Puas muaj leej twg nco Erwise? Viola? Nyob zoo? Cia peb nco ntsoov.
Thaum Tim Berners-Lee tuaj txog ntawm CERN, Tebchaws Europe lub chaw soj ntsuam particle physics, nyob rau xyoo 1980, nws tau raug ntiav los hloov kho cov kev tswj hwm ntawm ntau lub particle accelerators. Tab sis tus neeg tsim khoom ntawm nplooj ntawv web niaj hnub pom qhov teeb meem yuav luag tam sim ntawd: ntau txhiab tus neeg tuaj yeem tuaj thiab mus rau lub koom haum tshawb fawb, ntau tus neeg tau ua haujlwm nyob rau ib ntus.
"Nws yog ib qho nyuaj heev rau cov neeg ua haujlwm cog lus kom sim nkag siab txog cov tshuab, tib neeg thiab kev suav, uas khiav qhov chaw ua si zoo heev," Berners-Lee tom qab sau. "Ntau cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tsuas muaj nyob hauv tib neeg lub taub hau xwb."
Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv nws lub sij hawm spare, nws tau sau ib co software los kho qhov shortcoming: ib tug me ntsis kev pab cuam nws hu ua Enquire. Nws tso cai rau cov neeg siv los tsim "nodes"-index daim npav zoo li nplooj ntawv uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv thiab nrog rau kev txuas mus rau lwm nplooj ntawv. Hmoov tsis zoo, daim ntawv thov no, sau hauv Pascal, tau khiav ntawm CERN's proprietary OS. "Ib tug tsawg tus neeg uas pom qhov kev pab cuam no xav tias nws yog ib lub tswv yim zoo, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg siv nws. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, lub disc tau ploj, thiab nrog nws thawj Enquire. "
Ob peb xyoos tom qab ntawd, Berners-Lee rov qab mus rau CERN. Lub sijhawm no nws tau rov pib nws txoj haujlwm World Wide Web hauv txoj hauv kev uas yuav ua rau muaj kev vam meej. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 6, 1991, nws tau tshaj tawm cov lus piav qhia ntawm WWW hauv pawg alt.hypertext usenet. Nws kuj tso cai rau lub tsev qiv ntawv libWWW, uas nws tau sau nrog nws tus pab cuam Jean-François Groff. Lub tsev qiv ntawv tso cai rau cov neeg koom los tsim lawv tus kheej web browsers.
"Lawv ua haujlwm-ntau tshaj tsib lub browser sib txawv hauv 18 lub hlis-txuag nyiaj-tshaj Web project thiab tau tsim lub zej zog ntawm cov neeg tsim tawm hauv lub vev xaib," tau sau tseg rau kev ua koob tsheej nco txog ntawm Computer History Museum hauv Mountain View, California. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws ntawm cov browsers thaum ntxov yog Mosaic, sau los ntawm Marc Andreessen thiab Eric Bina ntawm National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA).
Mosaic sai dhau los ua Netscape, tab sis nws tsis yog thawj qhov browser. Daim ntawv qhia sau los ntawm lub tsev cia puav pheej muab lub tswv yim ntawm lub ntiaj teb nplai ntawm qhov project thaum ntxov. Dab tsi yog amazing txog cov ntawv thov thaum ntxov yog tias lawv twb muaj ntau yam ntawm cov browsers tom qab. Thiab ntawm no yog ncig saib ntawm web browsing apps raws li lawv tau ua ua ntej lawv muaj npe nrov.
Browsers los ntawm CERN
Tim Berners-Lee thawj tus browser, WorldWideWeb los ntawm 1990, yog ob qho tib si browser thiab tus editor. Nws vam tias yav tom ntej browser tej yaam num yuav mus rau hauv cov kev taw qhia no. CERN tau sib sau ua ke ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus. Lub screenshot qhia tau hais tias los ntawm 1993 ntau tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov browsers niaj hnub twb muaj nyob rau ntawd.
Qhov kev txwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov software yog tias nws khiav ntawm NeXTStep OS. Tab sis tsis ntev tom qab WorldWideWeb, CERN tus lej kawm haujlwm Nicola Pellow tau sau ib qho browser uas tuaj yeem khiav hauv lwm qhov chaw, suav nrog kev tes hauj lwm ntawm UNIX thiab MS-DOS. Txoj kev ntawd, "txhua tus neeg tuaj yeem nkag tau hauv online," piav qhia txog Internet keeb kwm Bill Stewart, "uas nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd yeej muaj ntawm CERN phau ntawv xov tooj."
Thaum ntxov CERN web browser, ca. Xyoo 1990
Yuam Kev
Ces Erwise tuaj nrog. Nws tau sau los ntawm plaub tus menyuam kawm ntawv qib siab Finnish hauv xyoo 1991, thiab tau tso tawm xyoo 1992. Erwise yog suav tias yog thawj qhov browser nrog graphical interface. Nws kuj paub yuav ua li cas nrhiav cov lus ntawm ib nplooj ntawv.
