Akahana. ʻO ka ʻatikala he unuhi i hoʻonui ʻia, hoʻoponopono ʻia a hōʻano hou Nathan Hurst. Ua hoʻohana pū ʻia kekahi ʻike mai ka ʻatikala e pili ana i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka mea hope.
Aia kekahi kumumanaʻo (a i ʻole he moʻolelo hoʻomanaʻo paha) ma waena o ka poʻe astronomers i kapa ʻia ʻo Kessler syndrome, i kapa ʻia ma hope o ka NASA astrophysicist nāna i manaʻo i ka makahiki 1978. Ma kēia hiʻohiʻona, ua paʻi ka satellite a i ʻole kekahi mea ʻē aʻe i kekahi a haki ʻia. ʻO kēia mau ʻāpana e hoʻopuni ana i ka Honua me ka wikiwiki o nā ʻumi kaukani kilomita i kēlā me kēia hola, e luku ana i nā mea āpau ma ko lākou ala, me nā satelite ʻē aʻe. Hoʻomaka ia i kahi hopena kaulahao pōʻino e pau ana i loko o ke ao o nā miliona o nā ʻāpana o nā ʻōpala ākea dysfunctional e hoʻopuni mau ana i ka honua.
Hiki i ia hanana ke hoʻolilo i ka lewa kokoke i ka Honua i mea ʻole, e luku ana i nā satelite hou i hoʻouna ʻia i loko a hiki ke pale ʻia ke komo ʻana i ka lewa.
No laila, i ka wā i hele mai ai ʻo SpaceX (Federal Communications Commission - Federal Communications Commission, USA) e hoʻouna i nā satelite 4425 i ka orbit honua haʻahaʻa (LEO, low-Earth orbit) e hoʻolako i kahi pūnaewele pūnaewele kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka honua, ua hopohopo ka FCC no kēia. ʻOi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi makahiki ʻoihana nā komisina a me nā palapala noi hoʻokūkū i waiho ʻia e hōʻole i ka noi, me ka waiho ʻana i kahi "hoʻolālā hōʻemi orbital debris" e hoʻopau i ka makaʻu i kahi apocalypse Kessler. Ma Malaki 28, ua ʻae ka FCC i ka noi a SpaceX.
ʻAʻole ʻo Space Debris wale nō ka mea e hopohopo nei i ka FCC, a ʻaʻole ʻo SpaceX wale nō ka hui e hoʻāʻo nei e kūkulu i ka hanauna hou o nā constellations satellite. ʻO kahi lima o nā hui, nā mea hou a me nā mea kahiko, e ʻae nei i nā ʻenehana hou, e hoʻomohala ana i nā hoʻolālā pāʻoihana hou a e noi ana i ka FCC no ke komo ʻana i nā ʻāpana o ka spectrum kamaʻilio e pono ai lākou e uhi i ka Honua me ka pūnaewele wikiwiki a hilinaʻi.
Aia nā inoa nui - mai Richard Branson iā Elon Musk - me ke kālā nui. Ua hoʻonui ʻo Branson's OneWeb i $1,7 biliona i kēia manawa, a ua manaʻo ka Pelekikena SpaceX a me COO Gwynne Shotwell i ka waiwai o ka papahana ma $10 biliona.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, aia nā pilikia nui, a hōʻike ka mōʻaukala i ko lākou hopena maikaʻi ʻole. Ke hoʻāʻo nei ka poʻe maikaʻi e hoʻopaʻa i ka māhele kikohoʻe ma nā wahi i mālama ʻole ʻia, ʻoiai ke kau nei ka poʻe ʻino i nā satelite pono ʻole ma luna o nā pōhaku. A hiki mai kēia mau mea i ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o ka noi no ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ʻikepili: i ka makahiki 2016, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pūnaewele puni honua ma mua o 1 sextillion bytes, e like me ka hōʻike a Cisco, e hoʻopau ana i ka wā zettabyte.
Inā ʻo ka pahuhopu ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ʻike pūnaewele maikaʻi kahi i loaʻa ʻole ma mua, a laila ʻo nā satelite ke ala akamai e hoʻokō ai i kēia. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hana nā ʻoihana i kēia no nā makahiki he nui me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā satelite geostationary nui (GSO), aia i nā orbit kiʻekiʻe loa kahi e like ai ka manawa o ka hoʻololi ʻana me ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka Honua, no laila e hoʻopaʻa ʻia lākou ma kahi kikoʻī. Akā, koe naʻe kekahi mau hana liʻiliʻi, e like me ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻili o ka Honua me ka hoʻohana ʻana i 175 mau ukali haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka hoʻouna ʻana i 7 petabytes o ka ʻikepili i ka Honua ma ka wikiwiki o 200 Mbps, a i ʻole ka hana o ka nānā ʻana i nā ukana a i ʻole ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka pūnaewele. ke komo i nā kahua kaua, ʻaʻole wikiwiki a hilinaʻi kēia ʻano kamaʻilio ukali e hoʻokūkū me ka fiber optic a i ʻole ka pūnaewele kelepona.
ʻO nā satelite non-geostationary (Non-GSOs) he mau ukali e hana ana ma Medium Earth orbit (MEO), ma ke kiʻekiʻe ma waena o 1900 a me 35000 km ma luna o ka honua, a me nā satelite orbit Earth haʻahaʻa (LEO), e kaa ana ma nā kiʻekiʻe ma lalo o 1900 km. . I kēia lā ke lilo nei nā LEO i mea kaulana loa a i ka wā e hiki mai ana ke manaʻo ʻia inā ʻaʻole e like nā satelite āpau e like me kēia, a laila ʻoiaʻiʻo.
