- tus tswv ntawm ob. Thawj qhov yog rau kev ua haujlwm (Brown University) thiab thib ob, tsis ntev los no, - (Virginia Tech University). Qhov khoom plig Dijkstra yog muab rau kev ua haujlwm uas nws qhov tseem ceeb thiab kev cuam tshuam tau pom tsawg kawg kaum xyoo thiab Maurice yog ib qho ntawm cov kws tshaj lij tshaj plaws hauv kev ua haujlwm. Tam sim no nws ua haujlwm ua tus xibfwb ntawm Brown University thiab muaj ntau yam ua tiav uas yog ib nqe lus ntev. Tam sim no nws tab tom tshawb nrhiav blockchain nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm classical faib xam.
Yav dhau los, Maurice twb tuaj rau Russia rau SPTCC () thiab ua lub rooj sib tham zoo heev ntawm JUG.ru Java tus tsim tawm zej zog hauv St.).
Qhov no habrapost yog kev sib tham zoo nrog Maurice Herlihy. Nws tham txog cov ncauj lus hauv qab no:
- Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev kawm thiab kev lag luam;
- Foundation rau Blockchain tshawb fawb;
- Cov tswv yim tshiab los ntawm qhov twg? Lub hwj chim ntawm kev muaj koob meej;
- PhD nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm Barbara Liskov;
- Lub ntiaj teb tab tom tos ntau lub hauv paus;
- Lub ntiaj teb tshiab coj teeb meem tshiab. NVM, NUMA thiab architecture hacking;
- Compilers vs processors, RISC vs CISC, sib koom nco vs lus dhau;
- Kev kos duab ntawm kev sau ntawv tsis yooj yim rau ntau txoj xov;
- Yuav ua li cas qhia cov tub ntxhais kawm sau cov kab ntau txoj xov;
- Ib tsab ntawv tshiab ntawm phau ntawv "The Art of Multiprocessor Programming";
- Yuav ua li cas pauv kev nco tau tsim;
- Vim li cas thiaj tsim nyog ua kev tshawb fawb hauv kev faib xam;
- Muaj kev txhim kho ntawm algorithms nres, thiab yuav ua li cas txav mus;
- Ua haujlwm ntawm Brown University;
- Qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm ib lub tsev kawm ntawv thiab hauv ib lub koom haum;
- Hydra thiab SPTDC.
Kev xam phaj yog ua los ntawm:
Vitaly Aksenov - tam sim no, post-doc ntawm IST Austria thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Department of Computer Technologies ntawm ITMO University. Ua kev tshawb fawb hauv kev tshawb xav thiab kev xyaum ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib tw. Ua ntej ua haujlwm ntawm IST, nws tau txais nws PhD los ntawm Paris Diderot University thiab ITMO University nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm xibfwb Peter Kuznetsov.
Alexey Fedorov - Tus tsim tawm ntawm JUG Ru Group, ib lub tuam txhab Lavxias uas npaj cov rooj sib tham rau cov neeg tsim khoom. Alexey tau koom nrog kev npaj ntau dua 50 lub rooj sib tham, thiab nws qhov kev xav tau suav nrog txhua yam los ntawm txoj haujlwm ntawm tus kws tshaj lij kev txhim kho ntawm Oracle (JCK, Java Platform Group) mus rau txoj haujlwm ntawm tus tsim tawm ntawm Odnoklassniki.
Vladimir Sitnikov - Engineer ntawm Netcracker. Kaum xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua tau zoo thiab kev ua kom muaj peev xwm ntawm NetCracker OS, software siv los ntawm cov neeg siv xov tooj los ua kom lub network thiab cov txheej txheem tswj cov khoom siv network. Txaus siab rau Java thiab Oracle Database teeb meem kev ua haujlwm. Tus sau ntau tshaj li kaum ob qhov kev txhim kho kev ua tau zoo hauv tus neeg tsav tsheb PostgreSQL JDBC.
Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev kawm thiab kev lag luam
Alexey: Maurice, koj tau ua haujlwm hauv ib puag ncig kev kawm tau ntev heev thiab thawj lo lus nug yog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev kawm thiab kev lag luam spheres. Koj puas tuaj yeem tham txog qhov kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm lawv tau hloov pauv li cas tsis ntev los no? 20-30 xyoo dhau los thiab tam sim no muaj dab tsi tshwm sim?
