ʻO nā niho nui, nā ʻāwae ikaika, ka wikiwiki, ka ʻike kupaianaha a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he mau hiʻohiʻona i hoʻohana ʻia e nā mea ʻaihue o nā ʻano āpau a me nā ʻōpala i ke kaʻina hahai holoholona. ʻAʻole makemake ka mea pio e noho me kona mau wāwae i pelu ʻia (nā ʻēheu, hooves, flippers, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) a hele mai me nā ala hou aʻe e pale aku ai i ka pilina pili ʻole me ka ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe o ka mea ʻaihue. Ua lilo kekahi i poʻe akamai i ke kāmela, ua hamo kekahi iā lākou iho i ka lāʻau ʻawaʻawa, a hoʻolei kekahi i ko lākou ʻōpū i ke alo o ka mea lawehala (hello sea cucumbers). Akā aia kekahi poʻe i ʻike ʻole ʻia a lohe ʻole ʻia e mākou. He meaʻai punahele nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa. No nā miliona mau makahiki, ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa lāua ʻelua i kā lāua mākaukau ultrasound. Hoʻohana nā ʻiole i mea e ʻimi ai i ka mea ʻai, a hoʻohana nā mote i mea e ʻike ai i nā mea ʻaihue. Akā ʻaʻole lawa ka "forewarned is forearmed" no nā moth, no laila ua hoʻomohala lākou i ka hiki ke hana i ka "radio interference" e hoʻopau i ka "vision" ultrasonic o nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa. Pehea lākou e hana ai i kēia, hāʻawi ʻia i ko lākou 100% kuli, a pehea ka maikaʻi o ke kōkua ʻana iā lākou e pale aku i ka make? E ʻimi mākou i nā pane ma ka hōʻike o ka hui noiʻi. Hele.
Kumu noiʻi
Ke ʻimi ʻoe i ka pō, pono ʻoe e loaʻa iā ʻoe ka ʻike maikaʻi loa, ka ʻono, a i ʻole ka lohe maikaʻi. Ua koho nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa i ka hope, ma ke ʻano. He mea maikaʻi loa ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka echolocation no nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo ka hahai holoholona ʻana i ka pō e kaupalena i ka nui o nā pōʻino a me ka hoʻokūkū ma ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai. ʻO ka lua, he nui nā pepeke i ka pō, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka manawa e ʻai ai ma hope o 18:00.
Hoʻopuka nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa i ka ultrasound ma nā pae alapine like ʻole ma muli o ke ʻano. Eia kekahi, i loko o hoʻokahi ʻano, hoʻololi ke alapine i ka manawa: i ka hoʻomaka 130-150 kHz, a laila 30-40 kHz.
I ka hahai holoholona ʻana, "hoʻopuka" nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa i nā hawewe kani ultrasonic e "paʻi" i loko o nā mea a puni lākou, me nā mea pio. Loaʻa ʻia nā nalu i ʻike ʻia e ka peʻapeʻa a hiki iā ia ke hoʻololi i waena o nā mea pale a i ʻole ke kālele pono ʻana i kāna hoʻouka ʻana i kāna mea pio.
I ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka evolution i nā talena, ʻaʻole i kū kaʻawale nā moth. Hiki iā lākou ke hana i ka leo kani ultrasonic a i ʻole nā hōʻailona wahaheʻe e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka ʻōpeʻa ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻai ʻia. Hoʻohana kekahi mau ʻano moth i ka stridulation. He mea maʻalahi loa ka wehewehe ʻana i kēia huaʻōlelo maʻamau: e hoʻomanaʻo pehea e "mele" ai nā crickets i ke kauwela? ʻO kēia ka stridulation. ʻO kekahi haku ʻoniʻoni, a i ʻole sonorous, haku o kēia talena he cicadas.
ʻO kahi kumu ʻē aʻe o nā leo i loko o nā moth he percussion "castanets" - hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻano genital (ʻae, kapa ʻia nā ʻepekema ʻo nā genital e hoʻopuka ana i nā castanets kani; ua manaʻo ʻoe ʻaʻohe o ka poʻe ʻepekema?).