I kēia manawa, ua lōʻihi nā hoʻoponopono no nā satelite non-geostationary a ua māhele ʻia i waena o nā keʻena i loko a i waho o ka US: NASA, FCC, DOD, FAA a me ka UN's International Telecommunication Union i loko o ka pāʻani.
Eia nō naʻe, mai kahi ʻano ʻenehana aia kekahi mau pono nui. Ua hāʻule ke kumukūʻai o ke kūkulu ʻana i ka satellite ma muli o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o nā gyroscopes a me nā pihi ma muli o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā kelepona. Ua ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, mahalo ʻia i ka liʻiliʻi o nā satelite ponoʻī. Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka mana, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o nā kamaʻilio inter-satellite i nā ʻōnaehana, a ʻo nā kīʻaha nui e kuhikuhi ana i ka lani e hele i waho o ke ʻano.
He ʻumikūmākahi mau hui i waiho i nā faila me ka FCC, me SpaceX, kēlā me kēia e hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia ma kāna ala ponoʻī.
Ua hoʻolaha ʻo Elon Musk i ka papahana SpaceX Starlink ma 2015 a wehe i kahi lālā o ka hui ma Seattle. Ua haʻi ʻo ia i nā limahana: "Makemake mākou e hoʻololi i nā kamaʻilio satellite e like me kā mākou hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻepekema rocket."
Ma 2016, ua waiho ka hui i kahi noi me ka Federal Communications Commission e ʻae ana e hoʻolauna i 1600 (i hoʻemi ʻia i 800) mau satelite ma waena o kēia manawa a me 2021, a laila e hoʻomaka i ke koena a hiki i 2024. E kaapuni ana keia mau ukali kokoke i ka Honua ma 83 mau mokulele orbital like ole. ʻO ka constellation, e like me ke kapa ʻia ʻana o ka hui o nā satelite, e kamaʻilio me kekahi i kekahi ma o nā loulou kamaʻilio optical (laser) i hiki ke hoʻokuʻi ʻia ka ʻikepili ma ka lewa ma mua o ka hoʻi ʻana i ka honua - e hele ana ma luna o kahi "alahaka" lōʻihi ma mua o ka. e hoʻouna ʻia ana i luna a i lalo.
Ma ke kahua, e hoʻokomo nā mea kūʻai aku i kahi ʻano kikowaena hou me nā antenna i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka uila e hoʻopili ʻakomi i ka satellite e hāʻawi nei i ka hōʻailona maikaʻi loa-e like me ke koho ʻana o ke kelepona i nā hale kiaʻi. Ke neʻe nei nā satellite LEO i ka Honua, e hoʻololi ka ʻōnaehana ma waena o lākou i kēlā me kēia 10 mau minuke a i ʻole. A ma muli o ka nui o nā kānaka e hoʻohana ana i ka ʻōnaehana, e loaʻa mau ma kahi o 20 mau mea e koho ai, e like me Patricia Cooper, hope pelekikena o nā hana satellite ma SpaceX.
Pono e ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi a me ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻouka ʻana ma mua o nā antenna satellite kuʻuna, pono e hoʻohālikelike kino ʻia i ka ʻāpana o ka lewa kahi i loaʻa ai ka satellite geostationary e pili ana. Wahi a SpaceX, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pahu ma mua o ka pahu pizza (ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia e ʻōlelo i ka nui o ka pizza).
E hāʻawi ʻia ke kamaʻilio ʻana ma ʻelua mau kaha alapine: Ka a me Ku. No ka lekiō lekiō lāua ʻelua, ʻoiai hoʻohana lākou i nā alapine kiʻekiʻe aʻe ma mua o nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia no ka stereo. ʻO Ka-band ka mea kiʻekiʻe o nā mea ʻelua, me nā alapine ma waena o 26,5 GHz a me 40 GHz, ʻoiai aia ʻo Ku-band mai 12 GHz a hiki i 18 GHz i ka spectrum. Ua loaʻa iā Starlink ka ʻae mai ka FCC e hoʻohana i kekahi mau alapine, ʻo ka mea maʻamau e hana ka uplink mai ka terminal a i ka satellite ma nā alapine mai 14 GHz a 14,5 GHz a me ka downlink mai 10,7 GHz a i 12,7 GHz, a ʻo ke koena e hoʻohana ʻia no ka telemetry, ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a me ka hoʻomalu ʻana, a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā satelite i ka Internet terrestrial.
Ma waho aʻe o nā faila FCC, ua noho mālie ʻo SpaceX a ʻaʻole i hōʻike i kāna mau hoʻolālā. A he paʻakikī ke ʻike i nā kikoʻī ʻenehana no ka mea ke holo nei ʻo SpaceX i ka ʻōnaehana holoʻokoʻa, mai nā mea e hele ai ma nā satellite a hiki i nā rockets e lawe iā lākou i ka lewa. Akā no ka holomua o ka papahana, e hilinaʻi ia ma ka ʻōlelo ʻana e hiki i ka lawelawe ke hāʻawi i nā wikiwiki e hoʻohālikelike ʻia a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka fiber like ʻole, me ka hilinaʻi a me ka ʻike mea hoʻohana maikaʻi.
