Thawj tus qauv ntawm lub hnub ci neeg rau zaub mov nrog tus nqi tswj. Yees duab:
Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 2018, tus neeg nyiam los ntawm Low-tech Magazine . Lub hom phiaj yog txo qis kev siv hluav taws xob ntau heev uas ib lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag yuav txaus rau lub tsev tus kheej-hosted server. Qhov no tsis yooj yim, vim tias lub xaib yuav tsum ua haujlwm 24 teev hauv ib hnub. Cia peb saib seb thaum kawg.
Koj tuaj yeem mus rau lub server , xyuas qhov kev siv hluav taws xob tam sim no thiab qib roj teeb. Lub vev xaib raug kho kom zoo rau qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm kev thov los ntawm nplooj ntawv thiab cov tsheb khiav tsawg kawg nkaus, yog li nws yuav tsum tiv thaiv kev nce tsheb los ntawm Habr. Raws li tus tsim tawm kev suav, kev siv hluav taws xob rau ib tus qhua tshwj xeeb yog 0,021 Wh.
Tsuas yog ua ntej kaj ntug thaum Lub Ib Hlis 31, 2020, nws muaj 42% roj teeb ntxiv. Kaj ntug hauv Barcelona thaum 8:04 lub sijhawm hauv zos, tom qab ntawd tam sim no yuav tsum ntws los ntawm lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag.
Vim li cas?
Kaum xyoo dhau los cov kws tshaj lij tias txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Is Taws Nem pab txhawb rau "dematerialization" ntawm tib neeg, universal digitalization - thiab, vim li ntawd, txo qis kev siv hluav taws xob tag nrho. Lawv yuam kev lawm. Qhov tseeb, Internet nws tus kheej xav tau , thiab cov ntim no txuas ntxiv mus ntxiv.
IT tuam txhab lag luam tau pib pib pib hloov mus rau lwm qhov chaw siv hluav taws xob, tab sis tam sim no qhov no tsis tuaj yeem ua tau. Txhua lub chaw cov ntaub ntawv siv peb lub zog ntau dua li txhua lub hnub ci thiab cua teeb tsa hauv ntiaj teb tsim. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tsim khoom thiab hloov tsis tu ncua ntawm cov hnub ci vaj huam sib luag thiab cua turbines Yog li ntawd, niaj hnub no tsuas yog tsis yooj yim sua kom tso tseg fossil fuels (roj, roj, uranium). Tab sis cov reserves no yuav tsis kav ntev, yog li peb yuav tsum tau inevitably yuav tsum tau xav txog yuav ua li cas nyob rau hauv renewable qhov chaw. Nrog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm computer infrastructure, suav nrog web servers.
Low-tech Magazine Cov nplooj ntawv web bloat sai heev. Qhov nruab nrab nplooj loj tuaj ntawm 2010 txog 2018 , thiab rau cov chaw txawb - los ntawm 0,15 MB txog 1,6 MB, kev kwv yees kev saib xyuas.
Ua kom cov tsheb khiav ntau (lub zog xav tau los xa 1 megabyte ntawm cov ntaub ntawv), uas ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv Internet siv zog. Hnyav thiab ntau qhov chaw thauj khoom tsis yog tsuas yog ua kom cov khoom thauj ntawm lub network infrastructure, tab sis kuj ua rau luv luv "lub neej voj voog" ntawm cov khoos phis tawj thiab smartphones, uas yuav tsum tau muab pov tseg ntau zaus thiab cov tshiab tsim tawm, uas kuj tseem muaj. .
Thiab tau kawg, kev ua haujlwm nce ntxiv yog tsim los ntawm kev ua neej nyob nws tus kheej: tib neeg siv yuav luag txhua lub sijhawm hauv Is Taws Nem thiab vam khom ntau yam kev pabcuam hauv lub vev xaib. Nws yog qhov nyuaj rau xav txog lub neej niaj hnub yam tsis muaj huab IT infrastructure (social networks, instant messengers, mail, thiab lwm yam).
Server thiab website configuration
Π Cov kev teeb tsa kho vajtse thiab software pawg ntawm lub vev xaib server tau piav qhia meej.
Ib lub tshuab computer xaiv rau kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntxiv xws li lub hwj chim tswj nti . Nws tso cai rau koj thov txheeb cais ntawm qhov tam sim no voltage thiab tam sim no los ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm thiab roj teeb. Lub microcircuit cia li hloov lub zog ntawm lub roj teeb thiab DC connector, qhov twg tam sim no ntws los ntawm lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag. Yog li, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam fais fab rau cov neeg rau zaub mov nrog kev txhawb nqa roj teeb yog ua tau.
