Lus Qhia Tshab
Nyob zoo sawv daws! Kuv lub npe yog Sasha, thiab kuv tau sim backend (Linux cov kev pabcuam thiab API) rau ntau tshaj rau xyoo. Lub tswv yim rau tsab xov xwm tuaj rau kuv tom qab lwm qhov kev thov los ntawm tus phooj ywg tester qhia nws seb nws tuaj yeem nyeem dab tsi txog Linux cov lus txib ua ntej kev xam phaj. Feem ntau, tus neeg sib tw rau QA engineer txoj haujlwm yuav tsum paub cov lus txib yooj yim (yog tias, tau kawg, lawv koom nrog ua haujlwm nrog Linux), tab sis koj yuav paub li cas cov lus txib uas tsim nyog nyeem thaum npaj rau kev xam phaj yog tias koj muaj me ntsis. los yog tsis muaj kev paub nrog Linux?
Yog li ntawd, txawm hais tias qhov no twb tau sau ntau zaus, kuv tseem txiav txim siab sau lwm tsab xov xwm "Linux rau cov neeg pib" thiab sau ntawm no cov lus txib yooj yim uas koj yuav tsum paub ua ntej kev sib tham hauv chav haujlwm (lossis tuam txhab) uas siv Linux. Kuv xav txog cov lus txib twg thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov kev txwv uas kuv siv feem ntau, sau cov lus tawm tswv yim los ntawm kuv cov npoj yaig, thiab muab sau tag nrho rau hauv ib tsab xov xwm. Cov tshooj no tau muab faib ua 3 ntu: ua ntej, cov lus qhia luv luv txog cov hauv paus ntawm I / O hauv Linux davhlau ya nyob twg, tom qab ntawd cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus txib yooj yim tshaj plaws, thiab qhov thib peb piav qhia yuav ua li cas daws cov teeb meem tshwm sim hauv Linux.
Txhua qhov hais kom ua muaj ntau txoj kev xaiv, tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yuav tsis muab teev rau ntawm no. Koj tuaj yeem nkag mus rau 'txiv neej <command>`lub`<command> --pab'kom paub ntau ntxiv txog pab pawg.
Piv Txwv:
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir --help Usage: mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask -p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed -v, --verbose print a message for each created directory -Z set SELinux security context of each created directory to the default type --context[=CTX] like -Z, or if CTX is specified then set the SELinux or SMACK security context to CTX --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit GNU coreutils online help: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/> For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'mkdir invocation'
Yog hais tias qhov kev hais kom ua yuav siv sij hawm ntev dhau los ua kom tiav, koj tuaj yeem txiav nws los ntawm txhaj rau hauv lub console Ctrl + C (ib lub teeb liab raug xa mus rau tus txheej txheem SIGINT).
Ib me ntsis txog cov lus txib tso zis
Thaum cov txheej txheem pib hauv Linux, 3 tus qauv cov ntaub ntawv ntws tau tsim rau cov txheej txheem ntawd: std ua, stdout и stderr. Lawv suav nrog 0, 1 thiab 2 raws. Tab sis tam sim no peb txaus siab stdout thiab, rau qhov tsawg dua, stderr. Los ntawm cov npe nws yooj yim los twv qhov ntawd stdout yog siv los tso tawm cov ntaub ntawv, thiab stderr - los tso saib cov lus yuam kev. Los ntawm lub neej ntawd thaum khiav cov lus txib ntawm Linux stdout и stderr tso tawm tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv rau lub console, txawm li cas los xij, yog tias cov lus txib tso tawm loj, nws yuav yooj yim rau redirect nws mus rau ib cov ntaub ntawv. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua tau, piv txwv li, zoo li no:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal > man_signal
Yog tias peb tso tawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv man_signal, tom qab ntawd peb yuav pom tias nws zoo ib yam li qhov nws yuav yog yog tias peb tsuas yog khiav cov lus txib 'txiv neej teeb liab`.
Redirect kev ua haujlwm '>`defaults rau stdout. Koj tuaj yeem qhia qhov hloov pauv stdout qhia meej: `1>`. Ib yam li ntawd, koj tuaj yeem qhia txog kev hloov pauv stderr:`2>`. Koj tuaj yeem ua ke cov haujlwm no thiab yog li cais cov lus txib ib txwm tso tawm thiab cov lus yuam kev tso tawm:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal 1> man_signal 2> man_signal_error_log
Redirect thiab stdoutthiab stderr nyob rau hauv ib cov ntaub ntawv raws li nram no:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal > man_signal 2>&1
Redirect kev ua haujlwm '2> & 1' txhais tau tias redirect stderr mus rau tib qhov chaw raws li qhia stdout.
Lwm qhov cuab yeej yooj yim rau kev ua haujlwm nrog I / O (lossis, nws yog ib qho cuab yeej yooj yim rau kev sib txuas lus sib txuas lus) yog yeeb nkab (los yog conveyor). Cov kav dej feem ntau siv los sib txuas lus ntau yam lus txib: stdout cov lus txib raug xa mus rau std ua Tom ntej no, thiab nyob rau hauv cov saw:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps aux | grep docker | tail -n 2
root 1045894 0.0 0.0 7512 3704 ? Sl 16:04 0:00 docker-containerd-shim -namespace moby -workdir /var/lib/docker/containerd/daemon/io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux/moby/2fbfddaf91c1bb7b9a0a6f788f3505dd7266f1139ad381d5b51ec1f47e1e7b28 -address /var/run/docker/containerd/docker-containerd.sock -containerd-binary /usr/bin/docker-containerd -runtime-root /var/run/docker/runtime-runc
531 1048313 0.0 0.0 110520 2084 pts/2 S+ 16:12 0:00 grep --color=auto docker
Basic Linux Commands
pwd pw
Tso saib tam sim no (ua haujlwm) directory.
