ʻo kā mākou lanakila! Hui! Kahi mua

EthanolUa hoʻopio hou nā Chapaevites i nā keʻena mai nā Whites.
I ka nānā ʻana i nā kīʻaha, ua ʻike ʻo Vasily Ivanovich lāua ʻo Petka i kahi pahu me ka waiʻona.
No ka pale ʻana i ka ʻona o ka poʻe hakakā, ua kau inoa lākou iā C2N5-ON, me ka manaʻolana
ʻaʻole ʻike iki ka poʻe hakakā i ka kemika. I ke kakahiaka aʻe, aia nā mea a pau "i loko o ka insole."
Ua hoʻāla ʻo Chapaev i kekahi a nīnau:
- Pehea ʻoe i loaʻa ai?
- ʻAe, maʻalahi. Huli mākou a ʻimi, a ʻike koke mākou i kahi mea i kākau ʻia ma ka pahu - a laila kahi kī a me "OH." Ua hoʻāʻo mākou - ʻo ia nō!

Ma keʻano laulā, aia nō ka ethanol toxicology - kahi lāʻau lapaʻau e aʻo ana i ka mea ʻawaʻawa ethanol (waiʻona) a me nā mea a pau e pili ana me ia. No laila, mai manaʻo e hiki iaʻu ke hoʻopaʻa i kahi ʻāpana holoʻokoʻa o ka lāʻau i loko o kekahi mau paukū.

ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua kamaʻāina ke kanaka i ka ethanol no ka manawa lōʻihi loa. ʻO nā moku ʻo Stone Age i ʻike ʻia me nā koena o nā mea inu fermented e hōʻike ana i ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻai ʻana i nā mea inu ʻona i ka wā Neolithic. ʻO ka pia a me ka waina kekahi o nā mea inu kahiko loa. Ua lilo ka waina i hōʻailona moʻomeheu koʻikoʻi no nā lāhui like ʻole o ke Kaiwaenahonua, a ua noho i kahi koʻikoʻi i kā lākou moʻolelo moʻolelo a me nā hana, a ma hope o ka hoʻomana Karistiano (e nānā i ka Eucharist). Ma waena o nā kānaka e ulu ana i ka cereals (barley, palaoa, rye), ʻo ka pia ka mea inu hoʻomaha nui.

Ma ke ala, ʻo ia ka hopena o ka metabolism glucose, hiki i ke koko o ke kanaka olakino ke loaʻa i ka 0,01% endogenous ethanol.

A ʻoiai kēia mau mea a pau, ʻaʻole maopopo ka ʻepekema e pili ana i:

  • ka hopena o ka ethanol i ka ʻōnaehana o ke kikowaena - ʻona
  • ka mīkini a me nā kumu o ka hangover

ʻO ka hopena o ka ethanol ma ke kino he nui loa ia e pono ai kahi ʻatikala kaʻawale. Akā mai koʻu hoʻomaka ʻana...

Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka ethanol, me kahi organotropy i haʻi ʻia, e hōʻiliʻili hou i loko o ka lolo ma mua o ke koko. ʻO nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka waiʻona e hoʻoulu i ka hana o nā ʻōnaehana inhibitory GABA i loko o ka lolo, a ʻo kēia kaʻina e alakaʻi ai i kahi hopena sedative, hele pū ʻia me ka hoʻomaha hoʻomaha, somnolence a me ka euphoria (kahi manaʻo o ka ʻona). Hiki ke hoʻololi i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka genetic i nā mea loaʻa GABA.

ʻIke ʻia ka hoʻoulu ʻana o nā mea hoʻokipa dopamine i ka nucleus accumbens a ma nā wahi ventral tegmental o ka lolo. ʻO ka hopena o kēia mau ʻāpana i ka dopamine i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma lalo o ka mana o ka ethanol e hoʻoulu ai i ka euphoria, i pili pū me ka hiki ke hilinaʻi i ka waiʻona. Ke alakaʻi pū nei ʻo Ethanol i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā peptides opioid (e laʻa, beta-endorphin), a laila pili pū me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o dopamine. ʻO nā peptide opioid kekahi hana i ka hana ʻana i ka euphoria.