Berners-Lee tau tshuaj xyuas Erwise hauv xyoo 1992. Nws tau sau tseg tias nws muaj peev xwm los lis cov ntawv sib txawv, cov kab hauv qab, tso cai rau koj ob npaug nias ib qhov txuas mus dhia mus rau lwm nplooj ntawv, thiab txhawb ntau lub qhov rais.
"Erwise zoo li ntse zoo nkauj," nws tshaj tawm, txawm hais tias muaj me ntsis tsis meej rau nws, "ib lub thawv coj txawv txawv nyob ib ncig ntawm ib lo lus hauv daim ntawv, zoo li lub pob lossis daim ntawv xaiv. Txawm hais tias nws tsis yog ib leeg lossis lwm tus - tej zaum qhov no yog qee yam rau yav tom ntej versions. "
Vim li cas ho tsis daim ntawv thov tshem tawm? Hauv kev xam phaj tom qab, ib tus tsim ntawm Erwise tau sau tseg tias Finland tau poob qis heev thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Tsis muaj tub txib saum ntuj nyob hauv lub tebchaws.
"Lub sijhawm ntawd, peb yuav tsis muaj peev xwm tsim kev lag luam raws li Erwise," nws piav qhia. "Tib txoj hauv kev kom tau nyiaj yog kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv kom Netscape thaum kawg yuav peb." Txawm li cas los xij, peb tuaj yeem ncav cuag qib ntawm thawj Mosaic nrog kev ua haujlwm me ntsis ntxiv. Peb yuav tsum ua kom tiav Erwise thiab tso nws ntawm ntau lub platform. "
Tsis zoo browser
ViolaWWWW
tso tawm rau lub Plaub Hlis 1992. Tus tsim tawm Pei-Yuan Wei tau sau nws ntawm University of California, Berkeley, siv Viola scripting lus khiav hauv UNIX. Wei tsis tau ua si hauv cello, "nws tsuas yog tshwm sim vim yog lub cim ntxim nyiam" Visually Interactive Object-oriented Language thiab Application, raws li James Gillies thiab Robert Caillou tau sau hauv lawv WWW keeb kwm.
Wei zoo li tau txais kev tshoov siab los ntawm qhov kev pabcuam Mac thaum ntxov hu ua , uas tso cai rau cov neeg siv los tsim matrices los ntawm formatted cov ntaub ntawv nrog hyperlinks. "Tom qab ntawd HyperCard yog ib txoj haujlwm nthuav dav, nraaj, thiab cov hyperlinks no," nws hais tom qab ntawd. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov program "tsis yog thoob ntiaj teb thiab tsuas yog ua haujlwm ntawm Mac. Thiab kuv tsis tau muaj kuv tus kheej Mac. "
Tab sis nws tau nkag mus rau UNIX X terminals ntawm Berkeley Experimental Computing Center. "Kuv muaj cov lus qhia rau HyperCard, Kuv tau kawm nws thiab tsuas yog siv cov ntsiab lus los siv lawv hauv X-qhov rais." Tsuas yog, zoo heev, nws tau siv lawv siv cov lus Viola.
Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab cov yam ntxwv tshiab ntawm ViolaWWW yog tias tus tsim tawm tuaj yeem suav nrog cov ntawv sau thiab "applets" hauv nplooj ntawv. Qhov no foreshadowed lub nthwv dej loj ntawm Java applets uas tau tshwm sim hauv cov vev xaib hauv 90s lig.
В Wei kuj tau sau tseg ntau yam tsis txaus ntawm qhov browser, qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov tsis muaj PC version.
- Tsis ported rau PC platform.
- HTML luam ntawv tsis txaus siab.
- HTTP yog tsis cuam tshuam thiab tsis-multithreadable.
- Proxy tsis txhawb.
- Tus neeg txhais lus tsis yog ntau txoj xov.
"Tus kws sau ntawv tab tom ua haujlwm ntawm cov teeb meem no, thiab lwm yam," Wei sau rau lub sijhawm. Txawm li cas los xij, "qhov browser zoo nkauj heev, siv tau los ntawm leej twg, xav paub thiab ncaj ncees," Berners-Lee xaus lus hauv nws. . "Cov yam ntxwv ntxiv yuav tsis siv los ntawm 90% ntawm cov neeg siv tiag tiag, tab sis lawv yog cov yam ntxwv uas cov neeg siv hluav taws xob xav tau."