Eia nō naʻe, hoʻohana ka hapa nui o nā ʻano moth i nā tymbals (ʻaʻole e huikau me nā kimebala) - nā hana cuticular kūikawā ma ka ʻili o ke kino me kahi "cushion" ea ma lalo.
I loko o ka haʻawina i loiloi ʻia i kēia lā, ua nānā ka poʻe ʻepekema i ke ʻano o nā moth Yponomeuta, kahi o ka hapa nui o nā ʻano (a aia ma kahi o hoʻokahi haneli o lākou) he ʻano ʻokoʻa i kā lākou arsenal - he wahi translucent ma nā ʻēheu me nā unahi ʻole ma waena o nā veins Cu1b.
a me Cu2. Ua ʻike ka poʻe ʻepekema he nui nā kualono e pili ana i kēia wahi, kahi e hōʻike ai e pili ana kēia wahi i ka hana leo ma o ka stridulation (hiki paha).
Ma ke kiʻi ma ka hema (A) ua hōʻike ʻia ka wahi o ka hoʻokumu translucent i ke keʻokeʻo, a ma ke kiʻi ma ka ʻākau (B) nā kiʻi SEM o ia wahi.
Ua hoʻonohonoho nā ʻepekema iā lākou iho i ka hana o ka pane ʻana i nā nīnau he nui: ʻo kēia wahi translucent e hoʻopuka i ke kani a ʻaʻole paha, he aha kāna mau mea kani (inā pēlā), a pehea e hoʻohana ʻia ai kēia mau leo e ka mu i kona ola.
ʻO nā kumuhana nui, i manaʻo ʻia e kōkua i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pane i nā nīnau i luna aʻe nei, ʻo ia nā kānaka o ʻelua ʻano moth - Y. evonymella a me Y. cagnagella.
E huli i 10 okoa: Y. evonymella (hema) a me Y. cagnagella (akau).
Lawe ʻia nā kumuhana mai ka nahelehele i ka wā e noho ana i ka pae larval. Ua mālama ʻia nā pupae i loko o nā pahu kūikawā 297 x 159 x 102 mm ma kahi mahana o 21 °C.
Nā hualoaʻa nānā
Ua hoʻopaʻa ka poʻe ʻepekema i nā mokulele manuahi a paʻa o nā kumuhana: 15 manuahi a me 2 mau mokulele paʻa o Y. evonymella; 9 mau lele lele o Y. cagnagella. I ka lele ʻana, hoʻopuka nā moth i nā kaomi kani ultrasonic like i kēlā me kēia ʻēheu (nā kiʻi ma lalo).
Spectrogram o nā kaomi kani ultrasonic i ka wā o ka ʻēheu hoʻokahi o ka mu.
Hōʻike ka spectrogram ma luna i nā ʻāpana kala. ʻO ka mua (ʻulaʻula) ʻo ia ke alapinepine o nā leo i hana ʻia e nā moth o ka subfamily Arctiinae e kūʻē i nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa. A ʻo ka lua (uliuli) ʻo ia ke ʻano hoʻolohe o nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa o ka ʻano Eptesicus fuscus.
Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻelua mau puʻupuʻu kani ultrasonic i ka wā o ke kowali: hoʻokahi ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kowali a ʻo ka lua ma ka hopena o ke kowali. ʻO ia ka manawa o ka hoʻoikaika mua i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pinepine o nā kaomi. ʻO ka helu o nā kaomi i kēlā me kēia pulse, e hoʻoholo ana ma ka nānāʻana, e like me ka helu o nā paʻi ma ka wahi translucent. Ma Y. evonymella, he 1 ± 12.6 ka awelika waiwai o nā kaomi no ka 1.7 ultrasonic pulse, a he 11 mau kaha ma ka wahi translucent (e nānā i ka helu ʻana ma ke kiʻi SEM o ka ʻēheu).