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
hnub
Tso saib hnub tim thiab lub sijhawm tam sim no.
[user@testhost ~]$ date
Mon Dec 16 13:37:07 UTC 2019
[user@testhost ~]$ date +%s
1576503430
w
Cov lus txib no qhia tias leej twg nkag mus rau hauv lub system. Tsis tas li ntawd, uptime thiab LA (load nruab nrab) kuj tshwm sim ntawm qhov screen.
[user@testhost ~]$ w
05:47:17 up 377 days, 17:57, 1 user, load average: 0,00, 0,01, 0,05
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
user pts/0 32.175.94.241 05:47 2.00s 0.01s 0.00s w
ls
Sau cov ntsiab lus ntawm phau ntawv teev npe. Yog tias koj tsis dhau txoj kev, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov npe tam sim no yuav tshwm sim.
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls /home/user
qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls /
bin boot cgroup dev etc home lib lib64 local lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin selinux srv swap sys tmp usr var
Tus kheej, kuv feem ntau siv cov kev xaiv -l (ntau daim ntawv teev hom - tso zis rau ib kem nrog cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv txog cov ntaub ntawv), -t (xaiv los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv / cov npe hloov kho lub sijhawm) thiab -r (rov qab sorting - ua ke nrog -t cov ntaub ntawv tsis ntev los no yuav nyob hauv qab):
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr /
total 4194416
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 srv
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 selinux
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 mnt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 media
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Oct 1 2017 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 1 2017 local
drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 Oct 1 2017 usr
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 Apr 10 2018 cgroup
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 10 2018 run
-rw------- 1 root root 4294967296 Sep 10 2018 swap
dr-xr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 Dec 13 2018 lib
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Mar 7 2019 opt
drwxr-xr-x 20 root root 4096 Mar 19 2019 var
dr-xr-xr-x 10 root root 12288 Apr 9 2019 lib64
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 9 2019 bin
dr-xr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 9 2019 boot
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Apr 9 2019 sbin
dr-xr-xr-x 3229 root root 0 Jul 2 10:19 proc
drwxr-xr-x 34 root root 4096 Oct 28 13:27 home
drwxr-xr-x 93 root root 4096 Oct 30 16:00 etc
dr-xr-x--- 11 root root 4096 Nov 1 13:02 root
dr-xr-xr-x 13 root root 0 Nov 13 20:28 sys
drwxr-xr-x 16 root root 2740 Nov 26 08:55 dev
drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 4096 Nov 26 08:57 tmp
Muaj 2 lub npe tshwj xeeb cov npe: "."Thiab"..". Qhov thib ib txhais tau tias cov npe tam sim no, qhov thib ob txhais tau hais tias niam txiv cov npe. Lawv tuaj yeem yooj yim siv hauv ntau pawg, tshwj xeeb ls:
[user@testhost home]$ pwd
/home
[user@testhost home]$ ls ..
bin boot cgroup dev etc home lib lib64 local lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin selinux srv swap sys tmp usr var
[user@testhost home]$ ls ../home/user/
qqq
Kuj tseem muaj kev xaiv muaj txiaj ntsig los tso saib cov ntaub ntawv zais (pib nrog ".") - -a:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -a
. .. 1 .bash_history .bash_logout .bash_profile .bashrc .lesshst man_signal man_signal_error_log .mongorc.js .ssh temp test .viminfo
Koj tuaj yeem siv qhov kev xaiv -h - tso zis nyob rau hauv tib neeg readable hom ntawv (ua tib zoo mloog rau cov ntaub ntawv ntau thiab tsawg):
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltrh
total 16K
-rwxrwx--x 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 6.0K Dec 3 16:02 1
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4.0K Dec 4 10:39 test
cd
Hloov cov npe tam sim no.
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ cd /home/
[user@testhost home]$ pwd
/home
Yog tias koj tsis dhau lub npe ntawm cov npe raws li kev sib cav, qhov kev hloov pauv ib puag ncig yuav raug siv $ TSEV, uas yog, lub tsev directory. Nws kuj tseem yuav yooj yim siv '~' yog lub ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb $ TSEV:
[user@testhost etc]$ pwd
/etc
[user@testhost etc]$ cd ~/test/
[user@testhost test]$ pwd
/home/user/test
mkdir
Tsim ib daim ntawv teev npe.
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr
total 38184
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 39091284 Nov 22 14:14 qqq
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:29 test
Qee lub sij hawm koj yuav tsum tau tsim ib qho kev qhia tshwj xeeb: piv txwv li, ib daim ntawv teev npe hauv ib phau ntawv uas tsis muaj nyob. Kom tsis txhob nkag ob peb zaug ua ke mkdir, koj tuaj yeem siv qhov kev xaiv -p - nws tso cai rau koj los tsim tag nrho cov npe uas ploj lawm hauv hierarchy. Kuj nrog qhov kev xaiv no mkdir yuav tsis rov qab ua qhov yuam kev yog tias muaj cov npe.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test2/subtest
mkdir: cannot create directory ‘test2/subtest’: No such file or directory
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir -p test2/subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test2/
subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test2/subtest
mkdir: cannot create directory ‘test2/subtest’: File exists
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir -p test2/subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test2/
subtest
rm
Rho tawm ib cov ntaub ntawv.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ rm qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test test2
Xaiv -r tso cai rau koj mus recursively rho tawm directory nrog tag nrho lawv cov ntsiab lus, kev xaiv -f tso cai rau koj tsis quav ntsej qhov yuam kev thaum tshem tawm (piv txwv li, hais txog cov ntaub ntawv tsis muaj nyob). Cov kev xaiv no tso cai, kwv yees hais lus, kev lees paub tshem tawm tag nrho cov hierarchy ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov npe (yog tias tus neeg siv muaj cai ua li ntawd), yog li ntawd, lawv yuav tsum tau siv nrog ceev faj (qhov piv txwv classic yog "rm-rf /", nyob rau hauv qee qhov xwm txheej, yuav rho tawm koj, yog tias tsis yog tag nrho cov kab ke, ces ntau cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau nws qhov kev ua tau zoo).