Maurice: Kuv ib txwm sim ua haujlwm ze nrog cov tuam txhab lag luam vim lawv muaj teeb meem nthuav. Lawv, raws li txoj cai, tsis txaus siab rau kev tshaj tawm lawv cov txiaj ntsig lossis piav qhia ntxaws txog lawv cov teeb meem rau lub ntiaj teb. Lawv tsuas yog xav daws cov teeb meem no xwb. Kuv ua haujlwm rau cov tuam txhab xws li rau qee lub sijhawm. Kuv siv tsib xyoos ua haujlwm puv sijhawm hauv chav tshawb fawb ntawm Digital Equipment Corporation, uas tau siv los ua lub tuam txhab computer loj. Kuv ua haujlwm ib hnub ib lim piam ntawm Sun, ntawm Microsoft, ntawm Oracle, thiab ua haujlwm me ntsis ntawm Facebook. Tam sim no kuv yuav mus so rau sabbatical (tus xibfwb ntawm ib lub tsev kawm ntawv Asmeskas tau tso cai so so rau ib xyoos ib zaug txhua rau xyoo) thiab ua haujlwm hauv , qhov no yog lub tuam txhab cryptocurrency hauv Boston. Ua haujlwm ze nrog cov tuam txhab ib txwm muaj kev txaus siab vim qhov ntawd yog qhov koj kawm txog yam tshiab thiab nthuav. Tej zaum koj yuav yog thawj tus lossis tus thib ob tshaj tawm ib tsab xov xwm ntawm cov ncauj lus xaiv, tsis yog ua haujlwm ntxiv rau kev txhim kho cov kev daws teeb meem uas txhua tus neeg twb tau ua haujlwm lawm.
Alexey: Koj puas tuaj yeem qhia peb paub meej tias qhov no tshwm sim li cas?
Maurice: Tau kawg. Koj paub, thaum kuv ua haujlwm ntawm Digital Equipment Corporation, kuv thiab Elliot Moss, peb tau tsim lub cim xeeb hloov pauv. Nws yog lub sijhawm muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thaum txhua tus neeg pib nyiam cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis. Parallelism, suav nrog, txawm hais tias ntau lub hauv paus tseem tsis tau muaj. Thaum Lub Hnub thiab Oracle hnub, kuv tau ua haujlwm ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib luag. Ntawm Facebook kuv tau ua haujlwm ntawm lawv qhov project blockchain, uas kuv tsis tuaj yeem tham txog, tab sis kuv vam tias nws yuav mus rau pej xeem sai sai. Xyoo tom ntej, ntawm Algorand, kuv yuav ua haujlwm hauv pab pawg tshawb fawb kawm cov ntawv cog lus ntse.
Alexey: Blockchain tau dhau los ua lub ntsiab lus nrov heev hauv ob peb xyoos dhau los. Qhov no puas yuav pab koj tshawb nrhiav? Tej zaum nws yuav ua rau nws yooj yim dua kom tau txais nyiaj pab lossis muab kev nkag mus rau cov peev txheej los ntawm cov tuam txhab ua haujlwm hauv kev lag luam?
Maurice: Kuv twb tau txais nyiaj pab me me los ntawm Ethereum Foundation. Qhov nrov ntawm blockchain muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev txhawb nqa cov tub ntxhais kawm ua haujlwm hauv daim teb no. Lawv txaus siab heev rau nws thiab zoo siab los koom nrog, tab sis qee zaum lawv tsis paub tias qhov kev tshawb fawb uas zoo siab rau sab nraud hloov mus koom nrog kev ua haujlwm nyuaj. Txawm li cas los xij, kuv zoo siab heev los siv tag nrho cov mystique no nyob ib puag ncig blockchain los pab nyiam cov tub ntxhais kawm.
Tab sis qhov ntawd tsis yog tag nrho. Kuv nyob ntawm pawg thawj coj saib xyuas ntawm ntau lub blockchain startups. Qee tus ntawm lawv yuav ua tiav, qee qhov tsis tuaj yeem, tab sis nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev kom pom lawv lub tswv yim, kawm thiab qhia rau tib neeg. Qhov zoo siab tshaj plaws yog thaum koj ceeb toom tib neeg tsis txhob ua ib yam dab tsi. Ntau yam zoo li lub tswv yim zoo thaum xub thawj, tab sis puas yog tiag?