ʻO ka hope, hoʻoulu ka waiʻona i ka ʻōnaehana serotonergic o ka lolo. Aia nā ʻokoʻa i hoʻoholo ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka naʻau i ka waiʻona, ma muli o nā alleles o nā genes protein transporter serotonin.

I kēia manawa, ke aʻo ikaika ʻia nei nā hopena o ka waiʻona i nā mea hoʻokipa ʻē aʻe a me nā ʻōnaehana mediator o ka lolo, me ka adrenaline, cannabinol, acetylcholine receptors, adenosine a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoponopono koʻikoʻi (e laʻa, corticotropin-releasing hormone).

I ka pōkole, huikau loa nā mea āpau a hōʻike i kahi kahua maikaʻi loa no ka hana ʻepekema ʻona.

No ka manawa lōʻihi, ua noho ʻo Ethyl alcohol poisoning i kahi alakaʻi i waena o nā mea make o ka hale ma ke ʻano o ka nui o nā make. ʻOi aku ma mua o 60% o nā mea make a pau ma Rūsia ma muli o ka waiʻona. Eia naʻe, e pili ana i ka lethal concentration a me ka dose, ʻaʻole maʻalahi nā mea āpau. Ua manaʻo ʻia he 5-8 g/l ka nui o ka make o ka waiʻona i loko o ke koko, ʻo 4-12 g / kg kahi make hoʻokahi make (e pili ana i 300 ml o 96% ethanol), akā naʻe, i ka poʻe me ka maʻi maʻi maʻi, hoʻomanawanui. i ka waiʻona hiki ke kiʻekiʻe loa.

Ua wehewehe ʻia kēia e nā biochemistry like ʻole: ʻokoʻa ka nui o ka ʻona a me kona ikaika ma nā ʻāina like ʻole a me nā kāne a me nā wahine (ma muli o ke ʻano o ka isoenzyme spectrum o ka enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH a i ʻole ADH I) he genetically. hoʻoholo - ʻo ka hana o nā isoforms like ʻole o ADH ua wehewehe maopopo i nā ʻokoʻa mai nā poʻe like ʻole). Eia kekahi, pili pū nā ʻano o ka ʻona i ke kaumaha o ke kino, ke kiʻekiʻe, ka nui o ka waiʻona i inu ʻia a me ke ʻano o ka inu (ke ʻano o ke kō a i ʻole tannins, carbon dioxide content, ikaika o ka inu, ʻai).

I loko o ke kino, hoʻoneʻe ʻo ADH i ka ethanol i acetaldehyde a, inā maikaʻi nā mea a pau, ʻoi aku ka palekana a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka calorie acetic acid - ʻae, ʻae, ʻaʻole wau e ʻakaʻaka: "ua hoʻomaka kekahi mea e anu - ʻaʻole anei ka manawa no mākou e hāʻawi aku ai i loko" loaʻa kahi hōʻoia biochemical piha: ʻo ka ethanol kahi huahana kiʻekiʻe-calorie. I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa, ua hoʻopilikia ʻia nā mea a pau ma muli o ka nele o ka oxygen no ka oxidation (kahi lumi puhi, ea maloʻo - ʻo ia wale nō mai ʻaneʻi), a i ʻole ka nui o ka ethanol, a i ʻole ka hana ʻole o ADH - ka hopena o kahi predisposition genetic a i ʻole ka inu ʻana. . I ka hopena, pau nā mea a pau i ka acetaldehyde - he mea ʻona, mutagenic a me ka carcinogenic. Aia nā hōʻike he mea make ka acetaldehyde i nā hoʻokolohua holoholona, ​​a hoʻopōʻino ka acetaldehyde i ka DNA.