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr test2/
total 4
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:40 temp
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:40 temp_dir
[user@testhost ~]$ rm -rf test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test
cp
Luam ib cov ntaub ntawv lossis phau ntawv teev npe.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test
[user@testhost ~]$ cp temp temp_clone
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp temp_clone test
Cov lus txib no kuj muaj kev xaiv -r и -f, lawv tuaj yeem siv los xyuas kom meej tias cov hierarchy ntawm cov npe thiab cov folders raug theej rau lwm qhov chaw.
mv
Txav los yog hloov npe cov ntaub ntawv lossis cov npe.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr
total 4
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:29 test
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:45 temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:46 temp_clone
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test
[user@testhost ~]$ mv test test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ mv temp_clone test_renamed/
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test_renamed/
temp_clone
miv
Sau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv (lossis cov ntaub ntawv).
[user@testhost ~]$ cat temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
Nws tseem tsim nyog them nqi rau cov lus txib Taub hau (tso tawm n thawj kab lossis bytes ntawm cov ntaub ntawv) thiab Tail (ntau ntxiv txog nws tom qab).
Tail
Tshem tawm n kab kawg lossis bytes ntawm cov ntaub ntawv.
[user@testhost ~]$ tail -1 temp
Lalalala...
Qhov kev xaiv yog qhov tseem ceeb heev -f - nws tso cai rau koj los tso saib cov ntaub ntawv tshiab hauv cov ntaub ntawv hauv lub sijhawm.
tsawg
Qee lub sij hawm cov ntawv nyeem loj dhau lawm thiab nws tsis yooj yim los tso saib nrog cov lus txib miv. Tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem qhib nws siv cov lus txib tsawg: cov ntaub ntawv yuav tso tawm rau hauv qhov chaw; navigation los ntawm cov khoom no, tshawb nrhiav thiab lwm yam haujlwm yooj yim muaj.
[user@testhost ~]$ less temp
Nws kuj yuav yooj yim siv tsawg nrog conveyor (yeeb nkab):
[user@testhost ~]$ grep "ERROR" /tmp/some.log | less
ps
Sau cov txheej txheem.
[user@testhost ~]$ ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
761020 pts/2 00:00:00 bash
809720 pts/2 00:00:00 ps
Kuv tus kheej feem ntau siv cov kev xaiv BSD "aux" - tso saib tag nrho cov txheej txheem hauv lub kaw lus (vim tias muaj ntau cov txheej txheem, kuv tsuas yog tso tawm thawj 5 ntawm lawv siv cov kav dej (yeeb nkab) thiab team Taub hau):
[user@testhost ~]$ ps aux | head -5
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
root 1 0.0 0.0 19692 2600 ? Ss Jul02 0:10 /sbin/init
root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S Jul02 0:03 [kthreadd]
root 4 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< Jul02 0:00 [kworker/0:0H]
root 6 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< Jul02 0:00 [mm_percpu_wq]
Ntau tus kuj tseem siv BSD xaiv "axjf ua", uas tso cai rau koj los tso saib cov txheej txheem ntoo (ntawm no kuv tshem tawm ib feem ntawm cov zis rau kev ua qauv qhia):
[user@testhost ~]$ ps axjf
PPID PID PGID SID TTY TPGID STAT UID TIME COMMAND
0 2 0 0 ? -1 S 0 0:03 [kthreadd]
2 4 0 0 ? -1 I< 0 0:00 _ [kworker/0:0H]
2 6 0 0 ? -1 I< 0 0:00 _ [mm_percpu_wq]
2 7 0 0 ? -1 S 0 4:08 _ [ksoftirqd/0]
...
...
...
1 4293 4293 4293 tty6 4293 Ss+ 0 0:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty6
1 532967 532964 532964 ? -1 Sl 495 0:00 /opt/td-agent/embedded/bin/ruby /usr/sbin/td-agent --log /var/log/td-agent/td-agent.log --use-v1-config --group td-agent --daemon /var/run/td-agent/td-agent.pid
532967 532970 532964 532964 ? -1 Sl 495 803:06 _ /opt/td-agent/embedded/bin/ruby /usr/sbin/td-agent --log /var/log/td-agent/td-agent.log --use-v1-config --group td-agent --daemon /var/run/td-agent/td-agent.pid
1 537162 533357 532322 ? -1 Sl 0 5067:43 /usr/bin/dockerd --default-ulimit nofile=262144:262144 --dns=172.17.0.1
537162 537177 537177 537177 ? -1 Ssl 0 4649:28 _ docker-containerd --config /var/run/docker/containerd/containerd.toml
537177 537579 537579 537177 ? -1 Sl 0 4:48 | _ docker-containerd-shim -namespace moby -workdir /var/lib/docker/containerd/daemon/io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux/moby/0ee89b20deb3cf08648cd92e1f3e3c661ccffef7a0971
537579 537642 537642 537642 ? -1 Ss 1000 32:11 | | _ /usr/bin/python /usr/bin/supervisord -c /etc/supervisord/api.conf
537642 539764 539764 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | _ sh -c echo "READY"; while read -r line; do echo "$line"; supervisorctl shutdown; done
537642 539767 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 5:09 | | _ php-fpm: master process (/etc/php73/php-fpm.conf)
539767 783097 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
539767 783131 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
539767 783185 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
...