Foundation rau Blockchain Kev Tshawb Fawb
Vitaly: Qee tus neeg xav tias yav tom ntej nyob nrog blockchain thiab nws cov algorithms. Thiab lwm tus neeg hais tias nws tsuas yog lwm npuas. Koj puas tuaj yeem qhia koj qhov kev xav txog qhov teeb meem no?
Maurice: Ntau yam tshwm sim hauv lub ntiaj teb blockchain tsis raug, qee qhov tsuas yog kev dag ntxias, ntau ntau dhau lawm. Txawm li cas los xij, kuv xav tias muaj lub hauv paus kev tshawb fawb zoo rau cov kev tshawb fawb no. Qhov tseeb hais tias lub ntiaj teb blockchain yog tag nrho ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm lub tswv yim qhia txog qib ntawm kev zoo siab thiab kev mob siab rau. Ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov no tsis yog tshwj xeeb rau kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb. Tam sim no, yog tias koj luam tawm ib tsab xov xwm hais txog qhov tsis txaus ntawm ib qho kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb, qhov tshwm sim tshwm sim tsis yog kev tshawb fawb tag nrho. Feem ntau cov neeg pov tseg lawv txoj kev xav. Kuv xav tias qhov kev zoo siab no hauv cheeb tsam no yuav zoo li ntxim nyiam rau qee tus, tab sis thaum kawg, muaj cov teeb meem kev tshawb fawb thiab engineering tiag tiag uas yuav tsum tau daws. Muaj ntau Computer Science ntawm no.
Vitaly: Yog li koj tab tom sim tso lub hauv paus rau kev tshawb fawb blockchain, txoj cai?
Maurice: Kuv tab tom sim ua lub hauv paus rau kev ua kom muaj zog, tshawb fawb thiab ua lej zoo rau kev qhuab qhia. Thiab ib feem ntawm qhov teeb meem yog tias qee zaum koj yuav tsum tawm tsam qee qhov kev ua haujlwm hnyav dhau ntawm lwm tus neeg thiab tsis quav ntsej lawv. Qee lub sij hawm tib neeg nug tias vim li cas kuv ua haujlwm hauv thaj chaw uas tsuas yog cov neeg phem thiab cov neeg lag luam siv yeeb tshuaj txaus siab. Cov lus teb zoo li no tsis muaj qab hau li tus cwj pwm ntawm cov thwjtim uas dig muag rov qab koj cov lus. Kuv xav tias qhov tseeb yog qhov chaw nyob nruab nrab. Blockchain yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau tib neeg thiab kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb. Tab sis qhov no tej zaum yuav tsis tshwm sim ua tsaug rau cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub no. Cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no yuav txhim kho thiab qhov twg yuav hu ua blockchain yav tom ntej yuav dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb. Tej zaum nws yuav tsis zoo li niaj hnub blockchains, uas yog cov lus nug qhib.
Yog tias tib neeg tsim cov thev naus laus zis tshiab, lawv yuav txuas ntxiv hu nws blockchain. Kuv txhais tau tias, ib yam li niaj hnub no Fortran tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog cov lus Fortran los ntawm 1960s, tab sis txhua tus tseem hu nws Fortran. Ib yam rau UNIX. Dab tsi yog hu ua "blockchain" tseem yuav ua rau nws kiv puag ncig. Tab sis kuv tsis ntseeg qhov tshiab blockchain yuav yog txhua yam zoo li txhua tus nyiam siv niaj hnub no.
Cov tswv yim tshiab los ntawm qhov twg? Kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev muaj koob meej
Alexey: Puas yog qhov muaj koob meej ntawm blockchain tau coj mus rau cov txiaj ntsig tshiab los ntawm kev pom kev tshawb fawb? Kev sib tham ntau dua, ntau tus tub ntxhais kawm, ntau lub tuam txhab hauv cheeb tsam. Puas muaj cov txiaj ntsig tau los ntawm qhov kev nce qib no?