A laila, wehe nā ʻepekema i nā tymbals (kahi o 260 x 800 µm) mai 12 Y. evonymella kanaka a hoʻopaʻa i nā leo i ko lākou lele ʻana ma mua a ma hope o ka wehe ʻana. Ua helu pū ʻia ka helu o nā kaomi no ka manawa 100 ms, ʻo ia ka like me 3 mau ʻēheu ʻēheu.
ʻEhiku kanaka i hoʻopuka ʻole i nā kaomi ma hope o ka wehe ʻana, ʻewalu i hoʻopuka i 1 kaomi wale nō, a ʻehā i hoʻopuka i nā kaomi, akā i nā helu liʻiliʻi a me ka amplitude haʻahaʻa. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia, ma kēia mau ʻehā, ʻaʻole i hoʻopau loa ʻia nā wahi tymbal (nā wahi translucent), no laila ua kāpae ʻia lākou mai ka nānā hou ʻana.
Ma ka hoʻokolohua, ua hōʻoia ka poʻe ʻepekema e hoʻopuka nā moth o nā ʻano hoʻāʻo ʻelua i nā kani. I kēia manawa ua hoʻoholo lākou e hoʻāʻo iā lākou no ka lohe ʻana (20 mau kānaka o ka ʻano Y. evonymella a me 4 mau kānaka o Y. cagnagella).
Ua pāʻani ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka ultrasound ʻoiai e lele manuahi ana nā kumuhana i ka lumi hoʻāʻo. ʻAʻole hoʻokahi kanaka i pane i kēia. Ua hana hou ʻia ka hoʻokolohua, akā e hoʻokaʻawale i nā kānaka ma nā ʻano i loko o nā pahu ʻokoʻa, kahi e hoʻomaha ai. Eia hou, ʻaʻohe mea i neʻe.
I ka manawa like, ma ka hoʻokomo ʻana i 10 mau kānaka o Y. evonymella i loko o kahi keʻena lele, ʻike nā ʻepekema i ka hopena o nā kumuhana i kekahi i kekahi. A ua like ia me nā hoʻokolohua mua, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻohe.
Pehea e pili ana i ka stridulation? Ua nānā ka poʻe ʻepekema inā hōʻike ka moth hoʻāʻo i nā hōʻailona o ka paio o kekahi ʻāpana o ke kino e hoʻopuka i nā leo. A e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia, ʻaʻohe mea. E nānā i ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻēheu o ka mu i ka lele ʻana ma ka wikiō ma lalo nei.
Ma kēia wikiō hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i nā loli i ke kūlana o nā ʻēheu a me ko lākou mau ʻāpana i ka wā o ka paʻi ʻana.
Me ka ʻāpana translucent e aʻo ʻia nei, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ke kuʻekuʻe me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ke kino o ka mu i kēlā me kēia manawa i ka wā o ke kowali. Akā ʻike ʻia nā kaomi. A e hana ʻia kēia ma ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka ʻēheu hope ma kona koʻi mai ke kumu a i ka piko i ka wā o luna a me lalo o ka ʻūhā ʻēheu.
Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi nānā kikoʻī o kēia kaʻina hana i ka wā supination (ka neʻe ʻana o ka lālā) i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka flap, ʻo nā ʻāpana anal a me ka jugal o ka ʻēheu e pelu i lalo e pili ana i kona ʻaoʻao mua ma ke awāwa claval.
Holo moth, nānā ʻaoʻao.
Hana ʻia kēia kaʻina mai ka piko a i ke kumu o ka ʻēheu, no laila ua komo pū ka wahi translucent. I loko o kēia, hiki ke kaomi kani ultrasonic.
Hōʻike ka papa ma luna i nā hopena o ka nānā ʻana o nā kaomi he ʻumi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ke ala transverse (90 °) no nā kumuhana āpau (14 Y. evonymella a me 9 Y. cagnagella). Ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻāpana spectral, ka lōʻihi a me ka amplitude o nā kaomi.
