Ke komo nei ʻoe i kahi ala ʻālohilohi, kahi āu e hālāwai ai me nā ʻuhane ʻilihune i ʻeha ʻia e ka ʻeha a me ka ʻeha. Aole nae e loaa ia lakou ka maluhia maanei, no ka mea, mahope o na puka pakahi e kali mai ana ia lakou i ka eha nui a me ka makau, e hoopiha ana i na keena a pau o ke kino a me ka hoopiha ana i na manao apau. Hoʻokokoke ʻoe i kekahi o nā puka, ma hope e lohe ai ʻoe i ka wili ʻana a me ke kani ʻana e hoʻohauʻoli ai i kou iwi. I ka hui ʻana i kou wiwo ʻole i ka lima, ʻō aku ʻoe i kou lima, ke anuanu me ka weliweli, i ka ʻaoʻao o ka puka, i ka wā i hoʻopā koke ai kekahi i kou poʻohiwi mai hope, a ʻo ʻoe, pūʻiwa me ka pīhoihoi, huli aʻe. “E hoʻokuʻu ʻia ke kauka i loko o kekahi mau minuke. E noho i lalo i kēia manawa, e kāhea mākou iā ʻoe," wahi a ka leo mālie o ke kahu hānai iā ʻoe. ʻIke ʻia, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka manaʻo o kekahi poʻe e hele i ka niho niho a loaʻa ka manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole i kēia mau "sadists" i nā lole keʻokeʻo. Akā i kēia lā ʻaʻole mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka dentophobia, e kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i nā crocodiles. ʻAe, ʻae, e pili ana iā lākou, a i ʻole e pili ana i ko lākou mau niho, ʻaʻole pono ka mālama niho.
Ua alakaʻi nā kānaka ʻepekema mai ke Kulanui o Missouri (USA) i kahi noiʻi o nā niho o nā crocodiles, i hōʻike i nā hiʻohiʻona hoihoi o ka enamel o kēia mau mea hahai holoholona maikaʻi ʻole, e hilinaʻi pololei ana i ko lākou mau āwae. He aha ka mea i ʻike ʻia e ka poʻe ʻepekema, pehea ka ʻokoʻa o nā niho o nā koʻikoʻi o kēia wā mai ko lākou ʻohana mua, a he aha ka pōmaikaʻi o kēia noiʻi? Aʻo mākou e pili ana i kēia mai ka hōʻike a ka hui noiʻi.
Kumu noiʻi
No ka hapanui o nā vertebrates, he mea nui nā niho no ka loaʻa ʻana a me ka ʻai ʻana i ka meaʻai (ʻaʻole helu nā anteaters). Ke hilinaʻi nei kekahi poʻe ʻaihue i ka wikiwiki i ka wā e hahai ai (cheetahs), kekahi ma ka hui (liona), a no kekahi, he kuleana nui ka ikaika o kā lākou nahu. Pili pū kēia i nā koʻokoʻo, e lele ana ma luna o ka poʻe i hōʻeha ʻia i loko o ka wai a hopu iā lākou me ko lākou ʻāʻī ikaika. No ka pale ʻana i ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia mai ka pakele, pono e ikaika ka paʻa ʻana, a ʻo ia ka hopena i nā ukana kaumaha ma ka hale iwi. No ka pale ʻana i ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole o kā lākou nahu ikaika, loaʻa i nā crocodiles ka lua iwi iwi, kahi i pili paʻa i ka iwi poʻo.
He hōʻike ʻike no ka pani ʻana a me ka wehe ʻana o ka ʻāwae o ke koʻa.
ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona nui o nā niho crocodile, ʻo ia ka hoʻololi mau ʻana me nā niho hou ke pau nā niho kahiko. ʻO ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua like nā niho o nā crocodiles me kahi pēpē nesting, i loko e ulu ai nā niho hou. Ma kahi o hoʻokahi manawa i kēlā me kēia 2 makahiki, hoʻololi ʻia kēlā me kēia niho i ka ʻāwae me nā niho hou.
E nānā i ka paʻa ʻana o kēia "pahele niho".
