Hauʻoli lā Cosmonautics! Hoʻouna mākou i ka hale paʻi . I loko o kēia mau lā i hōʻike ai nā astrophysicists i ka honua holoʻokoʻa i ke ʻano o nā lua ʻeleʻele. ʻAkahi? ʻAʻole mākou manaʻo pēlā 😉 No laila e kali, e puka koke mai ana kahi puke kupaianaha, i kākau ʻia e Steven Gabser a me France Pretorius, unuhi ʻia e ka mea kilo kilo Pulkovo maikaʻi loa ʻo Astrodedus Kirill Maslennikov, i hoʻoponopono ʻia e ka moʻolelo kaulana ʻo Vladimir Surdin a kākoʻo ʻia e kāna paʻi ʻana e ka Hoʻokumu Trajectory.
Wehe "Thermodynamics of black holes" ma lalo o ka ʻoki.
A hiki i kēia manawa, ua noʻonoʻo mākou i nā lua ʻeleʻele e like me nā mea astrophysical i hana ʻia i ka wā o ka pahū supernova a i ʻole e moe ana i nā kikowaena o nā galaxies. Nānā pololei mākou iā lākou ma ke ana ʻana i ka wikiwiki o nā hōkū kokoke iā lākou. ʻO ka ʻike kaulana ʻana o nā nalu ʻumekaumaha a LIGO i ka lā 14 o Kepakemapa, 2015 he laʻana o ka ʻike pololei ʻana i ka hui ʻana o nā lua ʻeleʻele. ʻO nā mea hana makemakika a mākou e hoʻohana ai no ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻana i ke ʻano o nā lua ʻeleʻele, ʻo ia: geometry differential, Einstein's equations, a me nā hana analytical and numerical ikaika i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā hoʻohālikelike o Einstein a wehewehe i ke geometry o ka spacetime i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā lua ʻeleʻele. A hiki iā mākou ke hāʻawi i kahi wehewehe kikoʻī piha o ka manawa-manawa i hana ʻia e kahi lua ʻeleʻele, mai kahi ʻike astrophysical, hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ke kumuhana o nā lua ʻeleʻele. Mai kahi kuanaʻike theoretical ākea, nui ka lumi no ka ʻimi ʻana. ʻO ke kumu o kēia mokuna, ʻo ia ka hōʻike ʻana i kekahi o nā holomua manaʻo i loko o ka physics ʻeleʻele hou, kahi i hui pū ʻia ai nā manaʻo mai ka thermodynamics a me ka quantum theory me ka relativity maʻamau e hoʻāla ai i nā manaʻo hou i manaʻo ʻole ʻia. ʻO ka manaʻo kumu, ʻo nā lua ʻeleʻele ʻaʻole nā mea geometric wale nō. He wela ko lākou, he entropy nui lākou, a hiki iā lākou ke hōʻike i nā hōʻike o ka quantum entanglement. ʻO kā mākou mau kūkākūkā e pili ana i nā ʻano thermodynamic a me quantum o ka physics o nā lua ʻeleʻele e ʻoi aku ka ʻāpana a me ka pāpaʻu ma mua o ka nānā ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona geometric maʻemaʻe o ka manawa-manawa i nā lua ʻeleʻele i hōʻike ʻia ma nā mokuna mua. Akā ʻo kēia mau mea, a me ka quantum, nā ʻāpana he mea koʻikoʻi a koʻikoʻi o ka noiʻi theoretical e pili ana i nā lua ʻeleʻele, a e hoʻāʻo nui mākou e haʻi, inā ʻaʻole i nā kikoʻī paʻakikī, a laila ʻo ka ʻuhane o kēia mau hana.