Eia kekahi, ua hoʻokō ʻia kahi loiloi o nā kaomi (5 no kēlā me kēia o 8 mau kānaka) o ka pae hoʻokele (0 °, 45 °, 90 ° a me 180 °).
ʻO ka pae kani maʻamau o ʻewalu Y. evonymella kumuhana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia mai nā ʻaoʻao ʻehā: 0 ° - microphone i mua o ka moth, 45 ° - ʻaoʻao mua, 90 ° - ʻaoʻao, 180 ° - hope.
ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa nui: 0° a me 45°, Z = 0,3, p = 1,0; 0° a me 180°, Z = -2,3, p = 0,13; 45° a me 180°, Z = -2,4, p = 0,11.
Ua helu pū nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka lōʻihi o ka lohe ʻana o nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa i ke kaomi ʻana o nā moth ma muli o ko lākou kūlana. Penei nā hopena: 6.0 ± 0.4 m ma 0°, 6.5 ± 0.4 m ma 45°, 7.9 ± 0.7 m ma 90° a me 5.6 ± 0.4 m ma 180°. Hōʻike ʻia kēia mau hōʻailona ma ka pakuhi ma luna (В).
A maanei ma ka pakuhi А ʻike mākou i ka amplitude o ka leo i ʻike ʻia, e ʻokoʻa ana i ka laulā o −35 ... −43 dB ma nā alapine i ka laulā o 20 ... 160 kHz.
No ka ʻike kikoʻī hou aku i ka haʻawina, makemake nui wau e nānā .
Epilogue
Hiki i ka Evolution ke kumu ole, aloha ole, ano e a me ka hoohenehene, e like me ka hoike ana o na moth ma lalo o ke a'o 'ana. ʻOiai he kuli loa, ʻaʻole he "leo" kēia mau mea. Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā wahi translucent ma ko lākou mau ʻēheu i ka wā e pāpaʻi ana, hana nā moth i nā kaomi kani ultrasonic e huikau nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa e ʻaʻai iā lākou.
He ʻoiaʻiʻo kēlā ʻano hoʻololi ʻokoʻa, akā e hoʻāla mai ia i nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa hou aʻe e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana, he aha nā loli evolutionary i hele ai nā moth e hoʻomohala i kēlā ʻano hana, a ma hea ia i hoʻomaka ai.
Ua loaʻa hou iā mākou ka hōʻoia ʻana ua piha ka honua i nā mea kupanaha ʻaʻole i pau ka pīhoihoi me kā lākou mau talena a mākou i ʻike ʻole ai.
A, ʻoiaʻiʻo, offtopic Fridays:
Maʻaneʻi, ʻo ka poʻe a pau i loaʻa i ka mottephobia (makaʻu i ka mu) ua paʻa paha ko lākou puʻuwai i ka weliweli.
Mahalo no ka heluhelu ʻana, noʻonoʻo a hauʻoli maikaʻi nā kāne.
Mahalo no kou noho pū ʻana me mākou. Makemake ʻoe i kā mākou ʻatikala? Makemake ʻoe e ʻike i nā mea hoihoi hou aʻe? E kākoʻo iā mākou ma ke kau ʻana i kahi kauoha a i ʻole ka ʻōlelo ʻana i nā hoaaloha, 30% ho'ēmi no nā mea hoʻohana Habr ma kahi kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa o nā kikowaena helu komo, i hana ʻia e mākou no ʻoe: (loaʻa me RAID1 a me RAID10, a hiki i 24 cores a hiki i 40GB DDR4).
VPS (KVM) E5-2650 v4 (6 Cores) 10GB DDR4 240GB SSD 1Gbps manuahi a hiki i ka pūnāwai i ka wā e uku ai no ʻeono mahina, hiki iā ʻoe ke kauoha .
ʻO Dell R730xd 2 mau manawa maʻalahi? Eia wale nō ma Netherlands a me USA! Heluhelu e pili ana
Source: www.habr.com