Nā keikikāne mai Missouri
Ua hana ikaika ʻo Joseph Carl Robert Licklider i nā kānaka. ʻOiai i kona mau makahiki ʻōpio, ma mua o kona komo ʻana i nā kamepiula, ua loaʻa iā ia kahi ala e wehewehe ai i nā mea āpau i nā kānaka.
"ʻO Lick paha ka mea akamai loa aʻu i ʻike ai," i haʻi aku ai ʻo William McGill ma hope i loko o kahi hālāwai ninaninau i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma hope koke o ka make ʻana o Licklider i ka makahiki 1997. Ua wehewehe ʻo McGill i kēlā nīnauele ua hui mua ʻo ia me Lick i kona komo ʻana i ke Kulanui ʻo Harvard ma ke ʻano he psychology. puka ma 1948: "I kēlā me kēia manawa aʻu i hele mai ai i Lick me kahi hōʻoia o kekahi pilina makemakika, ʻike wau ua ʻike mua ʻo ia e pili ana i kēia mau pilina. Akā,ʻaʻoleʻo ia i hana i nā mea kiko'ī,ʻo ia wale nō ...ʻike iā lākou. Hiki iā ia ke hōʻike i ke kahe o ka ʻike, a ʻike i nā pilina like ʻole i ʻike ʻole ʻia e nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e hoʻopunipuni wale nei i nā hōʻailona makemakika. He mea kupanaha loa i lilo ai ʻo ia i mea pohihihi maoli no kākou a pau: Pehea ka hana a Face i kēia? Pehea kona ike ana i keia mau mea?
"ʻO ke kamaʻilio ʻana me Leake e pili ana i kahi pilikia," wahi a McGill, ka mea i lawelawe ma hope ma ke ʻano he pelekikena o Columbia University, "ua hoʻonui i koʻu naʻauao ma kahi o kanakolu mau helu IQ."
(Mahalo iā Stanislav Sukhanitsky no ka unuhi ʻana; ʻo ka mea makemake e kōkua i ka unuhi - e kākau i kahi leka pilikino a leka uila paha. [pale ʻia ka leka uila])
Ua hana ʻo Lick i kahi manaʻo hohonu like iā George A. Miller, ka mea i hoʻomaka mua e hana pū me ia ma ka Harvard Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II. "He 'American Boy' maoli ʻo Lick - he blond kiʻekiʻe a maikaʻi ke nānā aku a maikaʻi i nā mea āpau." E kākau ʻo Miller i kēia mau makahiki ma hope. "Maikaʻi a me ka noʻonoʻo, a me ka lokomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻole - i ka wā i hana hewa ai ʻoe, ua hōʻoia ʻo Face i nā mea a pau āu i haʻi aku ai i ka ʻakaʻaka ʻoi loa. Makemake ʻo ia i ka ʻakaʻaka. ʻO ka nui o kaʻu mau hoʻomanaʻo ʻana iā ia e haʻi ana i kekahi mau mea lapuwale, maʻamau mai kāna ʻike ponoʻī, ʻoiai e hōʻike ana me kahi hue Coca-Cola ma ka lima hoʻokahi. "
ʻAʻole ʻo ia e hoʻokaʻawale i nā kānaka. ʻOiai ʻo Lick i hoʻokomo maʻalahi i nā ʻano hiʻohiʻona o kahi Missourian, ʻaʻohe mea hiki ke pale aku i kāna ʻakaʻaka ʻaoʻao; Nānā ʻo ia i ka honua lā a aloha, a ʻike ʻo ia i nā mea a pau āna i hālāwai ai he kanaka maikaʻi. A ua hana mau.