Ma ka pilina maʻamau - inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka geometry ʻokoʻa o nā hoʻonā i nā hoʻohālikelike o Einstein - ʻeleʻele maoli nā lua ʻeleʻele ma ke ʻano ʻaʻohe mea e pakele ai. Ua hōʻike ʻo Stephen Hawking e loli loa kēia kūlana i ka wā e noʻonoʻo ai mākou i nā hopena quantum: huli nā puka ʻeleʻele e hoʻokuʻu i ka radiation i kekahi mahana, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka mahana Hawking. No nā puka ʻeleʻele o ka nui astrophysical (ʻo ia hoʻi, mai ka stellar-mass a i nā lua ʻeleʻele supermassive), ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka mahana o Hawking i ka mahana o ka cosmic microwave background - ka radiation e hoʻopiha i ka Universe a pau, ma ke ala, hiki. e manaʻo ʻia he ʻano like ʻole o Hawking radiation. ʻO nā helu a Hawking e hoʻoholo ai i ka mahana o nā lua ʻeleʻele he ʻāpana ia o kahi papahana noiʻi nui ma kahi kahua i kapa ʻia ʻo thermodynamics black hole. ʻO kekahi ʻāpana nui o kēia papahana ke aʻo ʻana i ka entropy ʻeleʻele, kahi e ana i ka nui o ka ʻike i nalowale i loko o kahi lua ʻeleʻele. ʻO nā mea maʻamau (e like me ke kīʻaha wai, kahi poloka o ka magnesium maʻemaʻe, a i ʻole ka hōkū) he entropy kekahi, a ʻo kekahi o nā ʻōlelo koʻikoʻi o ka thermodynamics puka ʻeleʻele ʻo ia ka ʻoi aku o ka entropy o ka lua ʻeleʻele o ka nui ma mua o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. o ka mea hiki ke komo i loko o kahi ʻāpana o ka nui like, akā me ka ʻole o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi lua ʻeleʻele.
Akā, ma mua o ko mākou luʻu ʻana i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka radiation Hawking a me ka entropy ʻeleʻele, e hele wikiwiki mākou i nā kahua o ka quantum mechanics, thermodynamics, a me entanglement. Ua hoʻomohala nui ʻia ka mechanics kuantum i nā makahiki 1920, a ʻo kāna kumu nui e wehewehe i nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi loa, e like me nā ʻātoma. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mechanics quantum ua alakaʻi ʻia i ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o nā manaʻo kumu o ka physics e like me ke kūlana pololei o kahi ʻāpana pākahi: ua ʻike ʻia, no ka laʻana, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoholo pololei i ke kūlana o kahi electron i kona neʻe ʻana a puni kahi nucleus atomic. Akā, ua hāʻawi ʻia nā electrons i kapa ʻia ʻo orbits, kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻoholo i ko lākou kūlana maoli ma ke ʻano probabilistic. No kā mākou kumu, akā, he mea nui ʻaʻole e neʻe wikiwiki i kēia ʻaoʻao probabilistic o nā mea. E lawe kākou i ka laʻana maʻalahi loa: ka hydrogen atom. Aia paha ia ma kekahi kūlana quantum. ʻO ke kūlana maʻalahi loa o ka hydrogen atom, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka ʻāina honua, ʻo ia ka mokuʻāina me ka ikehu haʻahaʻa, a ua ʻike pololei ʻia kēia ikehu. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻae ka mechanics quantum iā mākou (ma ke kumu) e ʻike i ke kūlana o kekahi ʻōnaehana quantum me ka pololei loa.
Hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea hiki ke nīnau mākou i kekahi mau nīnau e pili ana i kahi ʻōnaehana quantum mechanical. No ka laʻana, inā maopopo ia he hydrogen atom i ka ʻāina, hiki iā mākou ke nīnau, "ʻAuhea ka electron?" a e like me na kanawai o quantum
Mechanics, e loaʻa wale iā mākou kahi kuhi o ka hiki no kēia nīnau, ma kahi o kekahi mea e like me: "ʻo ka electron aia ma kahi mamao a hiki i ka hapalua angstrom mai ka nucleus o kahi hydrogen atom" (hoʻokahi angstrom like me 
mika). Akā, loaʻa iā mākou ka manawa, ma o kekahi kaʻina hana kino, e ʻike i ke kūlana o ka electron i ʻoi aku ka pololei ma mua o hoʻokahi angstrom. ʻO kēia kaʻina hana maʻamau i ka physics, ʻo ia ke kī ʻana i kahi photon o ka lōʻihi hawewe pōkole loa i loko o kahi electron (a i ʻole, e like me ka ʻōlelo ʻana o ka physicists, hoʻopuehu i kahi photon e kahi electron) - a laila hiki iā mākou ke kūkulu hou i kahi o ka electron i ka manawa o ka lūlū ʻana me kahi pololei like me ka photon lōʻihi nalu. Akā, e hoʻololi kēia kaʻina i ke kūlana o ka electron, a ma hope o kēia, ʻaʻole ia i loko o ka honua o ka hydrogen atom a ʻaʻole e loaʻa ka ikehu i wehewehe pono ʻia. Akā no kekahi manawa e hoʻoholo pololei ʻia kona kūlana (me ka pololei o ka lōʻihi o ka nalu o ka photon i hoʻohana ʻia no kēia). Hiki ke hana ʻia kahi kuhi mua o ke kūlana o ka electron ma ke ʻano probabilistic me ka pololei o hoʻokahi angstrom, akā i ka manawa i ana mākou ʻike maopopo mākou i ke ʻano. I ka pōkole, inā mākou e ana i kahi ʻōnaehana quantum mechanical ma kekahi ʻano, a laila, ma ka liʻiliʻi ma ke ʻano maʻamau, "hoʻoikaika" mākou i loko o kahi mokuʻāina me kahi waiwai o ka nui a mākou e ana.