I Pepeluali, ua hoʻolaha ʻo SpaceX i kāna mau prototypes ʻelua o nā satelite Starlink, he ʻano cylindrical me nā ʻēheu-like solar panels. Hoʻokahi mika ka lōʻihi o Tintin A a me B, a ua hōʻoia ʻo Musk ma o Twitter ua kamaʻilio maikaʻi lākou. Inā hoʻomau ka hana o nā prototypes, e hui pū ʻia lākou e nā haneli o nā mea ʻē aʻe e 2019. Ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻōnaehana, e hoʻololi ʻo SpaceX i nā satelite decommissioned ma ke kumu mau e pale ai i ka hana ʻana o nā ʻōpala o ka lewa, e aʻo ka ʻōnaehana iā lākou e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i kā lākou orbit i kekahi manawa, a laila e hoʻomaka lākou e hāʻule a wela i loko. ka lewa. Ma ke kiʻi ma lalo nei hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ke ʻano o ka pūnaewele Starlink ma hope o 6 hoʻokuʻu.
He wahi moʻolelo
I ka makahiki 80, he mea hana hou ʻo HughesNet i ka ʻenehana satellite. ʻIke ʻoe i kēlā mau antenna ʻeleʻele hina i kau ʻia e DirecTV ma waho o nā hale? Hele mai lākou mai HughesNet, ka mea i hoʻomaka mai i ka paionia mokulele ʻo Howard Hughes. "Ua hana mākou i ka ʻenehana e hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻolako i nā kamaʻilio pili ma o ka satellite," wahi a EVP Mike Cook.
I kēlā mau lā, ʻo ia ka Hughes Network Systems nona ka DirecTV a hoʻohana i nā satelite geostationary nui e hoʻomālamalama i ka ʻike i nā televise. I kēlā manawa a i kēia manawa, hāʻawi pū ka hui i nā lawelawe i nā ʻoihana, e like me ka hoʻoili ʻana i nā kālepa kāleka hōʻaiʻē ma nā keʻena kinoea. ʻO Walmart ka mea kūʻai kālepa mua, ka mea i makemake e hoʻohui i nā limahana ma ka ʻāina me kahi keʻena home ma Bentonville.
I ka waena o 90s, ua hana ka hui i kahi ʻōnaehana pūnaewele hybrid i kapa ʻia ʻo DirecPC: ua hoʻouna ka kamepiula o ka mea hoʻohana i kahi noi ma luna o kahi pilina dial-up i kahi kikowaena pūnaewele a loaʻa iā ia kahi pane ma o ka satellite, nāna i hoʻouna i ka ʻike i noi ʻia i lalo i ke kīʻaha o ka mea hoʻohana. i nā māmā wikiwiki loa ma mua o ka hiki ke ho'olako.
Ma kahi o 2000, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Hughes i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā lawelawe ʻike pūnaewele bidirectional. Akā ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ke kumukūʻai o ka lawelawe, me ke kumukūʻai o nā lako mea kūʻai aku, haʻahaʻa i hiki i nā kānaka ke kūʻai aku he mea paʻakikī. No ka hana ʻana i kēia, ua hoʻoholo ka hui e pono i kāna mau satelite ponoʻī a ma 2007 ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia i Spaceway. Wahi a Hughes, he mea koʻikoʻi kēia satellite, e hoʻohana mau ʻia ana i kēia lā, no ka mea ʻo ia ka mea mua i kākoʻo i ka ʻenehana hoʻololi packet ma luna o ka moku, ʻo ia hoʻi ka lilo ʻana i mea hoʻololi ākea mua e hoʻopau i ka hop hou o kahi kahua kahua no nā kamaʻilio. ʻē aʻe. ʻOi aku kona mana ma luna o 10 Gbit/s, 24 transponders o 440 Mbit/s, e ʻae ana i nā mea kākau inoa e loaʻa i ka 2 Mbit/s no ka hoʻouna ʻana a hiki i 5 Mbit/s no ka hoʻoiho ʻana. Ua hana ʻia ʻo Spaceway 1 e Boeing ma ke kumu o ka paepae satelite Boeing 702. ʻO ke kaumaha o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mea he 6080 kg. I kēia manawa, ʻo Spaceway 1 kekahi o nā mokulele kalepa nui loa (SC) - ua uhaʻi i ka moʻolelo o ka Inmarsat 5 F4 satellite i hoʻokuʻu ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka kaʻa hoʻokuʻu Atlas 1 (5959 kg), i hoʻokahi mahina ma mua. ʻOiai ʻo ka GSO pāʻoihana koʻikoʻi loa, e like me Wikipedia, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma 2018, he 7 tons ka nui. Hoʻolako ʻia ka hāmeʻa me kahi Ka-band relay payload (RP). Aia ka PN i kahi pūʻulu antenna 2-mika i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me 1500 mau mea. Hoʻokumu ʻo PN i ka uhi multi-beam e hōʻoia i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā ʻupena papahana TV ma nā wahi like ʻole. Hāʻawi ia ʻano antenna i ka hoʻohana maʻalahi i nā mea hiki ke hoʻololi i nā kūlana mākeke.
I kēia manawa, ua lilo kahi hui i kapa ʻia ʻo Viasat ma kahi o hoʻokahi ʻumi makahiki i ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana ma mua o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i kāna satellite mua ma 2008. ʻO kēia satellite, i kapa ʻia ʻo ViaSat-1, ua hoʻokomo i kekahi mau ʻenehana hou e like me ka hoʻohana hou ʻana i ke spectrum. Ua ʻae kēia i ka satelite e koho ma waena o nā bandwidth ʻokoʻa i mea e hoʻouna ai i ka ʻikepili i ka Honua me ka ʻole o ke keakea ʻana, ʻoiai inā e hoʻouna ana ia i ka ʻikepili me kahi kukuna mai kahi satellite ʻē aʻe, hiki iā ia ke hoʻohana hou i kēlā laulima spectral i nā pilina pili ʻole.
Hāʻawi kēia i ka wikiwiki a me ka hana. I kona komo ʻana i ka lawelawe, ua loaʻa iā ia ka throughput o 140 Gbps, ʻoi aku ma mua o nā satelite ʻē aʻe i hui pū ʻia e uhi ana i ka US, e like me ka Pelekikena Viasat Rick Baldridge.