ʻO ka pilikia holoʻokoʻa me ka ethanol e pili kokoke loa i ka acetaldehyde, akā ma ka laulā, ʻokoʻa a ākea ka hopena ʻona. E hoʻoholo no ʻoe iho:

  • Nā maʻi o ka ʻōpū ʻōpū. Hōʻike lākou iā lākou iho he ʻeha nui ma ka ʻōpū a me ka maʻi maʻi. Loaʻa lākou i nā maʻi me ka waiʻona. ʻO ka ʻeha o ka ʻōpū ma muli o ka pōʻino i ka mucous membrane o ka ʻōpū a me ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka duodenum a me ka jejunum. ʻO ka maʻi maʻi he hopena o ka hemahema o ka lactase a me ka emi ʻana o ka ʻae ʻana i ka lactose, a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka wai a me nā electrolytes mai ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka ʻai hoʻokahi o ka nui o ka waiʻona hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka necrotizing pancreatitis, kahi mea make pinepine. Hoʻonui ka inu ʻawaʻawa i ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi gastritis a me nā ʻōpū ʻōpū, a me ka maʻi maʻi ʻōpū.
  • ʻOiai ʻo ke ake he ʻāpana o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, he mea kūpono ke noʻonoʻo i ka hōʻino ʻana i ka waiʻona i kēia kino, ʻoiai ʻo ka biotransformation o ka ethanol ka mea nui i loko o ke ake - ʻo ia kahi e noho ai ʻo ADH. Ua minamina au i ke akepaʻa ma kēia ʻano. ʻOiai me ka nui o ka waiʻona, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā phenomena o transient necrosis o nā hepatocytes. Me ka hoʻomāinoino lōʻihi, hiki ke ulu ka steatohepatitis waiʻona. ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka "kū'ē" i ka waiʻona (hiki kēia ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana ʻana o ka enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) ma ke ʻano he pale pale o ke kino) e kū mai ana i ka pae o ka dystrophy ate ʻona - no laila mai hauʻoli. %username%, inā lilo koke ʻoe i poʻokela ma ka inu ʻana! A laila, me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka maʻi hepatitis a me ka cirrhosis o ka ate, e emi ana ka hana holoʻokoʻa o ka enzyme ADH, akā hoʻomau mau i ka kiʻekiʻe i ka hoʻoulu hou ʻana i nā hepatocytes. ʻO ka nui o ka necrosis e alakaʻi i ka fibrosis a, ka hopena, cirrhosis o ke ake. Ke ulu nei ka Cirrhosis ma kahi o 10% o ka poʻe me ka steatohepatitis. Akā ʻaʻole hiki i nā kānaka ke ola me ka ʻole o ke ake.
  • He mea make hemolytic ka Ethanol. No laila, ʻo ka ethanol i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ke komo ʻana i ke koko, hiki ke hoʻopau i nā ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula (ke kumu o ka hemolysis pathological), hiki ke alakaʻi i ka anemia hemolytic toxic. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina he nui i ka pilina ma waena o ka nui o ka waiʻona a me ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka ulu ʻana o ka hypertension. He hopena koʻikoʻi nā mea inu ʻona i ka ʻiʻo o ka puʻuwai, hoʻāla i ka ʻōnaehana sympathoadrenal, a laila e hoʻokuʻu ai i nā catecholamines, e alakaʻi ana i ka spasm o nā moku coronary a me ka hoʻohaunaele o ka puʻuwai puʻuwai. Hoʻonui ka inu ʻawaʻawa i ka LDL ("ʻino" cholesterol) a alakaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka cardiomyopathy alcoholic a me nā ʻano arrhythmias (ʻike ʻia kēia mau loli i ka awelika i ka wā e ʻai ai ma mua o 30 g o ka ethanol i kēlā me kēia lā). Hiki i ka waiʻona ke hoʻonui i ka pilikia o ka hahau ʻana, ma muli o ka nui o ka waiʻona i inu ʻia a me ke ʻano o ka hahau ʻana, a ʻo ia ke kumu o ka make koke ʻana o ka poʻe me ka maʻi ʻaʻa coronary.
  • Hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Ethanol ke hoʻopōʻino i nā neurons o ka lolo, a me ko lākou make ʻana ma muli o ka pōʻino i ka pale koko-lolo. Hiki i ka waiʻona maʻi ke alakaʻi i ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka lolo - akā ʻaʻole kēia ka leo e pono ai. Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waiʻona lōʻihi, ʻike ʻia nā loli kūlohelohe i nā neurons ma ka ʻili o ka cerebral cortex. Hoʻololi kēia mau hoʻololi i nā wahi o ka hemorrhage a me ka necrosis o nā wahi o ka mea lolo. I ka inu ʻana i ka waiʻona nui, hiki i nā capillaries i loko o ka lolo ke haki - ʻo ia ke kumu e "ulu ai ka lolo".
  • Ke komo ka waiʻona i loko o ke kino, ʻike ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ethanol i loko o nā huna huna prostate, testicles a me ka sperm, me ka hopena ʻona i nā cell germ. Hele maʻalahi ka Ethanol i loko o ka placenta, komo i loko o ka waiū, a hoʻonui i ka pilikia o ka hānau ʻana i kahi pēpē me nā mea ʻino ʻole o ka puʻuwai a me ka hiki ke ulu.