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā niho Crocodiles i kekahi mau ʻāpana e pili ana i ke ʻano a me ka hana like. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ʻāwae he 4 mau niho nui, i pono no ka hopu ʻana i ka mea pio. Aia ma waena he mau niho mānoanoa, e hoʻonui ana ma ka ʻāwae. Pono kēia ʻāpana no ka ʻoki ʻana i nā mea pio. Ma ke kumu, ākea nā niho a lilo i palahalaha, kahi e hiki ai i ke koʻa ke nahu ma o nā pūpū mollusk a me nā pūpū honu e like me nā ʻanoʻano.
Pehea ka ikaika o ka ʻāwae o ke koʻa? Ma keʻano maʻamau, pili kēia i kona nui a me konaʻano. No ka laʻana, i ka makahiki 2003 ua ʻike ʻia he 272-kilogram Mississippi alligator e nahu me ka ikaika o ～9500 N (N - Newton, 1 N = 1 kg m/s2). Akā, ua hōʻike ka crocodile wai paʻakai 1308 kilo i ka manaʻo ～34500 N. Ma ke ala, ʻo ka ikaika nahu o ke kanaka ma kahi o 1498 N.
ʻAʻole hilinaʻi nui ka ikaika o ka nahu ma nā niho, akā ma nā ʻiʻo iwi. I loko o nā crocodiles, ʻoʻoleʻa loa kēia mau ʻiʻo a he nui lākou. Eia nō naʻe, aia ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ʻiʻo i hoʻomohala ʻia no ka pani ʻana i ka waha (ʻo ia ka mea e hāʻawi ai i ka ikaika nahu) a me nā ʻiʻo nāwaliwali ke kuleana no ka wehe ʻana i ka waha. ʻO ia ke kumu e paʻa ai ka waha paʻa o ke koʻa me ka lipine maʻalahi.
E hōʻike mai ʻoe iaʻu i ka mea i kapa iā ʻoe he naʻaupō.
Akā, ʻaʻole pono nā crocodiles i ka ʻāwae no ka pepehi aloha ʻole no ka ʻai, akā no ka mālama ʻana i kā lākou mau keiki. Hāpai pinepine nā crocodile wahine i kā lākou mau keiki i loko o ko lākou mau āwae (he paʻakikī ke ʻimi i kahi palekana no lākou, no ka mea, ʻo wai ka mea makemake e piʻi i laila). Hoʻolako ʻia ka waha o nā crocodiles me nā mea hoʻokipa koʻikoʻi loa, mahalo i hiki iā lākou ke hoʻoponopono i ka ikaika o kā lākou nahu, e hiki ai iā lākou ke paʻa maikaʻi i nā mea pio a mālama pono i nā pēpē.
ʻO nā niho kanaka, ʻaʻole e ulu hou ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana o nā mea kahiko, akā loaʻa iā lākou kekahi mea like me nā crocodiles - enamel.
Kiʻi #1: niho ʻūhā o kahi Alligator mississippiensis.
ʻO ka enamel ka ʻili waho o ka lei o ka niho. ʻO ia ka ʻāpana ikaika loa o ke kino o ke kanaka, a me nā ʻano iwi ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe. Eia naʻe, e like me kā mākou ʻike, ʻaʻole loli ko mākou mau niho no nā mea hou, no laila e ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa o kā mākou enamel. Akā i loko o nā crocodiles, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā niho ʻeha i nā niho hou, no laila ʻaʻohe pono o ka enamel mānoanoa. Ke kani nei ke kūpono, akā ʻo ia maoli nō?
Wahi a ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā loli i ka enamel i loko o ka ʻauhau hoʻokahi e hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻomanaʻo maikaʻi i ka wā e hiki mai ana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka enamel ma muli o ka biomechanics a me ka ʻai o ka holoholona.
Crocodiles, oia hoi alligator mississippiensis, he kūpono maikaʻi no kēia haʻawina no nā kumu he nui. ʻO ka mea mua, hoʻololi ko lākou mau niho, ka ikaika nahu a me ke ʻano enamel ma muli o ka makahiki a me ka nui o ke kanaka, ʻo ia hoʻi ma muli o nā loli i ka meaʻai. ʻO ka lua, ʻokoʻa nā ʻano morphologies o nā niho crocodile ma muli o ko lākou kūlana ma ka ʻauwae.
Kiʻi Helu 2: hōʻike ʻo a a me b i ka ʻokoʻa o nā niho ma waena o nā kānaka nui a me nā kānaka liʻiliʻi, c-f hōʻike i nā niho o nā kūpuna mōʻalihaku o nā koʻokoʻo hou.