"ʻO ka mākeke satellite no ka poʻe i koho ʻole," wahi a Baldrige. “Inā ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke komo i kahi ala ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia ka ʻenehana o ka hopena hope loa. Loaʻa iā ia ka uhi ubiquitous, akā ʻaʻole i lawe nui i ka ʻikepili. No laila, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia ʻenehana no nā hana e like me ke kālepa ʻana ma nā keʻena kinoea.
I loko o nā makahiki, ua kūkulu ʻo HughesNet (na EchoStar i kēia manawa) a me Viasat i nā satelite geostationary wikiwiki a wikiwiki hoʻi. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo HughesNet iā EchoStar XVII (120 Gbps) ma 2012, EchoStar XIX (200 Gbps) i 2017, a hoʻolālā e hoʻomaka i ka EchoStar XXIV ma 2021, ka mea a ka hui e ʻōlelo ai e hāʻawi iā 100 Mbps i nā mea kūʻai.
Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo ViaSat-2 i ka makahiki 2017 a ua loaʻa iā ia ka mana ma kahi o 260 Gbit/s, a ʻekolu ʻokoʻa ViaSat-3 i hoʻolālā ʻia no 2020 a i ʻole 2021, e uhi ana kēlā me kēia i nā wahi like ʻole o ka honua. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Viasat i kēlā me kēia o nā ʻōnaehana ViaSat-3 ʻekolu i manaʻo ʻia e loaʻa i kahi throughput o terabits i kēlā me kēia kekona, ʻelua ʻelua o nā satelite ʻē aʻe a puni ka Honua i hui pū ʻia.
"He nui ko mākou mana ma kahi ākea e hoʻololi i ka ikaika holoʻokoʻa o ka hoʻopuka ʻana i kēia kaʻa. ʻAʻohe palena i ka mea hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia, "wahi a DK Sachdev, he mea hoʻokele satellite a me ke kelepona ʻenehana e hana nei no LeoSat, kekahi o nā hui e hoʻolaha ana i ka constellation LEO. "I kēia lā, hoʻopau ʻia nā hemahema a pau o nā satelite."
Ua hele mai kēia heihei holo wikiwiki no kekahi kumu, ʻoiai ua hoʻomaka ka Internet (ka ʻōlelo ʻelua ala) e hoʻoneʻe i ke kīwī (kahi ala hoʻokahi) ma ke ʻano he lawelawe e hoʻohana ana i nā satelite.
"He lōʻihi loa ka ʻoihana satellite, e noʻonoʻo ana pehea e neʻe ai mai ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka wikiō unidirectional i ka lawe ʻana i ka ʻikepili piha," wahi a Ronald van der Breggen, ka luna hoʻomalu o LeoSat. "He nui nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka hana ʻana, ka mea e hana ai, ka mākeke e lawelawe ai."
Hoʻokahi pilikia i koe
Hoʻopaneʻe. ʻAʻole like me ka wikiwiki holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ka latency ka nui o ka manawa no kahi noi e huakaʻi mai kāu kamepiula i kona huakaʻi a hoʻi. E ʻōlelo mākou e kaomi ʻoe i kahi loulou ma kahi pūnaewele, pono kēia noi e hele i ke kikowaena a hoʻi i hope (ua loaʻa maikaʻi i ka server ka noi a kokoke e hāʻawi iā ʻoe i ka ʻike i noi ʻia), ma hope o ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka ʻaoʻao pūnaewele.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻouka ʻana i kahi pūnaewele e pili ana i ka wikiwiki o kāu pilina. ʻO ka lōʻihi ka manawa e hoʻopau ai i kahi noi hoʻoiho. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia i ka wā e ʻimi nei ʻoe i ka pūnaewele, akā he mea nui ia ke pāʻani ʻoe i nā pāʻani pūnaewele. Eia nō naʻe, aia nā ʻike i ka wā i hoʻokele a hoʻokele ai nā mea hoʻohana mai ka Russian Federation e pāʻani i kekahi o nā pāʻani ma ka pūnaewele ʻoiai ke kokoke ka latency (ping) i hoʻokahi kekona.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka ʻōnaehana fiber-optic e pili ana i ka mamao, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā microseconds i kēlā me kēia kilomika; ʻo ka latency nui mai ka lako, ʻoiai me nā loulou optical o ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o ka lohi ma muli o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i loko o kahi fiber. -Optic communication line (FOCL) ʻo ka māmā holo o ka māmā he 60% wale nō o ka māmā o ka māmā i loko o kahi hakahaka, a hilinaʻi nui hoʻi i ka lōʻihi o ka nalu. Wahi a Baldrige, ʻo ka latency ke hoʻouna ʻoe i kahi noi i kahi satelite GSO ma kahi o 700 milliseconds — ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka holo ʻana o ka māmā ma ka ʻāwīwī o ke ākea ma mua o ka fiber, akā mamao loa kēia mau ʻano satelite, ʻo ia ke kumu e lōʻihi ai. Ma waho aʻe o ka pāʻani, he mea koʻikoʻi kēia pilikia no ka hālāwai wikiō, nā kālepa kālā a me ka mākeke kūʻai, ka nānā ʻana i ka Internet of Things, a me nā noi ʻē aʻe e hilinaʻi nei i ka wikiwiki o ka pilina.