Olimex Olinuxino A20 Txiv qaub 2
Thaum pib, lub roj teeb lithium-polymer nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 6600 mAh (kwv yees 24 Wh) tau xaiv los ua lub roj teeb, tom qab ntawd cov roj teeb lead-acid nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 84,4 Wh tau teeb tsa.
Lub operating system khau raj los ntawm SD card. Txawm hais tias OS siv tsis pub ntau tshaj 1 GB thiab lub vev xaib zoo li qub yog li 30 MB, tsis muaj kev paub txog kev lag luam hauv kev yuav daim npav me dua li Chav 10 16 GB.
Lub server txuas rau Is Taws Nem ntawm 100Mbps kev sib txuas hauv tsev hauv Barcelona thiab tus qauv siv router. Qhov chaw nyob IP zoo li qub tau tshwj tseg rau nws. Yuav luag txhua tus tuaj yeem teeb tsa qhov chaw zoo li no hauv lawv chav tsev; koj yuav tsum tau hloov me ntsis ntawm qhov teeb tsa firewall kom xa cov chaw nres nkoj mus rau IP hauv zos:
Chaw nres nkoj 80 txog 80 rau HTTP Chaw nres nkoj 443 txog 443 rau HTTPS Chaw nres nkoj 22 txog 22 rau SSH
operating system raws li Debian faib thiab kernel , uas yog tsim los rau ib lub rooj tsavxwm nrog AllWinner chips.
50-watt hnub ci vaj huam sib luag rau lub web server thiab 10-watt hnub ci vaj huam sib luag rau teeb pom kev hauv chav nyob hauv tus sau lub tsev
Static site generated los ntawm qhov system (site generator hauv Python). Cov chaw zoo li qub thauj khoom sai dua thiab tsawg dua CPU siv zog, yog li lawv muaj zog ntau dua li cov nplooj ntawv tsim tawm. Saib qhov chaws rau lub ntsiab. .
Ib qho tseem ceeb heev yog cov duab compression, txij li thaum tsis muaj qhov kev ua kom zoo no nws yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem ua rau cov nplooj ntawv web me dua 1 megabyte. Rau optimization, nws tau txiav txim siab los hloov cov duab rau hauv cov duab halftone. Piv txwv li, ntawm no yog ib daim duab ntawm cov poj niam xov tooj ntawm lub switchboard nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua xeem, .
Thiab ntawm no yog qhov optimized grayscale duab ntawm qhov loj me nrog peb xim (dub, dawb, grey). Vim lub qhov muag tsis pom kev, nws zoo li cov neeg saib pom tias muaj ntau tshaj peb xim.
Cov duab Halftone tau raug xaiv tsis yog los txhim kho qhov loj me (qhov kev txiav txim siab tsis zoo), tab sis kuj yog vim li cas zoo nkauj. Cov txheej txheem ua cov duab qub no muaj qee yam stylistic nta, yog li lub vev xaib muaj tus qauv tsim tshwj xeeb.
Tom qab kev ua kom zoo, 623 cov duab piav qhia ntawm Low-tech Magazine lub vev xaib poob qis ntawm 194,2 MB rau 21,3 MB, uas yog, los ntawm 89%.
Tag nrho cov ntawv qub tau hloov mus rau Markdown kom yooj yim sau cov ntawv tshiab, nrog rau kev yooj yim ntawm thaub qab ntawm . Tag nrho cov ntawv sau thiab trackers, nrog rau lub logo, raug tshem tawm ntawm lub xaib. Lub default font nyob rau hauv tus neeg siv lub browser yog siv. Raws li "logo" - lub npe ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm hauv cov tsiaj ntawv loj nrog lub xub rau sab laug: LOW βTECH MAGAZINE. Tsuas yog 16 bytes tsis yog daim duab.
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm downtime, muaj peev xwm ntawm "offline nyeem ntawv" tau teeb tsa: cov ntawv thiab cov duab raug xa tawm mus rau RSS pub. Caching ntawm 100% cov ntsiab lus tau qhib, suav nrog HTML.