ʻAʻole pili wale nā mechanics quantum i nā ʻōnaehana liʻiliʻi, akā (manaʻo mākou) i nā ʻōnaehana āpau, akā no nā ʻōnaehana nui e lilo koke nā lula quantum mechanical i mea paʻakikī loa. ʻO kahi manaʻo nui ʻo ka quantum entanglement, kahi laʻana maʻalahi o ia ka manaʻo o ka milo. Ua wili nā electron pākahi, no laila ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana hiki i kahi electron hoʻokahi ke wili i luna a i lalo e pili ana i kahi axis spatial i koho ʻia. ʻO ka milo o ka electron he mea nui e ʻike ʻia no ka mea e hoʻohua ai ka electron i kahi māla palupalu nāwaliwali, e like me ke kahua o kahi pā magnetic. A laila, milo i luna, 'o ia ho'i ke kuhikuhi 'ana o ka pole akau o ka electron i lalo, a 'o ka milo i lalo, 'o ia ho'i ke kuhikuhi nei ka pole akau i luna. Hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia ʻelua mau electrons i loko o kahi mokuʻāina conjugated quantum, kahi o kekahi o lākou he milo i luna a ʻo kekahi he milo i lalo, akā hiki ʻole ke haʻi i ka electron nona ka wili. ʻO ka mea nui, ma ke ʻano o ka ʻātoma helium, ʻelua mau electrons i kēia kūlana, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka spin singlet, ʻoiai ʻo ka huina o ka milo o nā electron ʻelua he ʻole. Inā mākou e hoʻokaʻawale i kēia mau electrons ʻelua me ka hoʻololi ʻole ʻana i kā lākou milo, hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo he hui pū lākou, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo i ke ʻano o ka milo o kekahi o lākou. I kēia manawa, inā mākou e ana i kekahi o kā lākou wili a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ua kuhikuhi ʻia i luna, a laila e maopopo loa iā mākou ua kuhikuhi ʻia ka lua i lalo. Ma kēia kūlana, ʻōlelo mākou ua hoʻopili ʻia nā milo—ʻaʻole i loaʻa iā ia iho kahi waiwai paʻa, ʻoiai ua hui pū lākou i kahi kūlana quantum paʻa.