Akā, pehea ka nui o ka pilikia latency? ʻO ka hapa nui o ka bandwidth i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i ka wikiō. Ke holo ka wikiō a hoʻopaʻa pono ʻia, lilo ka latency i mea nui a lilo ka wikiwiki i mea nui. ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha, ʻo Viasat a me HughesNet ka mea e hōʻemi i ke koʻikoʻi o ka latency no ka hapa nui o nā noi, ʻoiai ke hana nei nā mea ʻelua e hōʻemi i kā lākou mau ʻōnaehana. Hoʻohana ʻo HughesNet i kahi algorithm e hoʻonohonoho mua i nā kaʻa e pili ana i ka mea e nānā ai nā mea hoʻohana e hoʻokō i ka lawe ʻana i ka ʻikepili. Ua hoʻolaha ʻo Viasat i ka hoʻolauna ʻana i kahi hui o nā satelite medium earth orbit (MEO) e hoʻokō i kāna pūnaewele e kū nei, pono e hōʻemi i ka latency a hoʻonui i ka uhi, me nā latitu kiʻekiʻe kahi i loaʻa i nā GSO equatorial ka latency kiʻekiʻe.
"Ke manaʻo nui nei mākou i ka leo kiʻekiʻe a me nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa e hoʻokau i kēlā leo," wahi a Baldrige. "He mea nui anei ka latency e like me nā hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe no ka mākeke a mākou e kākoʻo nei"?
Eia nō naʻe, aia kahi hopena; ʻO nā satelite LEO kahi kokoke loa i nā mea hoʻohana. No laila ua koho nā hui e like me SpaceX a me LeoSat i kēia ala, e hoʻolālā ana e kau i kahi constellation o nā satelite liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, me ka latency i manaʻo ʻia he 20 a 30 milliseconds no nā mea hoʻohana.
"He mea kūʻai aku ma ia mea no ka mea aia lākou ma kahi orbit haʻahaʻa, e emi mai ka latency mai ka ʻōnaehana LEO, akā he ʻōnaehana paʻakikī kāu," wahi a Cook. “No ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka constellation, pono ʻoe e loaʻa i nā haneli he nui o nā satelite no ka mea aia lākou ma ka orbit haʻahaʻa, a neʻe lākou a puni ka Honua, e hele wikiwiki aʻe a nalo loa ... a pono ʻoe e loaʻa i kahi ʻōnaehana antena e hiki ai. hahai iā lākou.
Akā, pono e hoʻomanaʻo i nā moʻolelo ʻelua. I ka makahiki mua o 90, ua hoʻopukapuka kālā ʻo Bill Gates a me kekahi o kāna mau hoa pili ma kahi pāhana i kapa ʻia ʻo Teledesic e hāʻawi i ka broadband i nā wahi i hiki ʻole ke kūʻai aku i ka pūnaewele a ʻaʻole ʻike koke i nā laina fiber optic. He mea pono e kūkulu i ka hui hōkū o 840 (ma hope i ho'ēmiʻia i 288) LEO satellites. Ua kamaʻilio nā mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pilikia latency a i ka makahiki 1994 i noi ai i ka FCC e hoʻohana i ka spectrum Ka-band. Kamaʻāina ke kani?
Ua ʻai ʻo Teledesic i kahi $ 9 biliona ma mua o ka hāʻule ʻana i ka makahiki 2003.
"ʻAʻole i hana ka manaʻo i kēlā manawa ma muli o ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka mālama ʻana a me nā lawelawe no ka mea hoʻohana hope, akā hiki ke hiki i kēia manawa," wahi a , he loea o nā ʻōnaehana ʻike ma Kaleponi State University Dominguez Hills nāna i nānā i nā ʻōnaehana LEO mai ka wā i puka mai ai ʻo Teledesic. "ʻAʻole lawa ka ʻenehana no kēlā."
ʻO ke kānāwai a Moore a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pākaukau kelepona paʻa, ʻenehana a me ka ʻenehana kaʻina hana i hāʻawi i nā constellations LEO i ka lua o ka manawa. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka noi e hoʻowalewale i ka hoʻokele waiwai. Akā ʻoiai e pāʻani ana ka Teledesic saga, ua loaʻa i kahi ʻoihana ʻē aʻe kekahi ʻike koʻikoʻi e hoʻolauna ana i nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio i ka lewa. I ka hopena o nā makahiki 90, ua hoʻolauna pū ʻo Iridium, Globalstar a me Orbcomm ma mua o 100 mau ukali haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e hāʻawi i ka uhi kelepona.
"He mau makahiki ke kūkulu ʻana i ka hui hōkū holoʻokoʻa no ka mea pono ʻoe i kahi pūʻulu holoʻokoʻa o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, a he kumukūʻai maoli nō ia," wahi a Zach Manchester, ke kaukaʻi kōkua o ka aeronautics a me ka astronautics ma ke Kulanui ʻo Stanford. "I loko o ka manawa o ʻelima mau makahiki a i ʻole, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻoihana hale kiaʻi terrestrial a hiki i kahi maikaʻi loa o ka uhi a hiki i ka hapa nui o nā kānaka."
Ua pau koke nā hui ʻekolu i ka panakalupa. A ʻoiai ua hana hou kēlā me kēia me ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi ʻano liʻiliʻi o nā lawelawe no nā kumu kikoʻī, e like me nā beacons pilikia a me ka nānā ʻana i nā ukana, ʻaʻohe mea i kūleʻa i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka lawelawe kelepona paʻa i ka hale kiaʻi. No nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomaka ʻo SpaceX i nā satelite no Iridium ma lalo o ka ʻaelike.
"Ua ʻike mua mākou i kēia kiʻiʻoniʻoni," wahi a Manchester. "ʻAʻole au i ʻike i kekahi mea ʻē aʻe i ke kūlana o kēia manawa."