He kanaka Missouri ʻo ia, ma hope o nā mea a pau. ʻO ka inoa ponoʻī i puka mai i nā hanauna i hala aku nei ma Alsac-Lorrain, kahi kūlanakauhale ma ka palena ʻo Farani-German, akā ua noho kona ʻohana ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua ma Missouri ma mua o ke Kaua Kivila. ʻO kona makuakāne, ʻo Joseph Licksider, he keikikāne kamaʻāina mai ka waena o ka mokuʻāina, e noho kokoke ana i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Sedalia. Me he mea lā he kanaka ʻōpio akamai a ikaika hoʻi ʻo Iosepa. I ka makahiki 1885, ma hope o ka make ʻana o kona makuakāne i kahi ulia pōpilikia i pili i ka lio, ua lawe ʻo Joseph he ʻumikumamālua makahiki i ke kuleana no ka ʻohana. ʻIke ʻo ia ʻaʻole hiki iā ia, kona makuahine, a me kona kaikuahine ke holo i ka mahiʻai ma o lākou iho, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻo ia iā lākou a pau i St. Ma hope o kāna hana ʻana i kēia, hele ʻo Joseph e aʻo ma kahi keʻena hoʻolaha e aʻo i ka kākau a me ka hoʻolālā. A i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mākaukau ma kēia mau mākau, ua hoʻololi ʻo ia i ka ʻinikua, a lilo ʻo ia i mea kūʻai lanakila lanakila a me ke poʻo o ka Hale Kalepa o Saint Louis.
I ka manawa like, i ka manawa o kahi hālāwai hoʻolaʻa Baptist, ua hopu ʻo Joseph Licklider i ka maka o Miss Margaret Robnett. "Ua nānā au iā ia," i'ōlelo aiʻo ia ma hope mai, "a lohe au i kona leoʻoluʻolu e hīmeni ana i loko o ka hui himeni, a uaʻike au ua loaʻa iaʻu ka wahine aʻu i aloha ai." Ua hoʻomaka koke ʻo ia e holo i ke kaʻaahi i ka mahiʻai a kona mau mākua i kēlā me kēia hopena pule, me ka manaʻo e mare iā ia. Ua lanakila ʻo ia. Ua hānau ʻia kā lāua keiki hoʻokahi ma St. Louis ma Malaki 11, 1915. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo Joseph ma hope o kona makuakāne a me Carl Robnett ma hope o ke kaikuaʻana o kona makuahine.
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ke ʻano lā o ke keiki. Ua nui na makua o Joseph a me Margaret no ke keiki mua, a he kanahakumamalua kona mau makahiki, a he kanakolukumamaha ka wahine, a ua oolea loa laua ma na mea pili i ka hoomana a me ka maikai. Akā, he mau kāne aloha lāua i hauʻoli i kā lāua keiki a hoʻolauleʻa mau iā ia. Ua hana like nā poʻe ʻē aʻe: ʻo Robnett ʻōpio, e like me kā lākou i kapa ai iā ia ma ka home, ʻaʻole ʻo ia wale nō ke keiki kāne, akā ʻo ka moʻopuna wale nō hoʻi ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka ʻohana. I kona nui ʻana, ua paipai kona mau mākua iā ia e aʻo i nā haʻawina piano, nā haʻawina tennis, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe āna i aʻo ai, ʻoi aku ma ka ʻoihana naʻauao. ʻAʻole ʻo Robnett i hoʻohilahila iā lākou, no ka mea, ua oʻo ʻo ia i kanaka ʻoniʻoni a ikaika me ke ʻano o ka hoʻomākeʻaka, ka ʻimi naʻau ʻole, a me ke aloha mau i nā mea ʻenehana.
I ka makahiki ʻumikūmālua ʻo ia, no ka laʻana, ua loaʻa iā ia, e like me nā keikikāne ʻē aʻe ma Saint Louis, makemake nui e kūkulu i nā mokulele hoʻohālike. Ma muli paha o ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻoihana hana mokulele ma kona kūlanakauhale. Ma muli paha o Lindbergh, ka mea nāna i huakaʻi kaʻawale a puni ka honua ma ka moana ʻAkelanika ma luna o kahi mokulele i kapa ʻia ʻo ka Spirit of Saint Louis. A i ʻole no ka mea ʻo nā mokulele ka mea kupanaha ʻenehana o kekahi hanauna. ʻAʻole ia he mea nui - ʻo nā keikikāne o Saint Louis he poʻe hana mokulele hoʻohālike. ʻAʻole hiki i kekahi ke hana hou iā lākou ma mua o Robnett Licklider. Me ka ʻae ʻana o kona mau mākua, ua hoʻololi ʻo ia i kona lumi i mea like me ka hana lāʻau balsa. Ua kūʻai ʻo ia i nā kiʻi a me nā hoʻolālā o nā mokulele, a ua kaha kiʻi i nā kiʻi kikoʻī o ka mokulele ponoʻī. Ua kalai ʻo ia i nā lāʻau balsama me ka mālama ʻeha. A noho ʻo ia i ka pō a pau e hui pū ana i nā ʻāpana, e uhi ana i nā ʻēheu a me ke kino i ka cellophane, me ka pena maoli ʻana i nā ʻāpana, a ʻaʻohe kānalua e hele iki i luna me ke kāpili mokulele mokulele. Maikaʻi loa ʻo ia i uku ʻia e kahi hui pahu hoʻohālike iā ia e hele i kahi hōʻikeʻike lewa ma Indianapolis i hiki iā ia ke hōʻike i nā makua kāne a me nā keiki kāne i ka hana ʻana i nā kiʻi.