...
...
Cov lus txib no muaj ntau yam kev xaiv, yog li yog tias koj nquag siv nws, kuv xav kom koj nyeem cov ntaub ntawv. Rau feem ntau, nws tsuas yog txaus kom paub "ps aux".
tua
Xa lub teeb liab mus rau ib qho txheej txheem. Los ntawm lub neej ntawd lub teeb liab raug xa mus LUB SIJ HAWM, uas terminates cov txheej txheem.
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
531 1027147 0.0 0.0 119956 4260 ? S 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/1
531 1027149 0.0 0.0 115408 3396 pts/1 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1027170 0.0 0.0 119956 4136 ? R 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/2
531 1027180 0.0 0.0 115408 3564 pts/2 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1033727 0.0 0.0 107960 708 pts/1 S+ 15:17 0:00 sleep 300
531 1033752 0.0 0.0 117264 2604 pts/2 R+ 15:17 0:00 ps ux
[user@testhost ~]$ kill 1033727
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
531 1027147 0.0 0.0 119956 4260 ? S 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/1
531 1027149 0.0 0.0 115408 3396 pts/1 Ss+ 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1027170 0.0 0.0 119956 4136 ? R 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/2
531 1027180 0.0 0.0 115408 3564 pts/2 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1033808 0.0 0.0 117268 2492 pts/2 R+ 15:17 0:00 ps ux
Txij li cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem muaj cov teeb liab handlers, tua tsis yog ib txwm ua rau qhov kev xav tau - ua tiav tam sim ntawm cov txheej txheem. Txhawm rau "tua" tus txheej txheem kom paub meej, koj yuav tsum xa cov teeb liab rau tus txheej txheem SIGKILL. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau cov ntaub ntawv poob (piv txwv li, yog tias cov txheej txheem yuav tsum khaws qee cov ntaub ntawv rau disk ua ntej txiav), yog li koj yuav tsum siv cov lus txib no kom ceev faj. Tus lej cim SIGKILL - 9, yog li luv luv version ntawm cov lus txib zoo li no:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | grep sleep
531 1034930 0.0 0.0 107960 636 pts/1 S+ 15:21 0:00 sleep 300
531 1034953 0.0 0.0 110516 2104 pts/2 S+ 15:21 0:00 grep --color=auto sleep
[user@testhost ~]$ kill -9 1034930
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | grep sleep
531 1035004 0.0 0.0 110516 2092 pts/2 S+ 15:22 0:00 grep --color=auto sleep
Ntxiv rau cov uas tau hais LUB SIJ HAWM и SIGKILL Muaj ntau ntau cov cim sib txawv; cov npe ntawm lawv tuaj yeem pom tau yooj yim hauv Is Taws Nem. Thiab tsis txhob hnov qab tias cov teeb liab SIGKILL и NYEEM NTXIV tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam lossis tsis quav ntsej.
ping
Xa ib pob ntawv ICMP rau tus tswv tsev ECHO_REQUEST.
[user@testhost ~]$ ping google.com
PING google.com (172.217.15.78) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=1.85 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=1.48 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=1.45 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=4 ttl=47 time=1.46 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=5 ttl=47 time=1.45 ms
^C
--- google.com ping statistics ---
5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4006ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.453/1.541/1.850/0.156 ms
los ntawm neej ntawd hais ping ua haujlwm kom txog thaum nws raug txiav tawm manually. Yog li qhov kev xaiv yuav pab tau -c - tus naj npawb ntawm pob ntawv tom qab xa ping yuav ua kom tiav ntawm nws tus kheej. Lwm qhov kev xaiv kuv qee zaum siv yog -i, lub caij nyoog ntawm kev xa cov pob ntawv.
[user@testhost ~]$ ping -c 3 -i 5 google.com
PING google.com (172.217.5.238) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f238.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=1.55 ms
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=1.17 ms
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=1.16 ms
--- google.com ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 10006ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.162/1.295/1.551/0.181 ms
SSH
OpenSSH SSH tus neeg siv khoom tso cai rau koj txuas mus rau tus tswv tsev nyob deb.
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ssh [email protected]
Last login: Tue Nov 26 11:27:39 2019 from another_host
[user@testhost ~]$ hostname
testhost
Muaj ntau yam nuances hauv kev siv SSH, thiab cov neeg siv khoom no kuj muaj ntau lub peev xwm, yog li yog tias koj xav tau (lossis xav tau) koj tuaj yeem nyeem txog nws .
Ntsuab
Luam cov ntaub ntawv ntawm hosts (rau kev siv no SSH).
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ exit
logout
Connection to 11.11.22.22 closed.
MacBook-Pro-Aleksandr:~ user$ scp [email protected]:/home/user/temp Downloads/
temp 100% 31 0.2KB/s 00:00
MacBook-Pro-Aleksandr:~ user$ cat Downloads/temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
rsync
Koj tuaj yeem siv los synchronize cov npe ntawm cov tswv rsync (-a - archive hom, tso cai rau koj luam tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov npe "raws li yog", -v - tso zis rau lub console ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv):
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ls Downloads/user
ls: Downloads/user: No such file or directory
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ rsync -av user@testhost:/home/user Downloads
receiving file list ... done
user/
user/.bash_history
user/.bash_logout
user/.bash_profile
user/.bashrc
user/.lesshst
user/.mongorc.js
user/.viminfo
user/1
user/man_signal
user/man_signal_error_log
user/temp
user/.ssh/
user/.ssh/authorized_keys
user/test/
user/test/created_today
user/test/temp_clone
sent 346 bytes received 29210 bytes 11822.40 bytes/sec
total size is 28079 speedup is 0.95
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ls -a Downloads/user
. .bash_history .bash_profile .lesshst .ssh 1 man_signal_error_log test
.. .bash_logout .bashrc .mongorc.js .viminfo man_signal temp
Ncha
Tso ib kab ntawv.