Maurice: Kuv tau nyiam qhov no thaum ib tus neeg muab kuv daim ntawv tshaj tawm rau lub tuam txhab uas nyuam qhuav tau txais nyiaj ntau heev. Nws sau txog , uas kuv paub ntau dua. Dab tsi tau sau rau hauv daim ntawv qhia tau meej meej technically tsis raug. Cov neeg uas sau tag nrho cov no tsis tshua nkag siab tus qauv qab qhov teeb meem ... thiab tseem lub tuam txhab no tau tsa nyiaj ntau heev. Tom qab ntawd, lub tuam txhab ntsiag to hloov daim ntawv no nrog ntau qhov tseeb version - thiab kuv yuav tsis hais tias lub tuam txhab lub npe no yog dab tsi. Lawv tseem nyob ib puag ncig thiab ua tau zoo heev. Qhov xwm txheej no tau ntseeg kuv tias, thawj zaug, blockchain tsuas yog ib hom kev faib xam. Qhov thib ob, qhov pib nkag (tsawg kawg thaum ntawd, plaub xyoos dhau los) tau qis heev. Cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv daim teb no muaj zog heev thiab txawj ntse, tab sis lawv tsis tau nyeem cov ntawv tshawb fawb. Lawv sim rov tsim dua tej yam uas paub thiab ua tsis yog. Niaj hnub no cov yeeb yam tau tsawg dua.
Alexey: Qhov no yog qhov nthuav heev, vim tias ob peb xyoos dhau los peb muaj qhov sib txawv. Nws zoo li kev txhim kho pem hauv ntej-kawg, thaum browser-based front-end developers reinvented tag nrho cov technologies uas twb nrov nyob rau hauv lub back-kawg: tsim systems, nruam kev koom ua ke, tej yam zoo li ntawd.
Maurice: Kuv pom zoo. Tab sis qhov no tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob, vim hais tias cov tswv yim tawg tiag tiag ib txwm los ntawm sab nraud lub zej zog tsim. Cov kws tshawb fawb tsim, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov kws tshawb fawb, tsis zoo li yuav ua dab tsi tiag tiag. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim los sau ib daim ntawv rau lub rooj sib tham tom ntej txog seb koj yuav ua li cas txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm koj txoj haujlwm yav dhau los. Mus rau lub rooj sib tham, sib tham nrog phooj ywg, tham txog tib yam. Thiab cov neeg uas tawg nrog cov tswv yim tawg yuav luag ib txwm los ntawm sab nraud. Lawv tsis paub cov cai, lawv tsis paub lus, tab sis txawm li cas los xij ... Yog tias koj nyob hauv ib lub zej zog tsim, kuv qhia koj kom xyuam xim rau tej yam tshiab, rau tej yam uas tsis haum rau tag nrho cov duab. Hauv kev nkag siab, ib qho kev sim tuaj yeem ua kom sib xyaw ua ke sab nraud, dej ntau ntxiv nrog cov txheej txheem uas peb twb nkag siab lawm. Ua thawj kauj ruam, sim tsim kom muaj lub hauv paus kev tshawb fawb, thiab tom qab ntawd hloov nws kom nws tuaj yeem siv rau cov tswv yim tshiab. Kuv xav tias blockchain yog qhov zoo rau kev ua lub tswv yim tshiab, cuam tshuam.
Alexey: Vim li cas koj xav tias qhov no tshwm sim? Vim li cas tib neeg "sab nraud" tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam tshwj xeeb hauv zej zog?
Maurice: Muaj ib qho qauv mus ntawm no. Yog hais tias koj nyeem cov keeb kwm ntawm cov impressionists nyob rau hauv painting thiab kos duab feem ntau, ces nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm nto moo kws ua yeeb yam tsis lees paub impressionism. Lawv hais tias nws yog me nyuam yaus. Ib tiam tom qab, daim duab no yav dhau los tsis lees paub los ua tus qauv. Qhov kuv pom hauv kuv daim teb: cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm blockchain tsis txaus siab rau lub hwj chim, hauv kev nthuav tawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm thiab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj, lawv tsuas yog xav ua qee yam zoo. Thiab yog li ntawd lawv zaum thiab pib ua nws. Lawv tsis muaj qee yam ntawm qhov tob tob, tab sis qhov ntawd yog kho tau. Nws yog qhov nyuaj dua los tsim cov tswv yim tshiab tshaj li kev kho thiab ntxiv dag zog rau cov neeg laus tsis txaus. Ua tsaug rau cov neeg tsim khoom, tam sim no kuv muaj qee yam ua!
Alexey: Qhov no zoo ib yam li qhov sib txawv ntawm startups thiab legacy project. Peb tau txais ntau yam kev txwv ntawm kev xav, teeb meem, kev xav tau tshwj xeeb, thiab lwm yam.
Maurice: Ib qho piv txwv zoo yog muab faib xam. Xav txog blockchain zoo li nws yog qhov pib thiab faib kev suav ua ib lub tuam txhab loj, tsim. Kev faib khoom suav yog nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm tau txais thiab sib koom ua ke nrog blockchain.