Ua hopohopo nui ʻo Einstein e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka entanglement: me he mea lā e hoʻoweliweli ana i nā kumu kumu o ke kumumanaʻo o ka relativity. E noʻonoʻo kākou i ke ʻano o nā electrons ʻelua i loko o kahi mokuʻāina milo, ke kaʻawale lākou i ka lewa. No ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, e lawe ʻo Alice i kekahi o lākou a e lawe ʻo Bob i kekahi. E ʻōlelo kākou ua ana ʻo Alice i ka milo o kāna electron a ʻike ʻia ua kuhikuhi ʻia i luna, akā ʻaʻole i ana ʻo Bob i kekahi mea. A hiki i ka wā i hana ai ʻo Alice i kāna ana, ʻaʻole hiki ke haʻi i ke ʻano o ka wili o kāna electron. Akā i ka pau ʻana o kāna ana ʻana, ua ʻike maopopo ʻo ia ua kuhikuhi ʻia ka milo o ka electron a Bob i lalo (ma ke ala e kū pono ana i ka milo o kāna electron ponoʻī). 'O ia ho'i, ua ho'okomo koke 'o ia i ka electron o Bob i loko o ka 'ano milo i lalo? Pehea e hiki ai kēia ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā electrons? Ua manaʻo ʻo Einstein a me kāna mau hoa hana ʻo Nathan Rosen lāua ʻo Boris Podolsky he mea koʻikoʻi ka moʻolelo o ke ana ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana i hoʻoweliweli ʻia i ke ola maoli o nā mechanics quantum. ʻO ka Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox (EPR) a lākou i haku ai e hoʻohana i kahi hoʻokolohua noʻonoʻo e like me ka mea a mākou i wehewehe ai e hoʻoholo ai ʻaʻole hiki i ka quantum mechanics ke wehewehe piha i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. I kēia manawa, ma muli o ka noiʻi theoretical ma hope aʻe a me nā ana he nui, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka manaʻo nui e loaʻa i ka paradox EPR kahi hewa a ua pololei ke kumumanaʻo quantum. He ʻoiaʻiʻo ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana kuantum: e hoʻopili ʻia nā ana o nā ʻōnaehana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻoiai inā mamao loa nā ʻōnaehana i ka wā ākea.
E hoʻi kāua i ke kūlana kahi a mākou i hoʻokomo ai i ʻelua mau electrons i loko o kahi mokuʻāina spin singlet a hāʻawi iā Alice a me Bob. He aha kā mākou e haʻi ai e pili ana i nā electrons ma mua o ke ana ʻana? Aia lāua ʻelua i kahi kūlana quantum (spin-singlet). Ua like paha ke kuhikuhi ʻana o ka wili o ka electron a Alice i luna a i lalo. ʻOi aku ka pololei, ʻo ke kūlana quantum o kāna electron hiki ke hoʻokahi (wili i luna) a i ʻole kekahi (wili i lalo). I kēia manawa no mākou ka manaʻo o ka probability i kahi manaʻo hohonu ma mua o ka wā ma mua. Ma mua ua nānā mākou i kahi kūlana quantum (ke kumu honua o ka hydrogen atom) a ʻike mākou aia kekahi mau nīnau "kūpono ʻole", e like me "ʻAuhea ka electron?" - nā nīnau i loaʻa nā pane ma kahi ʻano probabilistic. Inā mākou e nīnau i nā nīnau "maikaʻi", e like me "He aha ka ikehu o kēia electron?", E loaʻa iā mākou nā pane paʻa. I kēia manawa,ʻaʻohe nīnau "maikaʻi" hiki iā mākou ke nīnau e pili ana i ka electron o Alice i loaʻaʻole nā pane e pili ana i ka electron o Bob. (ʻAʻole mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā nīnau naʻaupō e like me "He wili paha kā Alice's electron?" - nā nīnau no ka mea hoʻokahi wale nō pane.) No laila, e hoʻoholo i nā ʻāpana o ka hapalua o ka ʻōnaehana i hoʻopili ʻia, pono mākou e hoʻohana. ʻōlelo probabilistic. Kū wale ka manaʻo i ka wā e noʻonoʻo ai mākou i ka pilina ma waena o nā nīnau a Alice a me Bob e nīnau ai e pili ana i kā lākou mau electrons.
Ua hoʻomaka mākou me kekahi o nā ʻōnaehana quantum mechanical maʻalahi a mākou i ʻike ai: ka ʻōnaehana o nā wili o kēlā me kēia electrons. Aia ka manaolana e kūkulu ʻia nā kamepiula quantum ma ke kumu o ia ʻōnaehana maʻalahi. Ua kapa ʻia ka ʻōnaehana wili o nā electrons pākahi a i ʻole nā ʻōnaehana quantum like ʻole i kēia manawa he qubits (pōkole no "quantum bits"), e hoʻoikaika ana i kā lākou kuleana ma nā kamepiula quantum, e like me ka hana a nā bits maʻamau i nā kamepiula kikohoʻe.