Phew. He mea maikaʻi ʻaʻole au i hoʻohui i ka cognac i kaʻu kofe, ʻeā? I ka pōkole, ʻo ka inu nui ʻana he mea pōʻino. Pehea inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e inu?

Hiki ke hoʻoponopono ʻia ka wehewehe ʻana o ka "inu kūpono" i ka wā e hōʻiliʻili ai nā hōʻike ʻepekema hou. ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ka wehewehe ʻana o ka US ma mua o 24 g o ka ethanol i kēlā me kēia lā no ka hapa nui o nā kāne makua a ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o 12 g no ka hapa nui o nā wahine.

ʻO ka pilikia, ʻaʻole hiki ke kūkulu i kahi hoʻokolohua "maʻemaʻe" - ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa i kahi laʻana o nā poʻe ma ka honua i inu ʻole. A inā hiki, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopau i ka hopena o nā kumu ʻē aʻe - ʻo ia ka ecology. A inā he hiki, ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa ka poʻe i loaʻa ʻole i ka maʻi hepatitis, loaʻa ka puʻuwai olakino, a pēlā aku.

A wahahee hoi na kanaka. Hoʻopili maoli kēia i nā mea a pau.

Manaʻo ʻoe ua ʻike ʻoe i nā holivars? E ho'āʻo i nā ʻatikala ʻo Googling e pili ana i ka hopena o ka waiʻona mai Fillmore, Harris a me kahi pūʻulu o nā ʻepekema ʻē aʻe i hoʻolaʻa iā lākou iho i ke aʻo ʻana i kēia pilikia! He nui nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa me nā pono o ka waina ʻulaʻula wale nō, no ka laʻana, ua hoʻohuli koke ʻia nā polyphenols - a me lākou e pili ana i nā pono o ka waina ʻulaʻula - e like me ka waina keʻokeʻo.

A inā e haʻalele ʻoe i ka ʻepekema, aia i loko o nā puke kaulana i ka nui o nā mea lapuwale e pili ana i nā pono o ka waiʻona e like me ka mea e pili ana i ka pōʻino (ʻo nā hormones wahine i loko o ka pia wale nō ke kumu waiwai).