[user@testhost ~]$ echo "Hello"
Hello
Cov kev xaiv tsim nyog xav txog ntawm no -n - Tsis txhob ntxiv cov kab nrog kab tawg ntawm qhov kawg, thiab -e - pab kom dim kev txhais lus siv "".
[user@testhost ~]$ echo "tHellon"
tHellon
[user@testhost ~]$ echo -n "tHellon"
tHellon[user@testhost ~]$
[user@testhost ~]$ echo -ne "tHellon"
Hello
Koj tuaj yeem tso saib qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev hloov pauv uas siv cov lus txib no. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Linux qhov kev tawm code ntawm qhov kawg ua tiav cov lus txib yog khaws cia rau hauv qhov txawv txav tshwj xeeb $?, thiab txoj kev no koj tuaj yeem paub tseeb tias qhov yuam kev tau tshwm sim hauv daim ntawv thov ua haujlwm kawg:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls # ошибки не будет
1 man_signal man_signal_error_log temp test
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # получим 0 — ошибки не было
0
[user@testhost ~]$ ls qwerty # будет ошибка
ls: cannot access qwerty: No such file or directory
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # получим 2 — Misuse of shell builtins (according to Bash documentation)
2
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # последний echo отработал без ошибок, получим 0
0
telnet
Client rau TELNET raws tu qauv. Siv los sib txuas lus nrog lwm tus tswv tsev.
[user@testhost ~]$ telnet example.com 80
Trying 93.184.216.34...
Connected to example.com.
Escape character is '^]'.
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: max-age=604800
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2019 11:59:18 GMT
Etag: "3147526947+gzip+ident"
Expires: Tue, 03 Dec 2019 11:59:18 GMT
Last-Modified: Thu, 17 Oct 2019 07:18:26 GMT
Server: ECS (dcb/7F3B)
Vary: Accept-Encoding
X-Cache: HIT
Content-Length: 1256
... здесь было тело ответа, которое я вырезал руками ...
Yog tias koj xav siv TLS raws tu qauv (cia kuv ceeb toom koj tias SSL tau dhau los ntev lawm), ces telnet tsis haum rau cov hom phiaj no. Tab sis tus neeg siv khoom yuav tuaj openssl:
Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev siv openssl nrog cov lus teb rau GET thov
[user@testhost ~]$ openssl s_client -connect example.com:443
CONNECTED(00000003)
depth=2 C = US, O = DigiCert Inc, OU = www.digicert.com, CN = DigiCert Global Root CA
verify return:1
depth=1 C = US, O = DigiCert Inc, CN = DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
verify return:1
depth=0 C = US, ST = California, L = Los Angeles, O = Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, OU = Technology, CN = www.example.org
verify return:1
---
Certificate chain
0 s:/C=US/ST=California/L=Los Angeles/O=Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers/OU=Technology/CN=www.example.org
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
1 s:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
2 s:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
---
Server certificate
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
subject=/C=US/ST=California/L=Los Angeles/O=Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers/OU=Technology/CN=www.example.org
issuer=/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
---
No client certificate CA names sent
Peer signing digest: SHA256
Server Temp Key: ECDH, P-256, 256 bits
---
SSL handshake has read 4643 bytes and written 415 bytes
---
New, TLSv1/SSLv3, Cipher is ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
Server public key is 2048 bit
Secure Renegotiation IS supported
Compression: NONE
Expansion: NONE
No ALPN negotiated
SSL-Session:
Protocol : TLSv1.2
Cipher : ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
Session-ID: 91950DC50FADB57BF026D2661E6CFAA1F522E5CA60D2310E106EE0E0FD6E70BD
Session-ID-ctx:
Master-Key: 704E9145253EEB4E9DC47E3DC6725D296D4A470EA296D54F71D65E74EAC09EB096EA1305CBEDD9E7020B8F72FD2B68A5
Key-Arg : None
Krb5 Principal: None
PSK identity: None
PSK identity hint: None
TLS session ticket lifetime hint: 7200 (seconds)
TLS session ticket:
0000 - 68 84 4e 77 be e3 f5 00-49 c5 44 40 53 4d b9 61 [email protected]
0010 - c9 fe df e4 05 51 d0 53-ae cf 89 4c b6 ef 6c 9e .....Q.S...L..l.
0020 - fe 12 9a f0 e8 e5 4e 87-42 89 ac af ca e5 4a 85 ......N.B.....J.
0030 - 38 08 26 e3 22 89 08 b5-62 c0 8b 7e b8 05 d3 54 8.&."...b..~...T
0040 - 8c 24 91 a7 b4 4f 79 ad-36 59 7c 69 2d e5 7f 62 .$...Oy.6Y|i-..b
0050 - f6 73 a3 8b 92 63 c1 e3-df 78 ba 8c 5a cc 82 50 .s...c...x..Z..P
0060 - 33 4e 13 4b 10 e4 97 31-cc b4 13 65 45 60 3e 13 3N.K...1...eE`>.
0070 - ac 9e b1 bb 4b 18 d9 16-ea ce f0 9b 5b 0c 8b bf ....K.......[...
0080 - fd 78 74 a0 1a ef c2 15-2a 0a 14 8d d1 3f 52 7a .xt.....*....?Rz
0090 - 12 6b c7 81 15 c4 c4 af-7e df c2 20 a8 dd 4b 93 .k......~.. ..K.