E noʻonoʻo kākou ua hoʻololi mākou i kēlā me kēia electron me kahi ʻōnaehana quantum ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī me nā mokuʻāina quantum he nui, ʻaʻole ʻelua wale nō. No ka laʻana, hāʻawi lākou iā Alice a me Bob i ka magnesium maʻemaʻe. Ma mua o ka hele ʻana o Alice lāua ʻo Bob i ko lāua ala ʻokoʻa, hiki i kā lāua mau pahu ke launa pū, a ke ʻae nei mākou i ka hana ʻana pēlā e loaʻa ai iā lākou kekahi kūlana quantum maʻamau. I ka wā i kaʻawale ai ʻo Alice lāua ʻo Bob, ua pau ka launa pū ʻana o kā lāua mau pahu magnesium. E like me ke ʻano o nā electrons, aia kēlā me kēia pā i kahi kūlana quantum indeterminate, ʻoiai ʻo ka hui pū ʻana, e like me kā mākou manaʻoʻiʻo, ua hana lākou i kahi kūlana i wehewehe maikaʻi ʻia. (Ma kēia kūkākūkāʻana, manaʻo mākou ua hiki iā Alice lāua ʻo Bob ke hoʻoneʻe i kā lāua mau pahu magnesium me ka hoʻopilikia ʻole i ko lākou kūlana kūloko i kekahi ʻano, e like me kā mākou i manaʻo mua ai ua hiki iā Alice lāua ʻo Bob ke hoʻokaʻawale i kā lāua mau electrons i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka hoʻololi ʻole i kā lākou milo.) ʻokoʻa ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o kēia hoʻokolohua noʻonoʻo a me ka hoʻokolohua electron ʻo ia ka nui o ka maopopo ʻole o ke kūlana quantum o kēlā me kēia pā. Loaʻa paha i ka pahu ka nui o nā mokuʻāina quantum ma mua o ka helu o nā atoms i ka Universe. ʻO kēia kahi e komo ai ka thermodynamics. Loaʻa naʻe kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona macroscopic i wehewehe maikaʻi ʻia. ʻO iaʻanoʻano, no ka laʻana, ka mahana. ʻO ka mahana ke ana o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ikehu awelika o kekahi ʻāpana o ka ʻōnaehana, me nā wela kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ka nui o ka ikehu. ʻO kekahi ʻāpana thermodynamic ʻo ia ka entropy, ʻo ia ka mea like me ka logarithm o ka helu o nā mokuʻāina i hiki i kahi ʻōnaehana ke manaʻo. ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona thermodynamic e koʻikoʻi no kahi pahu magnesium ʻo ia kāna magnetization net, ʻo ia ka mea e hōʻike ai i ka nui o nā electrons spin-up i loko o ka pā ma mua o nā electrons spin-down.
Lawe mākou i ka thermodynamics i loko o kā mākou moʻolelo ma ke ʻano he ala e wehewehe ai i nā ʻōnaehana nona nā mokuʻāina quantum ʻaʻole i ʻike maopopo ʻia ma muli o ko lākou pili ʻana me nā ʻōnaehana ʻē aʻe. He mea hana ikaika ka Thermodynamics no ka nānā ʻana i ia ʻōnaehana, akā ʻaʻole i manaʻo nā mea nāna i hana i kāna hoʻohana ʻana ma kēia ʻano. ʻO Sadi Carnot, ʻo James Joule, ʻo Rudolf Clausius nā kiʻi o ka ʻenehana ʻenehana XNUMX, a ua hoihoi lākou i nā nīnau kūpono loa: pehea e hana ai nā mīkini? ʻO ke kaomi, ka leo, ka mahana a me ka wela ka ʻiʻo a me ke koko o nā ʻenekini. Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Carnot ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi piha ʻia ka ikehu ma ke ʻano o ka wela i hana pono e like me ka hāpai ʻana i nā ukana. E pau ana kekahi ikehu. Ua hāʻawi nui ʻo Clausius i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka manaʻo o ka entropy ma ke ʻano he mea hana honua no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka nalowale o ka ikehu i ka wā o kekahi kaʻina e pili ana i ka wela. ʻO kāna mea nui i hoʻokō ʻia ʻo ia ka ʻike ʻana ʻaʻole e emi iho ka entropy - ma kahi o nā kaʻina hana a pau e hoʻonui ai. ʻO nā kaʻina hana e piʻi ai ka entropy i kapa ʻia he hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi ʻia, no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia me ka emi ʻole o ka entropy. ʻO ka hana hou aʻe i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mīkini helu helu i lawe ʻia e Clausius, Maxwell a me Ludwig Boltzmann (ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe) - ua hōʻike lākou i ka entropy kahi ana o ka maʻi. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka nui o kāu hana ʻana i kekahi mea, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pilikia āu e hana ai. A inā paha ʻoe e hoʻolālā i kahi kaʻina hana e hoʻihoʻi i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana, e ʻoi aku ka nui o ka entropy ma mua o ka luku ʻia - no ka laʻana, ma ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka wela. ʻO kahi crane e hoʻomoe ana i nā kaola kila i ka hoʻonohonoho kūpono e hana i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā ʻōlelo o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā kaola, akā i ka wā o kāna hana e hoʻohua ai i ka wela nui a piʻi mau ka entropy holoʻokoʻa.