PhD nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm Barbara Liskov
Vitaly: Peb tseem muaj ntau lo lus nug! Peb tab tom saib rau hauv koj keeb kwm yav dhau thiab tuaj hla qhov tseeb nthuav txog koj tus kws kho mob. Yog lawm, qhov no tau ntev dhau los, tab sis zoo li yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Koj tau txais koj PhD raws li kev taw qhia ntawm koj tus kheej ! Barbara paub zoo heev hauv zej zog cov lus programming, thiab ib tus neeg paub zoo heev. Nws yog qhov laj thawj uas koj qhov kev tshawb fawb tau nyob hauv cov lus programming. Yuav ua li cas koj hloov mus rau parallel xam? Vim li cas koj thiaj txiav txim siab hloov lub ntsiab lus?
Maurice: Thaum lub sij hawm, Barbara thiab nws pab pawg tsuas yog saib ntawm kev faib xam, uas yog lub tswv yim tshiab heev. Kuj tseem muaj cov neeg uas hais tias kev faib xam xaj yog qhov tsis muaj tseeb thiab cov khoos phis tawj sib txuas lus yog qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Ib qho ntawm cov teeb meem hais txog hauv kev faib xam uas txawv nws los ntawm kev suav hauv nruab nrab yog kev ua txhaum cai. Tom qab kev tshawb fawb ntau, peb tau txiav txim siab tias qhov kev faib tawm cov lus programming xav tau kom muaj qee yam xws li kev lag luam atomic vim koj tsis tuaj yeem paub tseeb tias kev hu xov tooj yuav ua tiav. Thaum koj muaj kev lag luam, qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tswj hwm concurrency tshwm sim. Tom qab ntawd muaj kev ua haujlwm ntau ntawm kev tau txais cov ntaub ntawv sib pauv hloov pauv ntau heev. Ces thaum kuv kawm tiav kuv mus thiab pib nrhiav ib lub ncauj lus los ua haujlwm rau. Nws tshwm sim rau kuv tias kev suav tau hloov ntawm ib lub computer mus rau lub network ntawm cov khoos phis tawj. Multiprocessors yuav yog ib qho kev txuas ntxiv ntawm kev vam meej - lo lus "multi-core" tseem tsis tau muaj. Kuv xav tias: Dab tsi yog qhov sib npaug ntawm kev lag luam atomic rau ntau qhov system? Qhov tseeb tsis yog kev lag luam tsis tu ncua vim tias lawv loj dhau thiab hnyav. Thiab qhov ntawd yog li cas kuv tuaj nrog lub tswv yim thiab qhov ntawd yog li cas kuv tuaj nrog tag nrho tos-dawb synchronization. Qhov no yog ib qho kev sim los teb cov lus nug ntawm dab tsi yog qhov analogue ntawm atomic muas rau ib tug multiprocessor system nrog sib koom nco. Thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, txoj hauj lwm no yuav zoo li txawv kiag li, tab sis qhov tseeb nws yog ib qho txuas ntxiv ntawm tib lub ntsiab lus.
Lub ntiaj teb tab tom tos rau ntau lub hauv paus
Vitaly: Koj tau hais tias lub sijhawm ntawd muaj ob peb lub khoos phis tawj multi-core, puas yog?
Maurice: Lawv tsuas yog tsis nyob ntawd. Muaj ntau lub npe hu ua symmetric multiprocessors, uas tau pib txuas nrog tib lub npav. Qhov no tsis ua haujlwm zoo heev vim tias txhua zaus lub tuam txhab tshiab tsim ib yam dab tsi zoo sib xws, Intel yuav tso tawm ib qho processor uas zoo tshaj rau ntau lub processor.
Alexey: Puas yog qhov no tsis txhais hais tias nyob rau lub sijhawm qub nws yog kev kawm ntau dua?