Start Time: 1574769867
Timeout : 300 (sec)
Verify return code: 0 (ok)
---
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: max-age=604800
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2019 12:04:38 GMT
Etag: "3147526947+ident"
Expires: Tue, 03 Dec 2019 12:04:38 GMT
Last-Modified: Thu, 17 Oct 2019 07:18:26 GMT
Server: ECS (dcb/7EC8)
Vary: Accept-Encoding
X-Cache: HIT
Content-Length: 1256
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Example Domain</title>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<style type="text/css">
body {
background-color: #f0f0f2;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
}
div {
width: 600px;
margin: 5em auto;
padding: 2em;
background-color: #fdfdff;
border-radius: 0.5em;
box-shadow: 2px 3px 7px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);
}
a:link, a:visited {
color: #38488f;
text-decoration: none;
}
@media (max-width: 700px) {
div {
margin: 0 auto;
width: auto;
}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<h1>Example Domain</h1>
<p>This domain is for use in illustrative examples in documents. You may use this
domain in literature without prior coordination or asking for permission.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.iana.org/domains/example">More information...</a></p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Kev daws teeb meem ntau hauv Linux
Hloov cov ntaub ntawv tus tswv
Koj tuaj yeem hloov tus tswv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv lossis cov npe siv cov lus txib chown:
[user@testhost ~]$ chown user:user temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
Qhov parameter rau cov lus txib no yuav tsum tau muab rau tus tswv tshiab thiab pab pawg (xaiv tau), cais los ntawm txoj hnyuv. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum hloov tus tswv ntawm cov npe, qhov kev xaiv tuaj yeem pab tau -R - Tom qab ntawd cov tswv yuav hloov pauv rau tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm phau ntawv teev npe.
Hloov cov ntaub ntawv tso cai
Qhov teeb meem no tuaj yeem daws tau los ntawm kev hais kom ua chmod. Ua piv txwv, kuv yuav muab qhov kev tso cai tso cai "tus tswv tau tso cai nyeem, sau thiab ua tiav, pab pawg tau tso cai nyeem thiab sau, txhua tus neeg tsis raug tso cai":
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod 760 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
Thawj 7 (qhov no yog 0b111 hauv qhov piv txwv me ntsis) hauv qhov ntsuas txhais tau tias "tag nrho cov cai rau tus tswv", qhov thib ob 6 (qhov no yog 0b110 hauv tus sawv cev me ntsis) txhais tau tias "nyeem thiab sau", thiab 0 txhais tau tias tsis muaj dab tsi rau tus so. . Lub bitmask muaj peb yam: qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ("txoj cai") me ntsis yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev ua tiav, tom ntej (" nruab nrab") me ntsis yog rau kev sau ntawv, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ("sab laug") me ntsis yog rau kev nyeem ntawv.
Koj tuaj yeem teeb tsa kev tso cai siv cov cim tshwj xeeb (mnemonic syntax). Piv txwv li, cov piv txwv hauv qab no ua ntej tshem tawm cov cai rau tus neeg siv tam sim no thiab tom qab ntawd hloov lawv rov qab:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod -x temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod +x temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrwx--x 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
Cov lus txib no muaj ntau yam siv, yog li kuv qhia koj kom nyeem ntxiv txog nws (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais txog mnemonic syntax, piv txwv li, ).
Sau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv binary
Qhov no tuaj yeem ua tau los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob hexdump. Hauv qab no yog cov piv txwv ntawm nws siv.
[user@testhost ~]$ cat temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -c temp
0000000 C o n t e n t o f a f i l
0000010 e . n L a l a l a l a . . . n
000001f
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -x temp
0000000 6f43 746e 6e65 2074 666f 6120 6620 6c69
0000010 2e65 4c0a 6c61 6c61 6c61 2e61 2e2e 000a
000001f
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -C temp
00000000 43 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 69 6c |Content of a fil|
00000010 65 2e 0a 4c 61 6c 61 6c 61 6c 61 2e 2e 2e 0a |e..Lalalala....|
0000001f
Siv cov nqi hluav taws xob no, koj tuaj yeem tso tawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv lwm hom, tab sis cov no yog cov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau kev siv nws.
Nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv
Koj tuaj yeem pom cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm ib feem ntawm nws lub npe hauv cov ntawv teev npe ntoo siv cov lus txib nrhiav:
[user@testhost ~]$ find test_dir/ -name "*le*"
test_dir/file_1
test_dir/file_2
test_dir/subdir/file_3
Lwm txoj kev tshawb nrhiav thiab cov lim dej kuj muaj. Piv txwv li, qhov no yog qhov koj tuaj yeem nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv hauv ib daim nplaub tshev xeemtsim ntau tshaj 5 hnub dhau los:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr test
total 0
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:46 temp_clone
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Dec 4 10:39 created_today
[user@testhost ~]$ find test/ -type f -ctime +5
test/temp_clone
Nrhiav cov ntawv hauv cov ntaub ntawv
Pab neeg no yuav pab koj daws txoj haujlwm no grep. Nws muaj ntau yam kev siv, qhov yooj yim tshaj yog muab ntawm no ua piv txwv.
[user@testhost ~]$ grep -nr "content" test_dir/
test_dir/file_1:1:test content for file_1
test_dir/file_2:1:test content for file_2
test_dir/subdir/file_3:1:test content for file_3
Ib txoj hauv kev nrov siv cov lus txib grep - siv nws nyob rau hauv ib tug pipeline (yeeb nkab):
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tail -f /var/log/test.log | grep "ERROR"
Xaiv -v tso cai rau koj ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig grep'thiab qhov thim rov qab - tsuas yog kab uas tsis muaj cov qauv dhau mus grep.