Akā naʻe, ʻo ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka ʻike o ka thermodynamics o nā physicists XNUMXth century a me ka ʻike e pili ana i ka quantum entanglement ʻaʻole i like ka nui e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia. I kēlā me kēia manawa e launa pū kekahi ʻōnaehana me kahi luna o waho, e hoʻopili ʻia kona kūlana quantum me ke kūlana quantum o ka luna. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, alakaʻi kēia hoʻopili i ka piʻi ʻana o ka maopopo ʻole o ke kūlana quantum o ka ʻōnaehana, ʻo ia hoʻi, i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka helu o nā mokuʻāina quantum e hiki ai i ka ʻōnaehana. Ma muli o ka launa pū ʻana me nā ʻōnaehana ʻē aʻe, hoʻonui pinepine ʻia ka entropy, i wehewehe ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka helu o nā quantum states i loaʻa i ka ʻōnaehana.
Ma keʻano laulā, hāʻawi ka quantum mechanics i kahi ala hou e hōʻike ai i nā ʻōnaehana kino kahi i maopopo ʻole ai kekahi mau palena (e like me ke kūlana ma kahi ākea), akā ʻike pinepine ʻia nā mea ʻē aʻe (e like me ka ikehu). I ka hihia o ka quantum entanglement, ʻelua ʻāpana ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa o ka ʻōnaehana i ʻike ʻia ke kūlana quantum maʻamau, a ʻo kēlā me kēia ʻāpana ʻokoʻa he kūlana maopopo ʻole. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o ka entanglement he mau wili i loko o kahi mokuʻāina hoʻokahi, kahi hiki ʻole ke haʻi i ka wili i luna a i lalo. ʻO ka maopopo ʻole o ke kūlana quantum i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana nui e koi i kahi ʻano thermodynamic kahi e ʻike ʻia ai nā ʻāpana macroscopic e like me ka mahana a me ka entropy me ka pololei loa, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻōnaehana he nui nā microscopic quantum states.
Ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻana i kā mākou huakaʻi pōkole i nā kula o ka quantum mechanics, entanglement a me thermodynamics, e hoʻāʻo mākou i kēia manawa e hoʻomaopopo pehea e alakaʻi ai kēia mau mea i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mahana o nā lua ʻeleʻele. ʻO ka ʻanuʻu mua i hana ʻia e Bill Unruh - ua hōʻike ʻo ia e loaʻa ana ka mahana o ka mea nānā wikiwiki ma kahi pālahalaha me kona wikiwiki i puʻunaue ʻia e 2π. ʻO ke kī i ka helu ʻana a Unruh, ʻo ka mea nānā e neʻe me ka wikiwiki mau i kekahi ʻaoʻao e ʻike wale i ka hapalua o ka manawa ākea. ʻO ka hapa ʻelua aia ma hope o kahi ākea e like me ka lua ʻeleʻele. I ka wā mua he mea hiki ʻole: pehea e hiki ai i ka manawa ākea ke ʻano like me ka lewa o ka lua ʻeleʻele? No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hopena o kēia, e kāhea kākou i kā mākou poʻe nānā pono iā Alice, Bob a me Bill no ke kōkua. Ma kā mākou noi, laina lākou, me Alice ma waena o Bob a me Bill, a ʻo ka mamao ma waena o nā mea nānā i kēlā me kēia pālua he 6 mau kilomita. Ua ʻae mākou i ka manawa e lele ai ʻo Zero Alice i ka rocket a lele iā Bill (a no laila e haʻalele iā Bob) me ka wikiwiki mau. He maikaʻi loa kona rocket, hiki ke hoʻomohala i ka wikiwiki he 1,5 trillion mau manawa ʻoi aku ka nui o ka gravity acceleration e neʻe ai nā mea kokoke i ka ʻili o ka Honua. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole maʻalahi iā Alice ke kū ʻana i kēlā ʻano wikiwiki, akā, e like me kā mākou e ʻike ai i kēia manawa, koho ʻia kēia mau helu no kahi kumu; i ka hopena o ka lā, ke kūkākūkā wale nei mākou i nā manawa kūpono, ʻo ia wale nō. ʻO ka manawa pono i lele ai ʻo Alice i loko o kāna pōhaku, ʻo Bob lāua ʻo Bill e nalu iā ia. (He kuleana ko mākou e hoʻohana i ka huaʻōlelo "i ka manawa i ...", no ka mea, ʻaʻole i hoʻomaka ʻo Alice i kāna lele, aia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano like me Bob lāua ʻo Bill, no laila hiki iā lākou ke hoʻonohonoho like i kā lākou wati. .) ʻO ka nalu ʻana iā Alice, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻike ʻo ia iā Bill iā ia: eia naʻe, ʻoiai ʻo ia i loko o ka rocket, e ʻike mua ʻo ia iā ia ma mua o ka hana ʻana inā ʻo ia i noho ma kāna wahi, no ka mea, e lele pololei ana kāna rocket me ia. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, neʻe ʻo ia mai Bob, no laila hiki iā mākou ke noʻonoʻo pono e ʻike ʻo ia iā ia e ʻoluʻolu ana iā ia ma hope iki ma mua o kāna ʻike inā ua noho ʻo ia ma kahi hoʻokahi. Akā ʻoi aku ka pīhoihoi o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo: ʻaʻole ʻo ia e ʻike iā Bob! ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole loa e loaʻa iā ia nā kiʻi kiʻi e lele ana mai ka lima ʻāwili o Bob iā Alice, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke kiʻi i ka wikiwiki o ka māmā. Ina ua hoomaka o Bob i ka nalu, me ka pili iki aku ia Alice, alaila, o na kii i lele aku mai ona aku i ka manawa o kona haalele ana, ua loaa ia ia, a ina ua mamao iki aku, aole e loaa. Ma kēia ʻano ke ʻōlelo nei mākou ʻike wale ʻo Alice i ka hapalua o ka manawa. I ka manawa e hoʻomaka ai ʻo Alice e neʻe, ua ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o Bob ma mua o ka lewa a Alice i ʻike ai.
Ma kā mākou kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka quantum entanglement, ua maʻa mākou i ka manaʻo ʻoiai inā loaʻa kahi ʻōnaehana quantum mechanical holoʻokoʻa i kahi kūlana quantum, ʻaʻole paha i loaʻa i kekahi mau wahi. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ke kūkākūkā mākou i kahi ʻōnaehana quantum paʻakikī, hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia kekahi ʻāpana o ia mea ma ke ʻano o ka thermodynamics: hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia i kahi mahana i wehewehe maikaʻi ʻia, ʻoiai ke kūlana quantum nui ʻole o ka ʻōnaehana holoʻokoʻa. ʻO kā mākou moʻolelo hope loa e pili ana iā Alice, ʻo Bob lāua ʻo Bill, ua like ia me kēia kūlana, akā ʻo ka ʻōnaehana quantum a mākou e kamaʻilio nei ma ʻaneʻi he manawa hakahaka, a ʻike wale ʻo Alice i ka hapalua. E hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka manawa-manawa holoʻokoʻa i kona ʻāina honua, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻohe ʻāpana i loko (ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole helu ʻo Alice, Bob, Bill a me ka rocket). Akā ʻo ka ʻāpana o ka manawa-manawa a Alice e ʻike ai, ʻaʻole ia i loko o ka mokuʻāina, akā i loko o kahi mokuʻāina i hoʻopili ʻia me kahi ʻāpana āna i ʻike ʻole ai. ʻO ka manawa-manawa i ʻike ʻia e Alice, aia i loko o kahi kūlana quantum paʻakikī i ʻike ʻia e kahi wela palena. Hōʻike nā helu a Unruh e pili ana kēia wela ma kahi o 60 nanokelvins. I ka pōkole, ʻoiai ʻo Alice e wikiwiki ana, me he mea lā ua hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo ia i loko o kahi ʻauʻau mehana o ka radiation me kahi mahana like (ma nā ʻāpana kūpono) me ka wikiwiki i puʻunaue ʻia e.