A laila, ke kokoke mai nei ka manawa no kona lā hānau koʻikoʻi he ʻumikumamāono, ua hoʻololi ʻia kona mau makemake i nā kaʻa. ʻAʻole ia he makemake e hana i nā mīkini, makemake ʻo ia e hoʻomaopopo piha i kā lākou hoʻolālā a me ka hana. No laila ua ʻae kona mau mākua iā ia e kūʻai i kaʻa ʻōpala, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻo ia e hoʻokele ma mua o ko lākou alanui lōʻihi a wiliwili.
Ua ʻoliʻoli ʻo Robnett ʻōpio a hoʻohui hou i kēia mīkini moeʻuhane, hoʻomaka me ka ʻenekini a i kēlā me kēia manawa e hoʻohui i kahi ʻāpana hou e ʻike i ka mea i hana ʻia: "ʻAe, ʻo ia ka hana maoli." ʻO Margaret Licklider, ka mea hoihoi i kēia ulu ʻana o ka ʻenehana, kū ʻo ia ma hope ona i kāna hana ʻana ma lalo o ke kaʻa a hāʻawi iā ia i nā kī e pono ai. Ua loaʻa iā ia ka laikini kaʻa ma Malaki 11, 1931, ʻo kona lā hānau ʻumikūmāono. A i nā makahiki ma hope mai, ua hōʻole ʻo ia e uku ʻoi aku ma mua o kanalima kālā no ke kaʻa, ʻaʻohe o kona ʻano, hiki iā ia ke hoʻoponopono a hoʻokele. (I mua o ka huhū o ka hoʻonui kālā, ua koi ʻia ʻo ia e hoʻonui i kēia palena i $150)
ʻO Rob, he ʻumikūmāono makahiki, ʻoiai ʻo ia i ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa e kona mau hoa papa, ua ulu aʻe ʻo ia i kona lōʻihi, uʻi, pāʻani ma ke ʻano a me ke aloha, me ka lauoho ʻulaʻula a me nā maka uliuli i hāʻawi iā ia i mea like nui me Lindbergh ponoʻī. Ua pāʻani ikaika ʻo ia i ka tennis hoʻokūkū (a hoʻomau ʻo ia i ka pāʻani a hiki i kona makahiki 20, i ka wā i loaʻa ai ʻo ia i kahi hōʻeha i hiki ʻole iā ia ke pāʻani). A, ʻoiaʻiʻo, he mau ʻano ʻano hema kona. Ua koi ʻia ʻo ia e loaʻa iā lākou: ua hoʻopuni mau ʻia ʻo ia e nā wahine maikaʻi ʻole mai ka hema. Ua kaʻana like nā Lickliders i kahi hale kahiko a nui ma University City, kahi ʻāpana o ke Kulanui o Wakinekona, me ka makuahine o Joseph, ke kaikuahine male o Margaret a me kona makuakāne, a me kekahi kaikuahine male ʻole o Margaret. I kēlā me kēia ahiahi mai ka makahiki ʻelima ʻo Robnett, ʻo kāna hana a me ka hanohano ke lulu lima me kona ʻanakē, e alakaʻi iā ia i ka papa ʻaina, a e hoʻopaʻa i kona wahi moe e like me ke keonimana. ʻOiai he kanaka makua, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Leake ma ke ʻano he kanaka ʻoluʻolu a me ka noʻonoʻo e hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻole i kona leo i ka huhū, ʻaneʻane e ʻaʻahu mau ana i ka ʻaʻahu a me ke kaula kakaka ma ka home, a ʻike ʻo ia he mea hiki ʻole ke noho i ka wā e komo ai ka wahine i loko o ka lumi. .