Saib tej pob khoom
Tsis muaj cov lus txib thoob ntiaj teb, vim tias txhua yam nyob ntawm Linux faib thiab tus thawj tswj pob siv. Feem ntau yuav yog ib qho ntawm cov lus txib hauv qab no yuav pab koj:
yum list installed
apt list --installed
zypper se —installed-only
pacman -Qqe
dpkg -l
rpm -qa
Saib seb qhov chaw twg cov ntoo directory yuav siv li cas
Ib qho kev xaiv rau kev siv cov lus txib du:
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/
8,0K test_dir/subdir
20K test_dir/
Koj tuaj yeem hloov tus nqi parameter -dkom tau txais cov lus qhia ntxaws ntxiv txog tsob ntoo directory. Koj tuaj yeem siv cov lus txib ua ke nrog tsi:
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/ | sort -h
8,0K test_dir/subdir
16K test_dir/subdir_2
36K test_dir/
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/ | sort -h -r
36K test_dir/
16K test_dir/subdir_2
8,0K test_dir/subdir
Xaiv -h pab neeg tsi tso cai rau koj txheeb qhov ntau thiab tsawg sau rau hauv tib neeg cov ntawv nyeem tau (piv txwv li, 1K, 2G), kev xaiv -r tso cai rau koj txheeb cov ntaub ntawv rov qab.
"Nrhiav thiab hloov" hauv cov ntaub ntawv, hauv cov ntaub ntawv hauv phau ntawv teev npe
Qhov kev ua haujlwm no yog ua los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob sed (tsis muaj chij g Thaum kawg, tsuas yog thawj qhov tshwm sim ntawm "cov ntawv qub" hauv kab yuav raug hloov):
sed -i 's/old-text/new-text/g' input.txt
Koj tuaj yeem siv nws rau ntau cov ntaub ntawv ib zaug:
[user@testhost ~]$ cat test_dir/file_*
test content for file_1
test content for file_2
[user@testhost ~]$ sed -i 's/test/edited/g' test_dir/file_*
[user@testhost ~]$ cat test_dir/file_*
edited content for file_1
edited content for file_2
Kos ib kab los ntawm cov zis
Nws yuav pab tiv nrog txoj haujlwm no awk. Qhov piv txwv no qhia txog kab thib ob ntawm cov lus txib tso tawm `ps ua ux`:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | awk '{print $2}'
PID
11023
25870
25871
25908
25909
Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nws yuav tsum tau borne nyob rau hauv lub siab hais tias awk muaj ntau txoj haujlwm nplua nuj, yog li yog tias koj xav tau ua haujlwm nrog cov ntawv nyeem ntawm kab hais kom ua, koj yuav tsum nyeem ntxiv txog cov lus txib no.
Nrhiav IP chaw nyob los ntawm lub npe hostname
Ib qho ntawm cov lus txib hauv qab no yuav pab nrog qhov no:
[user@testhost ~]$ host ya.ru
ya.ru has address 87.250.250.242
ya.ru has IPv6 address 2a02:6b8::2:242
ya.ru mail is handled by 10 mx.yandex.ru.
[user@testhost ~]$ dig +short ya.ru
87.250.250.242
[user@testhost ~]$ nslookup ya.ru
Server: 8.8.8.8
Address: 8.8.8.8#53
Non-authoritative answer:
Name: ya.ru
Address: 87.250.250.242
Cov ntaub ntawv network
Siv tau ifconfig:
[user@testhost ~]$ ifconfig
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 47.89.93.67 netmask 255.255.224.0 broadcast 47.89.95.255
inet6 fd90::302:57ff:fe79:1 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 04:01:57:79:00:01 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 11912135 bytes 9307046034 (8.6 GiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 14696632 bytes 2809191835 (2.6 GiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 0 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 10 bytes 866 (866.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 10 bytes 866 (866.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
Los yog tej zaum ip:
[user@testhost ~]$ ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 04:01:57:79:00:01 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 47.89.93.67/19 brd 47.89.95.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fd90::302:57ff:fe79:1/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: ip_vti0: <NOARP> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN group default
link/ipip 0.0.0.0 brd 0.0.0.0
Ntxiv mus, yog tias, piv txwv li, koj tsuas yog txaus siab rau IPv4, ces koj tuaj yeem ntxiv qhov kev xaiv -4:
[user@testhost ~]$ ip -4 a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
inet 47.89.93.67/19 brd 47.89.95.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
Saib cov chaw nres nkoj qhib
Txhawm rau ua qhov no, siv lub tshuab hluav taws xob netstat. Piv txwv li, txhawm rau saib tag nrho TCP thiab UDP mloog cov chaw nres nkoj nrog cov zaub ntawm PID ntawm cov txheej txheem mloog ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj thiab tus lej sawv cev ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj, koj yuav tsum siv nws nrog cov kev xaiv hauv qab no:
[user@testhost ~]$ netstat -lptnu
Cov ntaub ntawv system
Koj tuaj yeem tau txais cov ntaub ntawv no los ntawm kev hais kom ua uname.
[user@testhost ~]$ uname -a
Linux alexander 3.10.0-123.8.1.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Mon Sep 22 19:06:58 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
Yuav kom nkag siab tias hom ntawv tso zis yog dab tsi, koj tuaj yeem xa mus rau pab'rau lo lus txib no:
[user@testhost ~]$ uname --help
Использование: uname [КЛЮЧ]…
Печатает определенные сведения о системе. Если КЛЮЧ не задан,
подразумевается -s.
-a, --all напечатать всю информацию, в следующем порядке,
кроме -p и -i, если они неизвестны:
-s, --kernel-name напечатать имя ядра
-n, --nodename напечатать имя машины в сети
-r, --release напечатать номер выпуска операционной системы
-v, --kernel-version напечатать версию ядра
-m, --machine напечатать тип оборудования машины
-p, --processor напечатать тип процессора или «неизвестно»
-i, --hardware-platform напечатать тип аппаратной платформы или «неизвестно»
-o, --operating-system напечатать имя операционной системы
--help показать эту справку и выйти
--version показать информацию о версии и выйти
Cov ntaub ntawv nco
Txhawm rau nkag siab ntau npaum li cas RAM tau nyob lossis pub dawb, koj tuaj yeem siv cov lus txib free.