Lwm qhov kev ua kom zoo dua yog ua kom HTTP2 teeb tsa hauv nginx, uas txo qis kev khiav tsheb me ntsis thiab txo cov nplooj ntawv lub sijhawm thauj khoom piv rau HTTP / 1.1. Lub rooj sib piv cov txiaj ntsig rau tsib nplooj ntawv sib txawv.
| | FP | PEB | HS | FW | CW | |----------|------|-------|-------|-------- -| | HTTP/1.1 | 1.46s | 1.87, 1.54s | 1.86s | 1.89s | 2, 1.30s | | HTTP1.49 | 1.54 Nws | 1.79, 1.55s | 9s | 21, 11s | 19, 23s | | Duab | 11 | 21 | 0 | 4 | 18 | | txuag | XNUMX% | XNUMX% | XNUMX% | XNUMX% | XNUMX% |
Tag nrho nginx configuration:
root@solarserver:/var/log/nginx# cat /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/solar.lowtechmagazine.com
# Expires map
map $sent_http_content_type $expires {
default off;
text/html 7d;
text/css max;
application/javascript max;
~image/ max;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name solar.lowtechmagazine.com;
location / {
return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
}
}
server{
listen 443 ssl http2;
server_name solar.lowtechmagazine.com;
charset UTF-8; #improve page speed by sending the charset with the first response.
location / {
root /var/www/html/;
index index.html;
autoindex off;
}
#Caching (save html pages for 7 days, rest as long as possible, no caching on frontpage)
expires $expires;
location @index {
add_header Last-Modified $date_gmt;
add_header Cache-Control 'no-cache, no-store';
etag off;
expires off;
}
#error_page 404 /404.html;
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
#error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
#location = /50x.html {
# root /var/www/;
#}
#Compression
gzip on;
gzip_disable "msie6";
gzip_vary on;
gzip_comp_level 6;
gzip_buffers 16 8k;
gzip_http_version 1.1;
gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;
#Caching (save html page for 7 days, rest as long as possible)
expires $expires;
# Logs
access_log /var/log/nginx/solar.lowtechmagazine.com_ssl.access.log;
error_log /var/log/nginx/solar.lowtechmagazine.com_ssl.error.log;
# SSL Settings:
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/solar.lowtechmagazine.com/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/solar.lowtechmagazine.com/privkey.pem;
# Improve HTTPS performance with session resumption
ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m;
ssl_session_timeout 5m;
# Enable server-side protection against BEAST attacks
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
ssl_ciphers ECDH+AESGCM:ECDH+AES256:ECDH+AES128:DH+3DES:!ADH:!AECDH:!MD5;
# Disable SSLv3
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
# Lower the buffer size to increase TTFB
ssl_buffer_size 4k;
# Diffie-Hellman parameter for DHE ciphersuites
# $ sudo openssl dhparam -out /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem 4096
ssl_dhparam /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem;
# Enable HSTS (https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Security/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security)
add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubdomains";
# Enable OCSP stapling (http://blog.mozilla.org/security/2013/07/29/ocsp-stapling-in-firefox)
ssl_stapling on;
ssl_stapling_verify on;
ssl_trusted_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/solar.lowtechmagazine.com/fullchain.pem;
resolver 87.98.175.85 193.183.98.66 valid=300s;
resolver_timeout 5s;
}Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm 15 lub hlis ntawm kev ua haujlwm
Rau lub sijhawm txij lub Kaum Ob Hlis 12, 2018 txog Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 28, 2019, cov neeg rau zaub mov tau pom . Qhov no txhais tau hais tias vim huab cua phem lub sijhawm poob rau xyoo yog 399 teev.
Tab sis yog tias koj tsis xav txog ob lub hlis dhau los, lub sijhawm ua haujlwm yog 98,2%, thiab lub sijhawm poob tsuas yog 152 teev, cov neeg tsim khoom sau. Uptime poob mus rau 80% nyob rau hauv ob lub hlis dhau los thaum lub zog siv tau nce vim muaj kev hloov kho software. Txhua hmo lub xaib tau nqis mus rau ob peb teev.
Raws li kev txheeb cais, rau lub xyoo (los ntawm Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 3, 2018 txog Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 24, 2019), cov neeg siv hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob yog 9,53 kWh. Tseem ceeb poob nyob rau hauv lub photovoltaic system vim voltage hloov dua siab tshiab thiab roj teeb tawm tau raug kaw. Lub hnub ci tswj tau pom tias qhov kev siv txhua xyoo ntawm 18,10 kWh, uas txhais tau hais tias kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev yog li 50%.
Daim duab yooj yim. Nws tsis qhia lub converter voltage ntawm 12 mus rau 5 volts thiab lub roj teeb ampere-teev meter
Thaum lub sijhawm kawm, 865 tus neeg tuaj xyuas tshwj xeeb tau mus xyuas qhov chaw. Nrog rau tag nrho cov hluav taws xob poob hauv lub hnub ci kev teeb tsa, lub zog siv rau ib tus qhua tshwj xeeb yog 000 Wh. Yog li, ib kilowatt-teev ntawm lub hnub ci zog tsim tau txaus los pab yuav luag 0,021 tus neeg tuaj xyuas tshwj xeeb.