Eia naʻe, ua ulu aʻe ʻo Rob Licklider i kanaka ʻōpio nona nā manaʻo. I kona wā liʻiliʻi loa, e like me ka moʻolelo āna i haʻi mau ai ma hope, ua hana kona makuakāne ma ke ʻano he kuhina ma ko lākou hale pule Baptist kūloko. I ka wā i pule ai ʻo Joseph, ʻo ka hana a kāna keiki ke komo i lalo o nā kī okana a hoʻohana i nā kī, e kōkua ana i ka mea hoʻokani okeni kahiko ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hana iā ia iho. I kekahi ahiahi Poaono hiamoe, a kokoke e hiamoe o Robnett malalo o ka okana, lohe aku la oia i kona makuakane e uwe ana i kona anaina: “E ka poe imi i ke ola, e ala mai!”, a no ia mea, lele koke aku la oia i kona mau wawae a hahau. kona poʻo ma ka lalo o nā kī okana. Ma kahi o ka loaʻa ʻana o ke ola, ʻike ʻo ia i nā hōkū.
ʻO kēia ʻike, wahi a Leak, hāʻawi iā ia i ka ʻike koke i ke ʻano ʻepekema: E makaʻala mau i kāu hana a me kāu haʻi ʻana i kou manaʻoʻiʻo.
ʻO ka hapakolu o ke kenekulia ma hope o kēia hanana, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike inā ua aʻo maoli ʻo Robnett i kēia haʻawina ma ke kī ʻana i nā kī. Akā inā mākou e loiloi i kāna mau hana i ka wā o kona ola ma hope, hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo ua aʻo maoli ʻo ia i kēia haʻawina ma kekahi wahi. Ma lalo o kona ʻiʻini nui e hana i nā mea a me kāna ʻike ʻike ʻole ʻia, ʻo ia ka nele o ka hoʻomanawanui no ka hana palaualelo, nā hopena maʻalahi, a i ʻole nā pane pua. Ua hōʻole ʻo ia e hoʻoholo i ka mea maʻamau. ʻO ke kanaka ʻōpio nāna e kamaʻilio ma hope e pili ana i ka "Intergalactic Computer System" a hoʻopuka i nā pepa ʻoihana me nā poʻo inoa "System of Systems" a me "Frameless, Cordless Rat Shocker" i hōʻike i kahi noʻonoʻo e ʻimi mau ana i nā mea hou a me ka pāʻani mau.
He liʻiliʻi nō hoʻi kāna hana kolohe. No ka laʻana, i ka wā i hakakā ai ʻo ia me ka naʻaupō o ke aupuni, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i kūʻē pololei; ʻo ka manaʻoʻiʻo ʻaʻole e hana ke kāne i kahi hiʻohiʻona i loko o kona koko. Makemake ʻo ia e hoʻokahuli iā ia. I kona komo ʻana i ka ʻohana Sigma Chi i kona makahiki hou ma ke Kulanui o Wakinekona, ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo ia e koi ʻia kēlā me kēia lālā o ka fraternity e lawe pū me ia i ʻelua ʻano cigakeke i nā manawa a pau, inā e noi kekahi lālā kiʻekiʻe o ka fraternity. hoʻokahi i kēlā me kēia manawa o ke ao a i ka pō. ʻAʻole ʻo ia he puhi paka, hele koke ʻo ia i waho a kūʻai i nā cigakeke ʻAigupita maikaʻi loa i loaʻa iā ia ma St. ʻAʻohe kanaka i noi iā ia i ka paka ma hope o ia.
I kēia manawa, ʻo kona hōʻole mau ʻana e māʻona i nā mea maʻamau i alakaʻi iā ia i nā nīnau pau ʻole e pili ana i ke ʻano o ke ola. Ua hoʻololi pū ʻo ia i kona ʻano. ʻO ia ʻo "Robnett" ma ka home a ʻo "Rob" i kāna mau hoa papa, akā i kēia manawa, i mea e hoʻoikaika ai i kona kūlana hou ma ke ʻano he haumāna kulanui, hoʻomaka ʻo ia e kāhea iā ia iho ma kona inoa waena: "E kāhea mai iaʻu he alo." Mai ia manawa mai, ʻo kāna mau hoaaloha kahiko wale nō i manaʻo ʻo wai ʻo "Rob Licklider".