Hoʻokūkū
He ʻokoʻa ka manaʻo o SpaceX a me 11 mau hui ʻē aʻe (a me kā lākou mea hoʻopukapuka. Hoʻomaka ʻo OneWeb i nā satelite i kēia makahiki a manaʻo ʻia nā lawelawe e hoʻomaka e like me ka makahiki e hiki mai ana, a ukali ʻia e nā constellations hou aʻe i 2021 a me 2023, me ka pahuhopu hope o 1000 Tbps e 2025. ʻO O3b, he lālā o SAS i kēia manawa, he 16 mau satellite MEO i hana ʻia no kekahi mau makahiki. Ke hoʻohana nei ʻo Telesat i nā satelite GSO, akā ke hoʻolālā nei i kahi ʻōnaehana LEO no 2021 e loaʻa nā loulou optical me ka latency o 30 a 50 ms.
Loaʻa iā Upstart Astranis kahi satelite ma ka orbit gesynchronous a e hoʻolālā hou ana i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana. ʻOiai ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia latency, ke ʻimi nei ka ʻoihana e hōʻemi nui i nā kumukūʻai ma o ka hana pū ʻana me nā mea hoʻolako pūnaewele kūloko a me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā satelite liʻiliʻi a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.
Hoʻolālā pū ʻo LeoSat e hoʻomaka i ka pūʻulu mua o nā satelite ma 2019, a hoʻopau i ka constellation ma 2022. E lele lākou a puni ka Honua ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 1400 km, e hoʻopili me nā satelite ʻē aʻe i ka pūnaewele me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kamaʻilio optical a hoʻouna i ka ʻike i luna a i lalo i ka Ka-band. Ua loaʻa iā lākou ka spectrum i koi ʻia ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa, wahi a Richard van der Breggen, ka luna hoʻokele nui o LeoSat, a ke manaʻo nei e ʻae koke ʻia ʻo FCC.
Wahi a van der Breggen, ua hoʻokumu nui ʻia ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka pūnaewele satellite wikiwiki ma ke kūkulu ʻana i nā satelite nui aʻe a hiki ke hoʻouna i nā ʻikepili hou aʻe. Kapa ʻo ia he "paipu": ʻoi aku ka nui o ka paipu, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hiki ʻana o ka Pūnaewele. Akā ʻo nā ʻoihana e like me kāna ʻimi i nā wahi hou no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana holoʻokoʻa.
"E noʻonoʻo i ke ʻano liʻiliʻi loa o ka pūnaewele - ʻelua Cisco routers a me kahi uea ma waena o lākou," wahi a van der Breggen. "ʻO ka hana a nā satelite āpau e hāʻawi i kahi uea ma waena o ʻelua pahu ... e hāʻawi mākou i ka pūʻulu holoʻokoʻa ʻekolu i ka lewa."
Hoʻolālā ʻo LeoSat e kau i nā satelite 78, ʻo kēlā me kēia me ka nui o kahi papa ʻaina nui a me ke kaumaha ma kahi o 1200 kg. Kūkulu ʻia e Iridium, ua hoʻolako ʻia lākou me nā panela solar ʻehā a me nā lasers ʻehā (hoʻokahi ma kēlā me kēia kihi) e hoʻopili ai i nā hoalauna. ʻO kēia ka pilina a van der Breggen i manaʻo nui loa. Ma ka mōʻaukala, ua hōʻike nā satellite i ka hōʻailona ma ke ʻano V mai kahi kahua honua a i ka satellite a laila i ka mea hoʻokipa. Ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa o nā satelite LEO, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻolālā i kahi mamao, akā hiki iā lākou ke hoʻouna i ka ʻikepili ma waena o lākou me ka wikiwiki.
No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hana ʻana o kēia, pono e noʻonoʻo i ka Pūnaewele ma ke ʻano he mea kino maoli. ʻAʻole ia ʻikepili wale nō, ʻo ia kahi e noho ai kēlā ʻikepili a pehea e neʻe ai. ʻAʻole mālama ʻia ka Pūnaewele ma kahi hoʻokahi, aia nā kikowaena ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i loaʻa kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻike, a ke komo ʻoe iā lākou, lawe kāu kamepiula i ka ʻikepili mai kahi kokoke loa i loaʻa ka mea āu e ʻimi nei. Ma hea ka mea nui? Pehea ka nui o ia mea? Holo ka māmā (ʻike) i ka lewa kokoke i ʻelua ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o ka fiber. A ke holo ʻoe i kahi pili fiber a puni ka honua, pono ia e hahai i kahi alahele mai kahi node a i kahi node, me nā alahele a puni nā mauna a me nā ʻāina. ʻAʻole loaʻa kēia mau pōʻino i ka Pūnaewele Satellite, a ke mamao loa ke kumu ʻikepili, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ʻelua kaukani mile o ka mamao kūpaʻa, e emi ana ka latency me LEO ma mua o ka latency me ka pūnaewele fiber optic. No ka laʻana, hiki i ka ping mai Lākana a Singapore ke 112 ms ma kahi o 186, e hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka pilina.
ʻO kēia ka wehewehe ʻana o van der Breggen i ka hana: hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia kahi ʻoihana holoʻokoʻa e like me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi pūnaewele puʻupuʻu ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa mai ka Pūnaewele holoʻokoʻa, ma kahi ākea wale nō. ʻO ka latency a me ka wikiwiki ka hana.
ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻenehana o hoʻokahi hui, ʻaʻole kēia he pāʻani zero-sum a ʻaʻohe mea lanakila a i ʻole he. ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau ʻoihana e huli i nā mākeke like ʻole a kōkua pū kekahi i kekahi e hoʻokō i nā hopena a lākou e makemake ai. No kekahi, he mau moku, mokulele a i ʻole nā kahua kaua; no kekahi poʻe mea kūʻai kūʻai kuaʻāina a i ʻole nā ʻāina kūkulu. Akā ʻo ka hopena, he pahuhopu like nā hui: e hana i ka Pūnaewele ma kahi ʻaʻohe, a i ʻole i lawa ʻole, a hana ia me ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa e kākoʻo i kā lākou ʻoihana ʻoihana.
“Manaʻo mākou ʻaʻole ia he ʻenehana hoʻokūkū. Manaʻo mākou ma kekahi ʻano, pono nā ʻenehana LEO a me GEO, "wahi a Cook o HughesNet. "No kekahi mau ʻano o nā noi, e like me ke kahe wikiō no ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻōnaehana GEO. Eia naʻe, inā makemake ʻoe e holo i nā noi e koi ana i ka latency haʻahaʻa ... ʻo LEO ke ala e hele ai."
ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, hui pū ʻo HughesNet me OneWeb e hāʻawi i ka ʻenehana puka e hoʻokele i nā kaʻa a pili pū me ka ʻōnaehana ma luna o ka Pūnaewele.
Ua ʻike paha ʻoe he 10 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ko LeoSat constellation ma mua o ko SpaceX. Maikaʻi kēlā, wahi a Van der Breggen, no ka mea, manaʻo ʻo LeoSat e lawelawe i nā mea kūʻai aku i ka hui a me ke aupuni a e uhi wale i kekahi mau wahi kikoʻī. Ke kūʻai aku nei ʻo O3b i ka Pūnaewele i nā moku holo moana, me ka Royal Caribbean, a me nā hoahana me nā mea lawelawe kelepona ma Samoa ʻAmelika a me ka Mokupuni ʻo Solomona, kahi i nele ai nā hoʻopili uea kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO kahi hoʻomaka liʻiliʻi ʻo Toronto i kapa ʻia ʻo Kepler Communications e hoʻohana ana i nā CubeSats liʻiliʻi (e pili ana i ka nui o ka popo berena) e hāʻawi i ka ʻike pūnaewele i nā mea kūʻai latency-intensive, hiki ke loaʻa ka 5GB o ka ʻikepili a ʻoi aku paha i loko o kahi manawa 10 mau minuke, kūpono ia no ka polar. ʻimi, ʻepekema, ʻoihana a me ka mākaʻikaʻi. No laila, i ka wā e hoʻokomo ai i kahi antenna liʻiliʻi, e piʻi ka wikiwiki i ka 20 Mbit / s no ka hoʻouka ʻana a hiki i 50 Mbit / s no ka hoʻoiho ʻana, akā inā ʻoe e hoʻohana i kahi "kīʻaha" nui, a laila e piʻi ka wikiwiki - 120 Mbit/ s no ka hoʻouka ʻana a me 150 Mbit/s no ka hoʻokipa ʻana. Wahi a Baldrige, hiki mai ka ulu ikaika o Viasat mai ka hoʻolako ʻana i ka Pūnaewele i nā mokulele kalepa; ua pūlima lākou i nā ʻaelike me United, JetBlue a me ʻAmelika, a me Qantas, SAS a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
No laila, pehea lā kēia kumu hoʻohālike pāʻoihana e hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka waiwai e hoʻopili i ka māhele kikohoʻe a lawe mai i ka Pūnaewele i nā ʻāina e ulu ana a me nā poʻe i mālama ʻole ʻia ʻaʻole hiki ke uku nui no ia mea a makemake e uku ʻuʻuku? Hiki i kēia ke mahalo i ke ʻano ʻōnaehana. No ka neʻe mau ʻana o nā satelite pākahi o ka hui LEO (Low Earth Orbit), pono e puunaue like ʻia a puni ka Honua, e uhi ai lākou i kekahi manawa i nā wahi noho ʻole a ʻilihune paha ka heluna kanaka. No laila, ʻo kēlā me kēia palena i hiki ke loaʻa mai kēia mau ʻāina, e loaʻa ka waiwai.
"ʻO koʻu manaʻo, e loaʻa iā lākou nā kumukūʻai pili like ʻole no nā ʻāina like ʻole, a e ʻae kēia iā lākou e hoʻolako i ka Pūnaewele ma nā wahi āpau, ʻoiai he ʻāina ʻilihune loa ia," wahi a Press. "I ka manawa e loaʻa ai kahi hui o nā satelite, a laila ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke kumukūʻai, a inā aia ka satellite ma luna o Cuba a ʻaʻohe mea e hoʻohana iā ia, a laila ʻo ka loaʻa kālā e loaʻa iā lākou mai Cuba he marginal a manuahi (ʻaʻole koi i kahi hoʻopukapuka hou)" .
Hiki ke paʻakikī ke komo ʻana i ka mākeke kūʻai lehulehu. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka kūleʻa i loaʻa i ka ʻoihana i loaʻa mai ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka Pūnaewele kūʻai nui i nā aupuni a me nā ʻoihana. Akā ʻo SpaceX a me OneWeb ke kuhikuhi nei i nā mea kākau brick-a-mortar i kā lākou hoʻolālā ʻoihana.
Wahi a Sachdev, he mea nui ka ʻike mea hoʻohana no kēia mākeke. Pono ʻoe e uhi i ka Honua me kahi ʻōnaehana maʻalahi e hoʻohana, kūpono a maikaʻi hoʻi. "Akā ʻaʻole lawa kēlā wale nō," wahi a Sachdev. "Pono ʻoe i ka hiki, a ma mua o kēlā, pono ʻoe e hōʻoia i nā kumukūʻai kūpono no nā mea kūʻai aku."