A hiki i ka wehewehe ʻana i kēia mau pilikia, ʻo ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo kūpono loa:

  • No nā mea inu ʻole i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole pono e ʻōlelo ʻia ka inu ʻona no ke olakino wale nō, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia ka waiʻona ponoʻī he kumu kumu no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke olakino.
  • ʻAʻole pono ka poʻe i inu i ka waiʻona a ʻaʻole pilikia i ka pilikia ʻona (nā wahine hāpai a hānai ʻana paha, nā mea hoʻokele kaʻa a i ʻole nā ​​mīkini ʻino ʻē aʻe, ka lawe ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau i pāpā ʻia ai ka waiʻona, nā poʻe me ka mōʻaukala ʻohana o ka ʻona a i ʻole ka poʻe i hoʻōla mai ka ʻona) e ʻai ma mua o 12-24 g o ka ethanol i kēlā me kēia lā e like me ka ʻōlelo a ka US Dietary Guidelines.
  • Pono e ʻōlelo ʻia ka poʻe e inu ana i ka waiʻona ma mua o nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e hōʻemi i kā lākou inu ʻana.

Ma ke ala, ʻae nā ʻepekema i hoʻokahi mea - ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo J-shaped mortal curve. Ua ʻike ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka nui o ka waiʻona i inu ʻia a me ka make ma waena o nā makahiki waena a me nā ʻelemakule e like me ka huaʻōlelo "J" ma ka mokuʻāina: ʻoiai ka nui o ka make o ka poʻe haʻalele a me nā mea inu ʻawaʻawa i hoʻonui nui ʻia, ʻo ka nui o ka make (total mai ʻO nā kumu a pau) he 15-18% ka liʻiliʻi ma waena o nā mea inu māmā (1-2 mau ʻāpana i kēlā me kēia lā) ma mua o nā mea inu ʻole. Ua hāʻawi ʻia nā kumu like ʻole - mai ka biochemistry hohonu a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau, kahi e uhaʻi ai ka diabolo iā ia iho i kona wāwae - i ke kūlana maikaʻi aʻe a me ka maikaʻi o ke olakino o nā mea inu ʻawaʻawa, akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo he mea ʻoiaʻiʻo (he mau haʻawina i hōʻike i ka ʻai ʻO ka poʻe inu ʻawaʻawa ka liʻiliʻi o ka momona a me ka cholesterol ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka poʻe inu ʻole, ʻo ka poʻe inu ʻawaʻawa e pāʻani pinepine i nā haʻuki a ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ke kino ma mua o ka poʻe inu ʻole - i ka pōkole, hoʻomaopopo nā kānaka a pau ʻaʻole makemake ka poʻe ʻepekema e haʻalele loa i ka waiʻona. ke ho'āʻo nei e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ma nā ʻano āpau).

He mea maopopo loa a ua ʻae nā mea a pau i ka inu ʻana i ka waiʻona i ka nui e alakaʻi i ka piʻi nui o ka make. No ka laʻana, ua ʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi US he 5% kiʻekiʻe ka nui o ka make ma mua o ka poʻe i ʻai i hoʻokahi ʻāpana wale nō. Wahi a kekahi noiʻi ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka poʻe inu inu ʻeono a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka waiʻona (i ka manawa hoʻokahi) he 30% kiʻekiʻe o ka make ma mua o ka poʻe inu inu liʻiliʻi.

Ma ke ala, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi o ka pilina ma waena o ka make a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka paka i ka hoʻopau piha ʻana i ka paka me ka inu ʻawaʻawa haʻahaʻa i hopena i ka emi nui o ka make.

ʻO kekahi ʻāpana o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo ia ke kuleana o ke ʻano o ka inu ʻona i makemake ʻia. ʻO ka French Paradox (ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka make ʻana mai ka maʻi naʻau coronary ma Farani) i manaʻo ʻia he mea maikaʻi loa ka waina ʻulaʻula no ke olakino. Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia kēia hopena ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā antioxidants i loko o ka waina. Akā ʻaʻole hiki i nā haʻawina ke hōʻike i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka pilikia o ka maʻi naʻau coronary a me ke ʻano o nā mea inu ʻona i makemake ʻia. A no ke aha ʻulaʻula ʻaʻole keʻokeʻo? No ke aha ʻaʻole cognac? I ka pōkole, paʻakikī nā mea a pau.

ʻO ka mea ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e hana ʻo ka inu ʻana i ka wā e lawe ana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau.