Thaum lub sij hawm sim, lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv tau sim. Cov lus qhia tau suav hais tias yuav siv sijhawm ntev npaum li cas los them cov roj teeb ntawm cov peev txheej sib txawv thaum siv cov hnub ci vaj huam sib luag ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv.
Qhov nruab nrab lub zog noj ntawm lub vev xaib server hauv thawj xyoo, suav nrog txhua lub zog poob, yog 1,97 Watts. Kev suav qhia tau hais tias khiav lub vev xaib thaum hmo ntuj ntawm hmo luv tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo (8 teev 50 feeb, Lub Rau Hli 21) yuav tsum muaj 17,40 watt-teev lub zog cia, thiab hmo ntuj ntev tshaj (14 teev 49 feeb, Kaum Ob Hlis 21) koj xav tau 29,19. .XNUMX wb.
Txij li cov roj teeb txhuas-acid yuav tsum tsis txhob tso tawm qis dua ib nrab lub peev xwm, tus neeg rau zaub mov yuav tsum muaj 60 Wh roj teeb kom muaj sia nyob hmo ntuj ntev tshaj plaws nrog lub teeb pom kev zoo nruab hnub (2x29,19 Wh). Rau feem ntau ntawm lub xyoo, lub kaw lus ua haujlwm nrog 86,4 Wh roj teeb thiab 50-watt hnub ci vaj huam sib luag, thiab tom qab ntawd qhov hais txog 95-98% uptime tau ua tiav.
Lub sijhawm ua haujlwm 100%
Rau 100% uptime, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los ua kom lub roj teeb muaj peev xwm. Txhawm rau them nyiaj rau ib hnub ntawm huab cua phem heev (tsis muaj lub zog tsim hluav taws xob), 47,28 watt-teev (24 teev Γ 1,97 watts) yuav tsum tau khaws cia.
Txij thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1, 2019 txog Lub Ib Hlis 12, 2020, 168-watt roj teeb tau teeb tsa hauv qhov system, uas muaj peev xwm khaws cia ntawm 84 watt-teev. Qhov no yog txaus cia kom lub site khiav rau ob hmo thiab ib hnub. Kev teeb tsa tau raug sim thaum lub sijhawm tsaus ntuj tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo, tab sis huab cua kuj zoo - thiab dhau lub sijhawm teev tseg lub sijhawm ua haujlwm yog 100%.
Tab sis txhawm rau lav 100% uptime rau ntau xyoo, koj yuav tsum tau muab rau qhov xwm txheej phem tshaj plaws, thaum huab cua tsis zoo nyob rau ob peb hnub. Kev suav qhia tau hais tias kom khaws lub vev xaib online rau plaub hnub uas tsis muaj zog lossis tsis muaj zog, koj yuav xav tau lub roj teeb txhuas-acid nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 440 watt-teev, uas yog qhov loj ntawm lub tsheb roj teeb.
Hauv kev xyaum, nyob rau hauv cov huab cua zoo, 48 Wh lead-acid roj teeb yuav ua rau lub server khiav ib hmos txij lub Peb Hlis mus txog rau lub Cuaj Hli. Lub roj teeb 24 Wh yuav kav lub server ntev tshaj 6 teev, txhais tau tias nws yuav kaw txhua hmo, txawm hais tias lub sijhawm sib txawv nyob ntawm lub hli.
Los ntawm thiab loj, qee qhov chaw tsis tas yuav ua haujlwm hmo ntuj, thaum cov neeg tuaj xyuas tsawg tsawg, hais tias cov hais mav los ntawm Low-tech Magazine. Piv txwv li, yog tias qhov no yog ib cheeb tsam hauv nroog tshaj tawm, qhov twg cov neeg tuaj xyuas los ntawm lwm lub sijhawm tsis tuaj, tab sis tsuas yog cov neeg nyob hauv zos xwb.
Ntawd yog, rau cov chaw uas muaj kev sib txawv thiab cov sijhawm sib txawv, cov roj teeb uas muaj peev xwm sib txawv thiab cov hnub ci vaj huam sib luag ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv yog xav tau.
Tus kws sau ntawv muab kev xam seb yuav tsum muaj zog npaum li cas rau ntau lawm lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag lawv tus kheej (embodied zog) thiab ntau npaum li cas nws hloov tawm yog tias koj faib cov nyiaj no los ntawm kev cia siab rau lub neej ntawm 10 xyoo.
Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, nws muaj peev xwm xam qhov sib npaug ntawm cov fossil fuels uas tau noj hauv kev tsim khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov panels. Low-tech Magazine pom tias nyob rau thawj xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm, lawv cov kab ke (50 W vaj huam sib luag, 86,4 Wh roj teeb) "tsim" kwv yees li 9 kg ntawm emissions, los yog qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov hluav taws kub 3 litres roj: txog tib yam li 50- xyoo laus neeg caij tsheb km ncig teb chaws.
Yog hais tias lub server yog powered tsis yog los ntawm lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag, tab sis los ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob dav dav, ces qhov sib npaug emissions zoo li yog rau lub sij hawm qis dua: 1,54 kg (lub Spanish zog sector muaj kev sib koom siab ntawm lwm lub zog thiab nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag). Tab sis qhov no tsis yog ib qho kev sib piv kom raug, tus sau sau, vim hais tias nws yuav siv sij hawm mus rau hauv tus account lub embodied zog ntawm lub hnub ci infrastructure, tab sis tsis coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov ntsuas no rau lub general zog network, uas yog, tus nqi ntawm nws cov kev tsim kho thiab kev txhawb nqa. .
Kev txhim kho ntxiv
Lub sijhawm dhau los, ntau qhov kev ua kom zoo tau ua tiav uas tau txo cov neeg siv hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob. Piv txwv li, ntawm ib qho chaw tus tsim tawm pom tias 6,63 TB ntawm tag nrho 11,15 TB ntawm kev khiav tsheb yog tsim los ntawm ib qho kev siv tsis raug RSS pub uas rub cov ntsiab lus txhua ob peb feeb. Tom qab kho cov kab mob no, tus neeg rau zaub mov lub zog siv (tsis suav nrog lub zog poob) poob ntawm 1,14 W txog li 0,95 W. Qhov nce yuav zoo li me me, tab sis qhov sib txawv ntawm 0,19 W txhais tau hais tias 4,56 watt-teev ib hnub, uas sib raug rau ntau tshaj 2,5 teev roj teeb lub neej rau lub server.
Nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo, efficiency tsuas yog 50%. Kev poob raug pom thaum them thiab tso tawm lub roj teeb (22%), nrog rau thaum hloov hluav taws xob los ntawm 12 V (hnub ci PV system) mus rau 5 V (USB), qhov poob siab txog 28%. Tus tsim tawm lees paub tias nws muaj qhov hloov hluav taws xob zoo tshaj plaws (tswj tsis muaj USB built-in), yog li koj tuaj yeem ua kom zoo dua qhov taw tes no lossis hloov mus rau 5V hnub ci teeb tsa.
Txhawm rau txhim kho lub zog cia kom zoo, cov roj ntsha lead-acid tuaj yeem hloov nrog cov roj teeb lithium-ion kim dua, uas muaj cov nqi qis dua / tso tawm (<10%). Tam sim no tus tsim qauv xav txog qhov compact (CAES), uas muaj lub neej ntev ntawm ntau xyoo, uas txhais tau hais tias cov pa roj carbon me me ntawm nws cov khoom tsim.
Compact compressed cua zog accumulator,
Kev txhim kho ntawm ib qho ntxiv cua turbine raug txiav txim siab (nws tuaj yeem ua tau ) thiab txhim kho lub hnub ci tracker kom tig cov panels ntawm lub hnub. Tus tracker tso cai rau koj kom muaj hluav taws xob ntau ntxiv los ntawm 30%.
Lwm txoj hauv kev los ua kom qhov ua tau zoo ntawm qhov system yog ntsuas nws. Tsa ntau lub vev xaib ntawm server thiab tso ntau cov servers. Tom qab ntawd qhov kev siv hluav taws xob hauv ib qhov chaw yuav txo qis.
Solar hosting tuam txhab. Daim duab: Diego Marmolejo
Yog tias koj npog tag nrho koj lub sam thiaj nrog lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag thiab qhib lub tuam txhab hnub ci web hosting, tus nqi ntawm ib tus neeg siv khoom yuav qis dua rau ib lub vev xaib: kev lag luam ntawm nplai.
Zuag qhia tag nrho, qhov kev sim no qhia tau hais tias, muab qee qhov kev txwv, nws muaj peev xwm ua tau rau lub khoos phis tawj kom khiav ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tauj dua tshiab.
Txoj kev xav, xws li cov neeg rau zaub mov tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj roj teeb yog tias tsom iav hauv lwm qhov hauv ntiaj teb. Piv txwv li, nruab iav hauv New Zealand thiab Chile. Muaj cov hnub ci vaj huam sib luag yuav ua haujlwm thaum hmo ntuj hauv Barcelona.
Tau qhov twg los: www.hab.com