Laiki. 7.1. Neʻe ʻo Alice me ka wikiwiki mai ka hoʻomaha ʻana, ʻoiai ʻo Bob lāua ʻo Bill e noho ʻole ana. ʻO ka wikiwiki o Alice ʻaʻole ʻo ia e ʻike i nā kiʻi kiʻi a Bob e hoʻouna ai i kona ala ma t = 0. Eia naʻe, loaʻa iā ia nā kiʻi a Bill i hoʻouna ai iā ia ma t = 0. ʻO ka hopena, hiki iā Alice ke nānā wale i ka hapalua o ka manawa.
ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe e pili ana i nā helu ʻana a Unruh, ʻoiai lākou e kuhikuhi ana mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana a i ka pau ʻana i kahi hakahaka, kūʻē lākou i nā huaʻōlelo kaulana a King Lear, "ʻaʻohe mea e puka mai ai." Pehea e paʻakikī loa ai ka hakahaka o ka hakahaka? No hea mai nā ʻāpana? ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, e like me ka quantum theory, ʻaʻole nele ka hakahaka. I loko o ia mea, ma ʻaneʻi, ʻike mau ʻia nā hauʻoli pōkole a nalowale, i kapa ʻia nā ʻāpana virtual, ʻo ka ikaika o ia mea hiki ke maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO kahi mea nānā mai ka wā e hiki mai ana-e kapa iā ia ʻo Carol—ʻo ia ka mea hiki ke ʻike kokoke i nā wahi hakahaka a pau e hiki ke hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻohe mau ʻāpana lōʻihi i loko. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hele ʻana o nā ʻāpana me ka ikehu maikaʻi i kēlā ʻāpana o ka manawa-manawa e hiki iā Alice ke nānā, ma muli o ka quantum entanglement, pili me nā excitations o ka like a me ka hōʻailona kū'ē o ka ikehu ma ka ʻāpana o ka manawa-manawa unobservable no Alice. Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻoiaʻiʻo holoʻokoʻa e pili ana i ka spacetime kaawale ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa iā Carol, a ʻo ia ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻohe ʻāpana ma laila. Eia naʻe, haʻi ka ʻike o Alice iā ia aia nā ʻāpana!
Akā, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka mahana i helu ʻia e Unruh me he mea lā he moʻolelo wale nō - ʻaʻole ia he waiwai nui o kahi ākea e like me ia, akā he waiwai ia o ka mea nānā e ʻike nei i ka wikiwiki mau ma kahi ākea. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka ʻumekaumaha ponoʻī ka mana like "fictitious" ma ke ʻano o ka "wikiwiki" i hana ai ʻaʻole ia he mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka neʻe ʻana ma kahi geodesic i kahi metric curved. E like me kā mākou wehewehe ʻana ma ka Mokuna 2, ʻōlelo ʻia ka loina kaulike o Einstein he ʻano like ka wikiwiki a me ka ʻumekaumaha. Mai kēia manaʻo, ʻaʻohe mea weliweli loa e pili ana i ka horizon o ka lua ʻeleʻele e like me ka helu ʻana o Unruh i ka wela o ka mea nānā wikiwiki. Akā, e nīnau paha mākou, he aha ka waiwai o ka wikiwiki e hoʻohana ai mākou e hoʻoholo i ka mahana? Ma ka neʻe ʻana i kahi mamao loa mai kahi lua ʻeleʻele, hiki iā mākou ke hana i kona ʻumekaumaha i nāwaliwali e like me kā mākou makemake. 'O ia ho'i, no ka ho'oholo 'ana i ka wela kūpono o ka lua 'ele'ele a mākou e ana, pono mākou e ho'ohana i ka waiwai li'ili'i like 'ole o ka acceleration? Ua lilo kēia nīnau i mea hoʻopunipuni, no ka mea, e like me kā mākou e manaʻoʻiʻo nei, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ka mahana o kahi mea. Ua manaʻo ʻia aia kekahi waiwai palena paʻa i hiki ke ana ʻia e kahi mea nānā mamao loa.
Source: www.habr.com