He lahilahi nā niho rostral a hoʻohana ʻia no ka hopu ʻana i ka meaʻai, ʻoiai ʻo nā niho caudal he pōpō a hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻoki ʻana me ka ikaika nahu kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ia hoʻi, pili ka ukana ma luna o ka niho i kona kūlana i loko o ka iwi ā a me ka nui o ka mea nona kēia āwae.
Hōʻike kēia haʻawina i nā hopena o ka nānā ʻana a me nā ana ʻana o ka mānoanoa enamel piha (AET) a me ka mānoanoa enamel i hoʻohālikelike ʻia (relative) (RET) o nā niho crocodile.
He kuhi ka AET no ka mamao awelika mai ka hui enamel-dentin a i ka ʻili enamel waho a he ana laina. A he waiwai ʻole ka RET e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hoʻohālikelike i ka mānoanoa pili o ka enamel ma nā unahi like ʻole.
Ua loiloi nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka AET a me RET o ka rostral (ma ka "ihu" o ka ʻāwae), waena (i ka waena o ka lālani) a me ka caudal (ma ke kumu o ka iwi ā) i ʻehiku mau kanaka o ia ʻano. alligator mississippiensis.
He mea nui hoʻi e hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano o ka enamel hiki ke hilinaʻi i ka ʻai o ke kanaka a me ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa. He ʻai nui loa ka ʻai ʻana o ke koʻokoʻa (ʻo ka mea e hopu ai, ʻo ia ka mea a lākou e ʻai ai), akā ʻokoʻa ia i ko lākou ʻohana, i hala lōʻihi loa. No ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i kēia mai kahi hiʻohiʻona enamel, ua hana nā ʻepekema i kahi loiloi AET a me RET o nā mōʻalihaku. Protosuchidae (UCMP 97638), Iharkutosuchus (MTM VER 2018.837) a Allognathosuchus (YPM-PU 16989). Protosuchidae he ʻelele o ka wā Jurassic, Iharkutosuchus - Ka wā Cretaceous, a Allognathosuchus mai ka Eocene.
Ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i nā ana maoli, ua noʻonoʻo ka poʻe noiʻi a hāʻawi i kekahi mau kuhiakau theoretical:
- Kuhiakau 1a—No ka mea, he ana laina laina o AET a pono e hilinai i ka nui, manaoia e wehewehe maikai ka like ole o ka AET e ka nui o ka iwi poo;
- Kuhiakau 1b—No ka mea ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka RET e ka nui, manaʻo ʻia e wehewehe maikaʻi ʻia ka ʻokoʻa ma RET ma ke kūlana niho;
- Kuhiakau 2a—No ka mea, he ana laina laina o ka nui o ka AET a me ka loihi o ka iwi po'o, pono ia lakou ke anaina me ka slope isometric;
- Kuhiakau 2b - Ma muli o ka ʻike ʻana o nā niho caudal i nā mana nahu nui loa i loko o ka pio, no laila ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o RET ma nā niho caudal.
Hōʻike nā papa ma lalo i ka ʻikepili laʻana (nā iwi poʻo o ke koʻa alligator mississippiensis, lawe ʻia mai ka Rockefeller Reserve ma Grand Chenier, Louisiana, a me nā mōʻalihaku).
Papa No. 1: ka ʻikepili hulina niho crocodile (rostral, intermediate and caudal).
Papa No. 2: niho ikepili (LSkull - iwi poʻo lōʻihi, hCrown - lei aliʻi kiʻekiʻe, VE - enamel leo, VD - dentin leo, SAEDJ - enamel-dentin interface wahi, AET - pono enamel mānoanoa, RET - pili enamel mānoanoa).
Nā hopena noiʻi
Wahi a ka ʻikepili niho i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa 2, ua hoʻoholo nā ʻepekema ʻo ka mānoanoa enamel e like me ka lōʻihi o ka iwi poʻo, me ka nānā ʻole i ke kūlana niho.
Papa helu 3: AET a me RET waiwai e pili ana i nā mea hoʻololi.
Kiʻi #3: AET/RET scaling pili i ka lōʻihi o ka iwi poʻo.
I ka manawa like, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mānoanoa o ka enamel ma nā niho caudal ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe, akā ʻaʻole pili kēia i ka lōʻihi o ke poʻo.