E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei, paʻakikī loa ka hopena o ka waiʻona i ke kino, a ma kekahi mau wahi ʻaʻole maopopo. Ke hui ʻia kekahi lāʻau lapaʻau i loko o kēia sopa, ʻaʻohe mea maopopo loa.

  • ʻO ka mea mua, hiki ke loli ka hopena o ka lāʻau lapaʻau - ma kekahi ʻaoʻao. ʻAʻole mākou e kamaʻilio hou e pili ana i ka dosage.
  • ʻO ka lua, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka pilikia biochemical i hana ʻia e ka ethanol pehea e pili ai i ka lāʻau. Hiki ke hoʻonui i nā hopena ʻaoʻao. Hiki iā ia ke lilo i mea ʻole (ʻaʻole helu i nā hopena ʻaoʻao, ʻoiaʻiʻo). A pepehi paha. ʻAʻohe mea i ʻike.
  • ʻO ke kolu, ʻaʻole hauʻoli loa ke akepaʻa, ka mea i hana mua i ka hana ʻana i nā crap i ʻike ʻole ʻia mai nā lāʻau lapaʻau. Hiki paha iā ia ke haʻalele loa.

ʻO ka mea maʻamau i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo (na wai e heluhelu iā lākou?) No nā lāʻau lapaʻau e kākau ai lākou e pili ana i ka hiki ke hoʻohana me ka waiʻona - ʻo kēia inā ua nānā ʻia. A i ʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻāʻo iā ʻoe iho a laila haʻi i nā mea a pau e pili ana i kāu ʻike. ʻAe, inā loaʻa iā ʻoe hoʻokahi kino hou i loko o ka waihona.

Mai kaʻu i kākau mua ai ma luna nei:

  • ʻO ka hoʻohana like ʻana o ka aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) a me ka waiʻona hiki ke alakaʻi i ka ulceration o ka mucosa gastric a me ke koko.
  • Hoʻopilikia maikaʻi ka ʻai ʻana i ka waiʻona i nā hopena o ka lāʻau lapaʻau. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo ka hōʻino ʻana i ka gastrointestinal tract e alakaʻi i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā huaora i lawe ʻia i ka waha ʻaʻole maikaʻi ke komo ʻana a assimilated, a alakaʻi i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano hana. Heʻoiaʻiʻo kēia no nā huaora B1, B6, PP, B12, C, A, a me ka waikawa folic.
  • Hoʻonui ka paka i ka hopena ʻona o ka waiʻona - ʻelua mai ka manaʻo o ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā kaʻina oxidative ma muli o ka pōloli oxygen (e hoʻomanaʻo e pili ana i ka acetaldehyde. ʻAe), a mai ka manaʻo o ka hopena blocking hui i nā mea hoʻokipa mai ka nicotine a me ka waiʻona.

I ka pōkole, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka waiʻona. Inā maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole paha, ʻaʻohe mea i ʻike maopopo, akā ʻaʻole lākou wikiwiki e haʻalele loa.

Aia iā ʻoe.

Ma kēia manaʻo maikaʻi, e haʻalele wau. Manaʻo wau ua ʻike hou wau he hoihoi.

ʻO ka waina ko mākou hoaaloha, akā, aia ka hoʻopunipuni i loko.
Inu nui - ʻona, inu liʻiliʻi - lāʻau.
Mai hōʻeha iā ʻoe iho me ka nui
E inu ʻoe ma ke ʻano liʻiliʻi a mau kou aupuni ...

— Abu Ali Hussein ibn Abdullah ibn al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Sina (Avicenna)

Hiki i nā mea hoʻohana i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ke komo i ka noiʻi. Eʻe, e 'oluʻolu.

ʻO ka ʻāpana hea āu i makemake nui ai?

  • ʻO nā meaʻawaʻawa weliweli loa

  • ʻO nā meaʻawaʻawa weliweli loa

4 mea hoʻohana i koho. 1 mea hoʻohana i hōʻole.

Source: www.habr.com

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