Ma waena o nā mea a pau i hiki iā ia ke hana ma ke kulanui, ua koho ke kanaka ʻōpio ʻo Leake e aʻo - hauʻoli ʻo ia i ka ulu ʻana ma ke ʻano he loea i kēlā me kēia ʻano o ka ʻike a i nā manawa a pau e lohe ai ʻo Leake i kekahi e hauʻoli ana i kahi kula hou, makemake pū ʻo ia e hoʻāʻo. e aʻo i kēia wahi . Ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia i ka hana noʻeau i kāna makahiki mua a laila hoʻololi i ka ʻenekinia. A laila ua hoʻololi ʻo ia i ka physics a me ka makemakika. A ʻo ka mea pōʻino loa, ua lilo ʻo ia i loea i ka honua maoli: i ka pau ʻana o kāna makahiki ʻelua, ua ʻaihue nā ʻaihue i ka hui ʻinikua o kona makuakāne a no laila ua pani ʻia, waiho ʻia ʻo Iosepa me kāna hana ʻole a me kāna keiki me ka hiki ʻole ke uku i ka haʻawina. Ua koi ʻia ʻo Lik e haʻalele i kāna aʻo ʻana no hoʻokahi makahiki a hele i ka hana ma ke ʻano he waiter ma kahi hale ʻaina no nā mea kaʻa. ʻO ia kekahi o nā hana liʻiliʻi i hiki ke loaʻa i ka wā Great Depression. (Joseph Licklider, me ka pupule e noho ana ma ka hale i hoopuniia e na wahine Hema, i kekahi la, loaa ka halawai o na Bapetite kuaaina e makemake ana i ke kahunapule; ua hoopau laua me Margaret i ke koena o ko laua mau la e lawelawe ana i kela ekalesia keia ekalesia, me ka hauoli loa ma hope. .) I ka manawa i hoʻi ai ʻo Lick i ke aʻo ʻana, me ka lawe pū ʻana me ia i ka ʻoliʻoli pau ʻole e pono ai no ka hoʻonaʻauao kiʻekiʻe, ʻo kekahi o kāna hana hapa manawa e nānā ana i nā holoholona hoʻokolohua ma ka ʻoihana noʻonoʻo. A i kona hoʻomaka ʻana e hoʻomaopopo i nā ʻano noiʻi a nā polopeka e hana nei, ua ʻike ʻo ia ua pau kāna ʻimi.
ʻO kāna mea i hālāwai ai he "physiological" psychology - ʻo kēia kahua o ka ʻike i kēlā manawa i waena o kona ulu ʻana. I kēia mau lā, ua loaʻa i kēia kahua o ka ʻike ka inoa maʻamau o ka neuroscience: pili ia i ke aʻo pololei a kikoʻī o ka lolo a me kāna hana.
He aʻo ia me nā aʻa e hoʻi ana i ke kenekulia 19, i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai nā ʻepekema e like me Thomas Huxley, ka mea pale ikaika loa o Darwin, e hoʻopaʻapaʻa i ke ʻano, ka ʻike, ka noʻonoʻo, a me ka noʻonoʻo he kumu waiwai i noho i loko o ka lolo. He kūlana koʻikoʻi kēia i kēlā mau lā, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i pili nui i ka ʻepekema e like me ka hoʻomana. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ua ho'āʻo ka nui o nā ʻepekema a me nā akeakamai i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāiwa e hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻaʻole wale ka hana ʻana o ka lolo i nā mea maʻamau, akā ʻo ia ka mea e hōʻike ai i ka noho o ka noʻonoʻo a me ka noho o ka ʻuhane, e uhai ana i nā kānāwai āpau o ka physics. ʻO ka nānā ʻana naʻe, ua hōʻike koke ʻia ka ʻokoʻa. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka makahiki 1861, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi noiʻi ʻōnaehana o nā poʻe maʻi i hōʻino ʻia e ka physiologist Farani ʻo Paul Broca i nā pilina mua ma waena o kahi hana kūikawā o ka noʻonoʻo - ʻōlelo - a me kahi ʻāpana kikoʻī o ka lolo: kahi wahi o ka hemisphere hema o ka. ʻike ʻia ka lolo i kēia manawa ʻo Broca's area. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka lolo he ʻāpana uila, me nā manaʻo i hoʻouna ʻia ma o nā piliona o nā kelepona lahilahi, e like me ke kaula i kapa ʻia he neurons. Ma ka makahiki 1920, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻāpana o ka lolo i kuleana no nā mākau kaʻa a me ka hoʻopā ʻana i ʻelua mau kaula like ʻole o ka ʻiʻo neuronal aia ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka lolo. Ua ʻike ʻia hoʻi aia nā kikowaena no ka ʻike maka aia ma hope o ka lolo - ʻo ka mea hoʻohenehene, ʻo kēia ka wahi mamao loa mai nā maka - ʻoiai aia nā kikowaena no ka lohe ʻana i kahi e manaʻo ai ka loiloi: ma ka lobe kino, ma hope pono o ka pepeiao.