ViolaWWW Hypermedia Browser
Midas thiab Samba
Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 1991, physicist Paul Kunz los ntawm Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC) tau mus xyuas CERN. Nws rov qab nrog tus lej xav tau los khiav thawj North American web server ntawm SLAC. "Kuv tsuas yog nyob ntawm CERN," Kunz hais rau tus thawj saib xyuas Louis Addis, "thiab kuv pom qhov zoo kawg nkaus uas tus phooj ywg, Tim Berners-Lee, tab tom txhim kho. Qhov no yog qhov koj xav tau rau koj lub hauv paus. "
Addis pom zoo. Tus thawj tsev qiv ntawv tau tshaj tawm cov kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb hauv lub vev xaib. Physicists los ntawm Fermilab tau ua tib yam me ntsis tom qab.
Tom qab ntawd lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1992, tus kws kho mob ntawm SLAC sau Midas, graphical browser rau Stanford physicists. Loj heev Qhov taw tes qis yog tias nws tuaj yeem tso tawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv cov ntawv sau, nyiam los ntawm cov kws kho mob rau nws lub peev xwm los tsim cov qauv kev tshawb fawb kom raug.
"Nrog cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb no, lub vev xaib tau nkag mus rau hauv kev siv hauv zej zog lub cev," nws xaus. US Department of Energy Progress SLAC hnub tim 2001.
Lub caij no, ntawm CERN, Pellow thiab Robert Caillau tau tso tawm thawj qhov web browser rau Macintosh computer. Gillies thiab Caillau piav qhia txog kev txhim kho ntawm Samba li no.
Rau Pellow, kev nce qib hauv kev pib ua haujlwm Samba qeeb vim tias txhua qhov txuas ob peb qhov browser yuav poob thiab tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem paub vim li cas. Tim Berners-Lee tu siab tau hais hauv tsab ntawv xov xwm los ntawm '92 tias "Lub Mac browser muaj cov kab mob tag nrho." "Kuv muab lub tsho T-shirt nrog cov ntawv sau W3 rau txhua tus uas tuaj yeem kho nws!" - nws tshaj tawm. Lub tsho T-shirt tau mus rau John Streets ntawm Fermilab, uas tau taug qab cov kab laum, tso cai rau Nicola Pellow txuas ntxiv txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm Samba.
Samba "yog ib qho kev sim rau chaw nres nkoj thawj qhov browser tsim kuv tau sau rau ntawm NeXT tshuab rau Mac platform," Berners-Lee, tab sis nws tseem tsis tau tiav kom txog thaum NCSA tso tawm Mac version ntawm Mosaic uas thim nws. "
Samba
mosaic
Mosaic yog "lub txim taws uas ua rau muaj kev loj hlob ntawm lub vev xaib hauv xyoo 1993," piav qhia keeb kwm Gillies thiab Caillau. Tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem tsim kho yam tsis muaj nws cov thawj coj, thiab tsis muaj NCSA chaw ua haujlwm ntawm University of Illinois, nruab nrog cov tshuab UNIX zoo tshaj plaws. NCSA kuj muaj Dr. Ping Fu, kws kho mob computer graphics thiab wizard uas ua haujlwm ntawm cov teebmeem morphing rau cov yeeb yaj kiab Terminator 2. Thiab tsis ntev los no nws tau ntiav ib tus neeg pab hu ua Marc Andreessen.
"Koj xav li cas txog kev sau GUI rau browser?" - Fu hais rau nws tus pab tshiab. "Dab tsi yog browser?" - Andreessen nug. Tab sis ob peb hnub tom qab, ib tug ntawm NCSA cov neeg ua haujlwm, Dave Thompson, tau muab kev nthuav qhia ntawm Nicola Pellow qhov browser thaum ntxov thiab Pei Wei's ViolaWWW browser. Thiab ua ntej qhov kev nthuav qhia, Tony Johnson tau tso tawm thawj version ntawm Midas.
Qhov kev pab cuam kawg ua rau Andreessen xav tsis thoob. “Amazing! Zoo heev! Zoo kawg! Damn impressive! - nws sau ntawv rau Johnson. Andreessen tau sau npe NCSA tus kws tshaj lij UNIX, Eric Bina, los pab nws sau nws tus kheej browser rau X.
Mosaic muaj ntau yam tshiab tsim rau hauv nws lub vev xaib, xws li kev txhawb nqa rau cov yeeb yaj kiab, suab, cov ntawv, bookmarks, thiab keeb kwm. "Thiab qhov zoo tshaj plaws yog tias, tsis zoo li tag nrho cov browsers thaum ntxov rau X, txhua yam muaj nyob hauv ib cov ntaub ntawv," Gillies thiab Caillau piav qhia:
Cov txheej txheem installation yog yooj yim - koj tsuas yog download tau nws thiab khiav nws. Mosaic tom qab tau nto moo rau kev qhia lub cim npe , uas thawj zaug tso cai rau cov duab kos ncaj qha rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem, es tsis txhob ntawm lawv tshwm nyob rau hauv ib lub qhov rais cais, ib yam li Tim tus thawj browser rau NeXT. Qhov no tso cai rau tib neeg los ua cov nplooj ntawv web zoo ib yam li cov ntawv luam tawm uas lawv tau paub; Tsis yog txhua tus innovators nyiam lub tswv yim, tab sis nws yeej ua rau Mosaic nto moo.