ʻO wai ke kuleana o ka hoʻoponopono?
ʻO nā pilikia nui ʻelua a SpaceX e hoʻoholo ai me ka FCC ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā kikoʻī kamaʻilio satellite i kēia manawa (a me ka wā e hiki mai ana) a pehea e pale ai i ka ʻōpala o ka lewa. ʻO ka nīnau mua ke kuleana o ka FCC, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka lua no NASA a i ʻole ka US Department of Defense. Nānā ʻelua i nā mea orbiting e pale aku i ka hui ʻana, akā ʻaʻole ia he mea hoʻoponopono.
"ʻAʻole maoli kahi kulekele hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi e pili ana i ka mea e hana ai mākou e pili ana i nā ʻōpala ākea," wahi a Stanford's Manchester. "I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole kamaʻilio maikaʻi kēia poʻe me kekahi i kekahi, ʻaʻohe kulekele kūlike."
ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka pilikia no ka mea e hele ana nā satelite LEO ma nā ʻāina he nui. He hana like ka International Telecommunication Union me ka FCC, e hāʻawi ana i ka spectrum, akā no ka hana ʻana i loko o kahi ʻāina, pono e loaʻa i kahi hui ka ʻae mai kēlā ʻāina. No laila, pono e hiki i nā satelite LEO ke hoʻololi i nā kāʻei spectral a lākou e hoʻohana ai ma muli o ka ʻāina i kū ai lākou.
"Makemake maoli ʻoe e loaʻa iā SpaceX kahi monopoly i ka pilina ma kēia ʻāina?" Nīnau ʻo Press. "Pono e hoʻoponopono i kā lākou mau hana, a ʻo wai ke kuleana e hana i kēia? He supranational lākou. ʻAʻohe mana o ka FCC ma nā ʻāina ʻē. "
Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole kēia e hana i ka FCC mana ʻole. I ka hopena o ka makahiki i hala, ua hōʻole ʻia kahi hoʻomaka liʻiliʻi Silicon Valley i kapa ʻia ʻo Swarm Technologies e hoʻolauna i ʻehā prototypes o nā satelite kamaʻilio LEO, kēlā me kēia mea liʻiliʻi ma mua o kahi puke pepa. ʻO ka manaʻo nui o ka FCC, ʻo ia ka paʻakikī o nā satelite liʻiliʻi i ka nānā ʻana a no laila hiki ʻole ke ʻike ʻia a pōʻino.
Ua hoʻolaha ʻo Swarm iā lākou. ʻO kahi hui Seattle e hāʻawi ana i nā lawelawe hoʻokele satellite i hoʻouna iā lākou i India, kahi i holo ai lākou ma luna o kahi rocket e lawe ana i nā haneli he nui, ua hōʻike ʻo IEEE Spectrum. Ua ʻike ka FCC i kēia a ua hoʻopaʻi ʻo ia i ka hui $900, e uku ʻia ma luna o 000 mau makahiki, a i kēia manawa ua limbo ka noi a Swarm no nā satelite nui ʻehā i ka wā e hana malū ai ka hui. Eia naʻe, i kekahi mau lā i hala aku nei, ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻae ʻia a . Ma keʻano laulā, ʻo ke kālā a me ka hiki ke kūkākūkā ka hopena. ʻO ke kaumaha o nā satelite mai 310 a 450 grams, aia i kēia manawa he 7 satellite i ka orbit, a e hoʻopili ʻia ka pūnaewele piha i ka waena o 2020. ʻO ka hōʻike hou loa e hōʻike ana ma kahi o $ 25 miliona ua hoʻokomo mua ʻia i ka ʻoihana, e wehe ana i ke komo ʻana i ka mākeke ʻaʻole wale no nā hui honua.
No nā ʻoihana pūnaewele ukali ʻē aʻe e hiki mai ana a me nā mea e ʻimi nei i nā hoʻopunipuni hou, ʻo nā makahiki ʻehā a ʻewalu e hiki mai ana he mea koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻoholo ʻana inā he koi no kā lākou ʻenehana ma ʻaneʻi a i kēia manawa, a i ʻole e ʻike paha mākou i ka mōʻaukala e hana hou me Teledesic a me Iridium. Akā he aha ka mea ma hope? ʻO Mars, e like me Musk, ʻo kāna pahuhopu ka hoʻohana ʻana iā Starlink e hāʻawi i ka loaʻa kālā no ka ʻimi ʻana iā Mars, a me ka hana ʻana i kahi hoʻokolohua.
"Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohana i kēia ʻōnaehana like e hana i kahi pūnaewele ma Mars," i ʻōlelo ʻo ia i kāna limahana. "Pono nō hoʻi ʻo Mars i kahi ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio honua, ʻaʻohe laina fiber optic a i ʻole uea a i ʻole kekahi mea."
Kekahi mau hoʻolaha 🙂
Mahalo no kou noho pū ʻana me mākou. Makemake ʻoe i kā mākou ʻatikala? Makemake ʻoe e ʻike i nā mea hoihoi hou aʻe? E kākoʻo iā mākou ma ke kau ʻana i kahi kauoha a i ʻole ka ʻōlelo ʻana i nā hoaaloha, 30% ho'ēmi no nā mea hoʻohana Habr ma kahi kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa o nā kikowaena helu komo, i hana ʻia e mākou no ʻoe: (loaʻa me RAID1 a me RAID10, a hiki i 24 cores a hiki i 40GB DDR4).
ʻO Dell R730xd 2 mau manawa maʻalahi? Eia wale nō ma Netherlands! Dell R420 - 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB - mai $99! Heluhelu e pili ana
Source: www.habr.com