Akā naʻe, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o kēia hana. Mai ka wā i ʻike ai ʻo Leake i kēia ʻano ʻike i ka makahiki 1930, ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe noiʻi e hoʻohana i nā lako uila i hoʻohana ʻia e nā hui lekiō a me ke kelepona. Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka electroencephalography, a i ʻole EEG, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻolohe i ka hana uila o ka lolo, e kiʻi i nā heluhelu pololei mai nā mea ʻike i kau ʻia ma ke poʻo. Hiki i nā kānaka ʻepekema ke komo i loko o ka iwi poʻo a hoʻopili i kahi mea hoʻoikaika i wehewehe pono ʻia i ka lolo ponoʻī, a laila e ana i ka laha ʻana o ka pane neural i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka ʻōnaehana nerve. (Ma ka makahiki 1950, hiki iā lākou, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ke hoʻoulu a heluhelu i ka hana o nā neurons hoʻokahi.) Ma o kēia kaʻina hana, ua hiki i nā ʻepekema ke ʻike i nā kaʻa neural o ka lolo me ka pololei ʻole. I ka pōkole, physiological psychologists neʻe aku mai ka mua 19th kenekulia hihio o ka lolo ma ke ano pohihihi, i ka 20th kenekulia hihio o ka lolo kahi o ka lolo mea ike. He ʻōnaehana paʻakikī paʻakikī, ʻoi aku ka pololei. Akā naʻe, he ʻōnaehana ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa loa ia mai nā ʻōnaehana uila paʻakikī a nā physicists a me nā ʻenekinia e kūkulu nei i kā lākou mau hale hana.
Aia ka maka i ka lani. Loaʻa i ka physiological psychology nā mea a pau āna i makemake ai: ka makemakika, ka uila, a me ka paʻakikī o ka wehewehe ʻana i ka mea paʻakikī loa - ka lolo. Ua kiola ʻo ia iā ia iho i loko o ke kahua, a ma o ke kaʻina aʻo ʻana, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke ʻike mua, ua lawe ʻo ia i kāna hana nui mua i kēlā keʻena ma ka Pentagon. Ma muli o nā mea a pau i hana mua ʻia, ua like paha ka hoihoi mua ʻana o Lick i ka noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo e like me ka aberration, sideline, kahi mea hoʻohilahila no ka iwakāluakūmālima makahiki mai kāna koho hope ʻana i kahi ʻoihana ʻepekema kamepiula. Akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo kona ʻano i ka psychology ke kumu o kāna manaʻo o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kamepiula. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻomaka nā paionia ʻepekema kamepiula āpau o kāna hanauna i kā lākou ʻoihana i nā makahiki 1940 a me 1950, me nā ʻano o ka makemakika, physics, a i ʻole ka ʻenekini uila, nona ka ʻenehana ʻenehana i alakaʻi iā lākou e kālele i ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā hāmeʻa - hoʻonui i nā mīkini. , a ʻoi aku ka hilinaʻi. He mea kū hoʻokahi ʻo Leak no kona lawe ʻana mai i ke kula i ka mahalo nui i nā hiki o nā kānaka: nā hiki ke ʻike, hoʻololi, hana i nā koho, a loaʻa i nā ala hou loa e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia intractable ma mua. Ma ke ʻano he psychologist hoʻokolohua, ua ʻike ʻo ia i kēia mau mana e like me ka maʻalahi a me ka hanohano e like me ka hiki o nā kamepiula ke hoʻokō i nā algorithms. A ʻo ia ke kumu o kāna luʻi maoli ʻo ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā kamepiula me ka poʻe i hoʻohana iā lākou, e hoʻohana i ka mana o nā mea ʻelua.