"Yuav ua li cas Mark ua tau zoo heev, hauv kuv lub tswv yim," Tim Berners-Lee tom qab sau, "yog ua kom yooj yim installation, thiab txhawb kev kho qhov yuam kev los ntawm email, txhua lub sijhawm ntawm hnub lossis hmo ntuj. Koj tuaj yeem xa nws cov lus hais txog qhov yuam kev, thiab ob peb teev tom qab ntawd nws yuav xa tuaj rau koj kho. "
Mosaic qhov kev ua tiav loj tshaj plaws, los ntawm qhov kev xav niaj hnub no, yog nws qhov kev ua haujlwm hla lub platform. "Nrog lub hwj chim uas, hauv paus ntsiab lus, tsis muaj leej twg muab kuv nrog, kuv tshaj tawm X-Mosaic tso tawm," Andreessen tau zoo siab sau rau hauv pawg www-talk thaum Lub Ib Hlis 23, 1993. Alex Totik tso nws version rau Mac ob peb lub hlis tom qab. Lub PC version yog tsim los ntawm Chris Wilson thiab John Mittelhauser.
Mosaic browser tau ua raws li Viola thiab Midas, raws li tau sau tseg hauv lub computer tsev cia puav pheej. Thiab nws siv lub tsev qiv ntawv los ntawm CERN. "Tab sis tsis zoo li lwm tus, nws ntseeg tau, txawm tias tsis yog cov kws tshaj lij tuaj yeem nruab nws, thiab nws sai sai ntxiv kev txhawb nqa rau cov duab xim hauv nplooj ntawv ntau dua li cov qhov rais ib leeg."
Lub Mosaic browser tau muaj rau X Windows, Mac thiab Microsoft Windows
Txiv neej los ntawm Nyiv
Tab sis Mosaic tsis yog tib yam khoom tshiab uas tshwm sim rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Kansas University cov tub ntxhais kawm hloov nws lub tsev kawm ntawv hypertext cov ntaub ntawv browser rau Is Taws Nem thiab lub vev xaib. Nws pib thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1993. "Lynx tau dhau los ua qhov browser ntawm kev xaiv rau cov cim-raws li cov ntsiab lus tsis muaj duab, thiab tseem siv niaj hnub no," piav qhia keeb kwm Stewart.
Thiab ntawm Cornell Law School, Tom Bruce tau sau ib daim ntawv thov web rau PCs, "vim cov ntawd yog cov kws lij choj hauv computer feem ntau siv," Gillies thiab Caillau sau tseg. Bruce luam tawm nws Cello browser thaum Lub Rau Hli 8, 1993, "thiab tsis ntev tau rub tawm 500 zaug hauv ib hnub."
Cello
Rau lub hlis tom qab, Andreessen nyob hauv Mountain View, California. Nws pab neeg tau npaj yuav tso Mosaic Netscape thaum Lub Kaum Hli 13, 1994. Nws, Totik thiab Mittelhauser zoo siab tau xa daim ntawv thov mus rau FTP server. Tus tsim tawm kawg nco txog lub sijhawm no. “Tsib feeb dhau los thiab peb txhua tus tau zaum ntawd. Tsis muaj dab tsi tshwm sim. Thiab mam li nco dheev thawj download tau tshwm sim. Nws yog ib tug txiv neej los ntawm Nyiv. Peb cog lus tias peb yuav xa nws T-shirt!
Zaj dab neeg nyuaj no qhia peb tias tsis muaj kev tsim kho tshiab yog tsim los ntawm ib tus neeg. Lub web browser tuaj rau hauv peb lub neej ua tsaug rau cov neeg tsis pom kev los ntawm thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb, cov neeg uas feem ntau tsis to taub meej tias lawv tab tom ua dab tsi, tab sis tau mob siab los ntawm kev xav paub, xav txog tswv yim, lossis txawm tias muaj kev xav ua si. Lawv tus kheej sparks ntawm genius txhawb nqa tag nrho cov txheej txheem. Raws li Tim Berners-Lee qhov kev xav tias qhov project tseem muaj kev sib koom tes thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, qhib.
"Thaum ntxov ntawm lub vev xaib tau siv nyiaj ntau heev," Nws. "Muaj ntau yam ua, xws li nplaim taws me me kom ciaj sia."
Tau qhov twg los: www.hab.com