Papa No. 4: nā waiwai maʻamau o ka mānoanoa enamel i nā vertebrates kiʻekiʻe (Crocodyliform - hui pūʻulu o nā crocodiles, Dinosaur - dinosaurs, Artiodactyl - artiodactyls, Odontocete - suborder o nā cetaceans, Perissodactyl - ʻano ʻano ungulates, Primate - primates, Rodent - rodents).
Kiʻi #4: ʻOi aku ka mānoanoa o ka enamel o nā niho caudal ma mua o nā niho ʻē aʻe.
ʻO kaʻikepili e pili ana i ka hoʻonuiʻana (Table No. 3) i hōʻoia i ke kuhiakau 1a, e wehewehe ana i ka hilinaʻi o ka waiwai AET ma ka lōʻihi o ka iwi poʻo,ʻaʻole ma ke kūlana o ka niho. Akā, ʻo nā waiwai RET, ma ka ʻokoʻa, pili i ke kūlana o ka niho i ka lālani, ʻaʻole i ka lōʻihi o ka iwi poʻo, e hōʻoia ana i ke kuhiakau 1b.
Ua hōʻoia pū ʻia nā kuhiakau i koe (2a a me 2b), e like me ka nānā ʻana i ka mānoanoa awelika o ka enamel o nā niho me nā kūlana like ʻole i ka lālani.
ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka mānoanoa enamel o ka alligator Mississippi hou a me kona mau kūpuna kahiko i hōʻike i nā mea like he nui, akā aia kekahi mau ʻokoʻa. No laila, ma Allognathosuchus ka mānoanoa o ka enamel ma kahi o 33% ka nui ma mua o nā crocodiles hou (kiʻi ma lalo).
Kiʻi #5: Ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka mānoanoa enamel awelika i ka alligator a me nā crocodylians mōʻalihaku ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lei niho.
I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana i nā ʻikepili āpau i luna, ua hiki mai nā ʻepekema i ka hopena e pili pono ana ka mānoanoa o ka enamel, no laila e ʻōlelo ai, ke kuleana o nā niho. Inā pono kēia mau niho no ka ʻoki ʻana, e ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa o kā lākou enamel. Ua ʻike mua ʻia ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kaomi (compressive force) o nā niho caudal ma mua o nā niho rostral. Ma muli o kā lākou kuleana - e paʻa i nā mea pio a me nā iwi. No laila, pale ka enamel mānoanoa i ka hōʻino ʻana i nā niho, kahi i kau ʻia i ke koʻikoʻi nui i ka wā ʻai. ʻOiaʻiʻo, hōʻike nā hōʻike i ka haki ʻana o nā niho caudal i loko o ke koʻikoʻi, ʻoiai ke kaumaha nui.
Eia kekahi, ua ʻike ʻia nā niho Allognathosuchus ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa o ka enamel ma mua o nā crocodylians ʻē aʻe i aʻo ʻia. Manaʻo ʻia ua makemake kēia ʻano mōʻalihaku e hānai i nā honu, a ʻo ka ʻoki ʻana i ko lākou mau pūpū e pono ai nā niho ikaika a me ka enamel mānoanoa.
Ua hoʻohālikelike ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka mānoanoa o ka enamel o nā crocodiles a me kekahi mau dinosaur, ʻo ke kaumaha a me ka nui i manaʻo ʻia. Ua hōʻike kēia hōʻike ʻana he ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa o nā crocodylians (kiʻi ma lalo).
Kiʻi #6: Hoʻohālikelike i ka mānoanoa enamel o nā crocodiles a me nā dinosaurs.
ʻO ka mea e ʻike ʻia, ʻaneʻane like ka mānoanoa o ka enamel o ka tyrannosaurid me ko nā Allognathosuchus liʻiliʻi loa a me nā crocodiles hou. He mea kūpono ka wehewehe ʻana o ke ʻano niho o nā crocodiles e kā lākou mau maʻamau e pili ana i ka hahai holoholona a me ka ʻai.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai kā lākou moʻolelo, ʻoi aku ka lahilahi o ka enamel o archosaurs (crocodiles, dinosaurs, pterosaurs, etc.) ma mua o nā mammals.
Kiʻi #7: Ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka mānoanoa enamel (AET) o nā crocodiles a me kekahi mau ʻano mammal.