Eia naʻe, i kēia manawa ua maopopo ke kuhikuhi o ka ulu ʻana o Lik. I ka makahiki 1937, ua puka 'o ia mai ke Kulanui o Wasinetona me 'ekolu degere ma ka physics, makemakika, a me ka noonoo. Ua noho ʻo ia i hoʻokahi makahiki e hoʻopau i kāna kēkelē laeoʻo ma ka psychology. (ʻO ka moʻolelo o kona kēkelē laeoʻo i hāʻawi ʻia iā "Robnett Licklider" ʻo ia paha ka moʻolelo hope loa nona i paʻi ʻia.) A i ka makahiki 1938, ua komo ʻo ia i ka papahana kauka ma ke Kulanui o Rochester ma New York, kekahi o nā kikowaena alakaʻi o ka lāhui. no ke aʻo ʻana i ka ʻāpana auditory o ka lolo, kahi e haʻi iā mākou pehea e lohe ai.
ʻO ka haʻalele ʻana o Leake mai Missouri i hoʻopilikia ʻia ma mua o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka helu wahi. No nā makahiki mua ʻelua o kona ola ʻana, he keiki hoʻohālike ʻo Lick i kona mau mākua, e hele pono ana i nā hālāwai Bapetizo a me nā pule pule ʻekolu a ʻehā paha manawa o ka pule. Eia naʻe, ma hope o kona haʻalele ʻana i ka home, ʻaʻole i hele hou kona wāwae i ka paepae o ka hale pule. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke haʻi aku i kēia i kona mau mākua, me ka ʻike ʻana e loaʻa ana iā lāua kahi hahau ikaika loa ke ʻike lāua ua haʻalele ʻo ia i ka manaʻoʻiʻo a lāua i aloha ai. Akā ua ʻike ʻo ia i nā mea paʻa o ke ola Baptist Hema he mea hoʻokaumaha loa. ʻO ka mea nui loa, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke haʻi i kahi manaʻoʻiʻo āna i manaʻo ʻole ai. Hangē ko ia naʻá ne fakatokanga ki mui, ʻi he taimi naʻá ne fehuʻi ai ki hono ongoʻi naʻá ne maʻu ʻi he ngaahi fakataha lotu, naʻá ne tali, “ʻOku ʻikai ke u ongoʻi ha meʻa.”
Inā nui nā mea i hoʻololi ʻia, hoʻokahi wale nō mea i koe: He hōkū ʻo Leake ma ka ʻoihana psychology ma ke Kulanui o Wakinekona, a he hōkū ʻo ia ma Rochester. No kāna ʻatikala PhD, ua hana ʻo ia i ka palapala ʻāina mua o ka hana neuronal ma ka wahi auditory. ʻO ia hoʻi, ua ʻike ʻo ia i nā wahi koʻikoʻi ko lākou noho ʻana no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma waena o nā alapine kani like ʻole, kahi mākaukau kumu e hiki ai i kekahi ke hoʻokaʻawale i ke kani o ke mele. A ua lilo ʻo ia i mea akamai loa i ka uila uila - ʻaʻole e haʻi i ka lilo ʻana i wizard maoli i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā hoʻokolohua - ʻo kāna kumu aʻo i hele mai e nīnau iā ia.
Hoʻohanohano ʻo Lick iā ia iho ma Swarthmore College, ma waho o Philadelphia, kahi āna i lawelawe ai ma ke ʻano he postdoctoral hoa ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o kāna PhD i ka makahiki 1942. I kona manawa pōkole ma kēia kulanui, ua hōʻoia ʻo ia, kūʻē i ke kumumanaʻo Gestalt, ka ʻike o ka ʻike, nā coils magnetic i kau ʻia a puni. ʻAʻole hoʻololi ke kua o ke poʻo o ke kumuhana - akā naʻe, ke kū nei ka lauoho o ke kumuhana.
ʻO ka holoʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole ʻo 1942 he makahiki maikaʻi no ke ola mālama ʻole. ʻO ka hana a Lick, e like me nā mea noiʻi ʻē aʻe he nui, ua kokoke e hana i kahi huli nui loa.
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Source: www.habr.com