[user@testhost ~]$ free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3,9G 555M 143M 56M 3,2G 3,0G
Swap: 0B 0B 0B
Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov ntaub ntawv systems (qhov chaw dawb disk)
pab neeg df tso cai rau koj pom ntau qhov chaw dawb thiab nyob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv mounted.
[user@testhost ~]$ df -hT
Файловая система Тип Размер Использовано Дост Использовано% Cмонтировано в
/dev/vda1 ext4 79G 21G 55G 27% /
devtmpfs devtmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 57M 1,9G 3% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs tmpfs 396M 0 396M 0% /run/user/1001
Xaiv -T qhia tau hais tias hom ntaub ntawv system yuav tsum tau inferred.
Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov haujlwm thiab ntau yam kev txheeb cais ntawm qhov system
Txhawm rau ua qhov no, siv cov lus txib sab saum toj. Nws muaj peev xwm nthuav tawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv: piv txwv li, cov txheej txheem saum toj kawg nkaus los ntawm kev siv RAM lossis cov txheej txheem sab saum toj los ntawm CPU siv sijhawm. Nws kuj qhia cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev nco, CPU, lub sijhawm ua haujlwm thiab LA (load nruab nrab).
[user@testhost ~]$ top | head -10
top - 17:19:13 up 154 days, 6:59, 3 users, load average: 0.21, 0.21, 0.27
Tasks: 2169 total, 2 running, 2080 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 1.7%us, 0.7%sy, 0.0%ni, 97.5%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.1%si, 0.0%st
Mem: 125889960k total, 82423048k used, 43466912k free, 16026020k buffers
Swap: 0k total, 0k used, 0k free, 31094516k cached
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
25282 user 20 0 16988 3936 1964 R 7.3 0.0 0:00.04 top
4264 telegraf 20 0 2740m 240m 22m S 1.8 0.2 23409:39 telegraf
6718 root 20 0 35404 4768 3024 S 1.8 0.0 0:01.49 redis-server
Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob no muaj kev ua haujlwm nplua nuj, yog li yog tias koj xav siv nws ntau zaus, nws yog qhov zoo dua los nyeem nws cov ntaub ntawv.
Network traffic dump
Txhawm rau cuam tshuam kev sib txuas hauv network hauv Linux, siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tcp pom. Txhawm rau pov tseg tsheb khiav ntawm chaw nres nkoj 12345, koj tuaj yeem siv cov lus txib hauv qab no:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -A port 12345
Xaiv -A hais tias peb xav pom cov zis hauv ASCII (yog li nws zoo rau cov ntawv nyeem), -i ib qhia tias peb tsis txaus siab rau lub network interface, qhov chaw nres nkoj - uas chaw nres nkoj tsheb mus pov tseg. Hloov chaw qhov chaw nres nkoj yuav siv tau party, los yog kev sib xyaw party и qhov chaw nres nkoj (host A thiab port X). Lwm qhov kev xaiv muaj txiaj ntsig yuav yog -n - tsis txhob hloov chaw nyob rau hostnames hauv cov zis.
Yuav ua li cas yog hais tias lub tsheb yog binary? Ces qhov kev xaiv yuav pab tau peb -X - tso zis cov ntaub ntawv hauv hex thiab ASCII:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -X port 12345
Nws yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus account tias nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si siv cov pob ntawv IP yuav tso tawm, yog li thaum pib ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv yuav muaj binary IP thiab TCP headers. Ntawm no yog ib qho piv txwv tso tawm rau cov lus nug "123" xa mus rau lub server mloog ntawm chaw nres nkoj 12345:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -X port 12345
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes
14:27:13.224762 IP localhost.49794 > localhost.italk: Flags [P.], seq 2262177478:2262177483, ack 3317210845, win 342, options [nop,nop,TS val 3196604972 ecr 3196590131], length 5
0x0000: 4510 0039 dfb6 4000 4006 5cf6 7f00 0001 E..9..@.@......
0x0010: 7f00 0001 c282 3039 86d6 16c6 c5b8 9edd ......09........
0x0020: 8018 0156 fe2d 0000 0101 080a be88 522c ...V.-........R,
0x0030: be88 1833 3132 330d 0a00 0000 0000 0000 ...3123.........
0x0040: 0000 0000 0000 0000 00 .........
Hloov chaw ntawm cov zis
Tau kawg, muaj ntau ntau yam nthuav hauv Linux uas koj tuaj yeem nyeem txog ntawm Habré, StackOverflow thiab lwm qhov chaw (Kuv mam li muab piv txwv rau koj. , uas yog ). Cov thawj tswj hwm thiab DevOps siv ntau ntau cov lus txib thiab kev siv hluav taws xob los teeb tsa cov servers, tab sis txawm tias cov neeg sim yuav tsis muaj cov lus txib txaus. Tej zaum koj yuav tau kuaj xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm qee lub sijhawm tsis zoo ntawm tus neeg siv khoom thiab cov neeg rau zaub mov, lossis kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg rau zaub mov thaum tsis muaj qhov chaw dawb disk. Kuv tsis txawm tham txog, piv txwv li, Docker, uas tam sim no nquag siv los ntawm ntau lub tuam txhab. Nws puas yuav nthuav, uas yog ib feem ntawm kev txuas ntxiv ntawm tsab xov xwm no, saib ob peb yam piv txwv ntawm kev siv ntau yam Linux console utilities nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev sim cov kev pab cuam? Kuj tseem qhia koj cov pab pawg sab saum toj hauv cov lus :)
Tau qhov twg los: www.hab.com