No ke aha i ʻoi aku ka lahilahi o ka enamel o ka poʻe hahai holoholona, ka poʻe hilinaʻi nui i ko lākou mau ʻāʻī, ma mua o nā mea momona? ʻO ka pane i kēia nīnau i ka hoʻomaka - e hoʻololi i nā niho ʻeha me nā niho hou. ʻOiai he mau niho ikaika ko ke koʻa, ʻaʻole pono lākou, no laila e ʻōlelo ai, nā niho ikaika loa, ma muli o ka hoʻololi mau ʻana o kahi niho hou i kahi niho hou. ʻAʻole loaʻa kēia kālena i nā mammals (no ka hapa nui).
Kiʻi #8: Hoʻohālikelike i ka mānoanoa enamel (RET) o nā crocodiles a me kekahi mau ʻano mammal.
ʻOi aku ka pololei, ʻokoʻa ka mānoanoa o ka enamel i nā archosaurs mai 0.01 a 0.314 mm, a i nā mammals mai 0.08 a 2.3 mm. ʻO kaʻokoʻa, e like me kā lākou e'ōlelo nei, ua maopopo.
No ka ʻike kikoʻī i nā nuances o ke aʻo ʻana, manaʻo wau e nānā
Epilogue
ʻO nā niho, ʻaʻohe mea ʻē ke kani ʻana, he mea hana koʻikoʻi loa ia i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka meaʻai. ʻAe, hiki i ke kanaka hou ke hoʻoponopono i nā hemahema e pili ana i nā niho, akā i waena o nā ʻelele o ka nahele ʻaʻohe mea niho. ʻAʻole ʻike ka poʻe i ke ʻano o ka mālama niho. No laila, koho kekahi mau ʻano i nā niho ikaika a paʻa, aʻo kekahi e makemake e hoʻololi iā lākou, e like me nā mīkina lima. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā Crocodiles a me ko lākou ʻohana mamao i nā hui ʻelua. ʻO ka enamel ma nā niho, ka mea e pono ai no ka paʻa pono ʻana i ka ʻai a me ka ʻoki ʻana i nā iwi, he mānoanoa loa i loko o nā crocodiles, akā no ka pilikia koʻikoʻi, pau nā niho a haki i kekahi manawa. Ma ia mau hihia, pani ka niho hou ma kahi o ka niho kahiko.
No ke kanaka, ʻo kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa ʻo ia ka manamana lima kūʻē, i kōkua nui iā mākou i nā hana he nui, mai ka "lawe i kahi lāʻau a hoʻopaʻa i ka hoa hoʻonāukiuki ma ka lālā" a hoʻopau me ka "lawe i kahi peni a kākau i kahi sonnet. ” No nā crocodile, ʻo ia ka mea paahana ko lākou ʻāwae, ʻo ia hoʻi ko lākou mau niho. ʻO kēia ʻāpana o ke kino ka mea e hoʻomake ai i nā koʻikoʻi i nā mea hahai holoholona weliweli a pono e pale ʻia.
Pōʻalima ma waho:
ʻO kahi kiʻi kiʻi pōkole maikaʻi loa a nani hoʻi i loko o ka crocodile ʻaʻole ia he crocodile.
He kiʻi paʻi kiʻi e pili ana i ka hiki ʻole iā ʻoe ke hilinaʻi i nā "logs" kānalua i ka wai, ʻoiai inā he wildebeest ʻoe.
Mahalo no ka nānā ʻana, noho ʻimi a hauʻoli maikaʻi i ka hopena pule a pau! 🙂
Mahalo no kou noho pū ʻana me mākou. Makemake ʻoe i kā mākou ʻatikala? Makemake ʻoe e ʻike i nā mea hoihoi hou aʻe? E kākoʻo iā mākou ma ke kau ʻana i kahi kauoha a i ʻole ka ʻōlelo ʻana i nā hoaaloha, 30% ho'ēmi no nā mea hoʻohana Habr ma kahi kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa o nā kikowaena helu komo, i hana ʻia e mākou no ʻoe: (loaʻa me RAID1 a me RAID10, a hiki i 24 cores a hiki i 40GB DDR4).
ʻO Dell R730xd 2 mau manawa maʻalahi? Eia wale nō ma Netherlands! Dell R420 - 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB - mai $99! Heluhelu e pili ana
Source: www.habr.com