Maurice: Nws tsis yog kev kawm theoretical, tab sis yog qhov kev tshawb fawb kwv yees. Tag nrho cov no tsis yog hais txog kev ua haujlwm nrog ntau lub theorems; tab sis, peb muab tso rau hauv kev xav txog kev tsim vaj tsev uas tsis muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Nov yog qhov kev tshawb fawb no rau! Tsis muaj lub tuam txhab yuav tau ua tej yam zoo li no; nws yog txhua yam los ntawm yav tom ntej nyob deb. Qhov tseeb, qhov no yog qhov teeb meem txog xyoo 2004, thaum cov txheej txheem multi-core tiag tiag tshwm sim. Vim tias processors overheat, koj tuaj yeem ua rau lub processor me dua, tab sis koj tsis tuaj yeem ua kom sai dua. Vim li no, muaj kev hloov pauv mus rau ntau lub hauv paus architectures. Thiab tom qab ntawd txhais tau tias tam sim ntawd muaj kev siv rau txhua lub tswv yim uas peb tau tsim yav dhau los.
Alexey: Vim li cas koj xav tias ntau cov tub ntxhais processors tsuas yog tshwm sim hauv XNUMXs? Yog vim li cas thiaj lig?
Maurice: Qhov no yog vim muaj kev txwv kho vajtse. Intel, AMD thiab lwm lub tuam txhab ua tau zoo heev ntawm kev nce processor ceev. Thaum qee lub sijhawm cov txheej txheem tau dhau los ua me me uas lawv tsis tuaj yeem ua rau lub moos nrawm dua vim tias cov txheej txheem yuav pib hlawv. Koj tuaj yeem ua rau lawv me me, tab sis tsis nrawm dua. Dab tsi yog nyob rau hauv lawv lub hwj chim - es tsis txhob ntawm ib tug me me processors, lawv muaj peev xwm haum yim, kaum rau los yog peb caug-ob processors nyob rau hauv tib lub ntim ntawm rooj plaub, qhov twg yav tas los tsuas yog ib tug yuav haum. Tam sim no koj muaj multithreading thiab ceev kev sib txuas lus ntawm lawv vim lawv sib koom caches. Tab sis koj tsis tuaj yeem yuam kom lawv khiav nrawm dua - muaj qhov txwv ceev heev. Lawv txuas ntxiv txhim kho me ntsis, tab sis tsis yog ntau ntxiv lawm. Cov kev cai ntawm physics sawv ntawm txoj kev txhim kho.
Lub ntiaj teb tshiab coj teeb meem tshiab. NUMA, NVM thiab architecture hacking
Alexey: Suab zoo heev. Nrog cov tshiab multi-core processors tuaj teeb meem tshiab. Koj thiab koj cov npoj yaig puas tau xav txog cov teeb meem no? Tej zaum koj tau kawm lawv ua ntej? Hauv kev tshawb fawb theoretical nws feem ntau tsis yooj yim los twv seb tej yam zoo li no. Thaum muaj teeb meem tshwm sim, lawv ua tau raws li koj thiab koj cov npoj yaig cov kev cia siab li cas? Los yog lawv tshiab kiag li, thiab koj thiab koj cov npoj yaig yuav tsum tau siv sijhawm ntau los daws teeb meem raws li lawv tshwm sim?
Vitaly: Kuv mam li ntxiv rau Alexey cov lus nug: koj puas tau twv ua ntej tus txheej txheem tsim qauv thaum koj tab tom kawm txoj kev xav?
Maurice: Tsis yog 100%. Tab sis kuv xav tias kuv cov npoj yaig thiab kuv tau ua txoj haujlwm zoo los kwv yees ntau qhov tseem ceeb nrog kev nco. Kuv xav tias peb raug kwv yees qhov teeb meem hauv kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv sib luag uas ua haujlwm yam tsis muaj qhov xauv. Cov qauv ntaub ntawv zoo li no tseem ceeb rau ntau daim ntawv thov, txawm tias tsis yog tag nrho, tab sis feem ntau qhov koj xav tau tiag tiag yog cov ntaub ntawv tsis-locking. Thaum peb tsim lawv, ntau tus neeg sib cav hais tias qhov no tsis muaj tseeb, tias txhua yam ua haujlwm zoo nrog cov xauv. Peb kwv yees tau zoo heev tias yuav muaj cov kev daws teeb meem npaj txhij rau ntau yam teeb meem programming thiab cov ntaub ntawv teeb meem. Kuj tseem muaj teeb meem nyuaj ntxiv, xws li - nkag mus rau lub cim xeeb tsis sib xws. Qhov tseeb, lawv tseem tsis tau txiav txim siab kom txog thaum cov txheej txheem ntau cov tub ntxhais tau tsim vim tias lawv tau tshwj xeeb heev. Lub zej zog tshawb fawb tau ua haujlwm rau cov lus nug uas feem ntau xav tau. Qee qhov teeb meem kho vajtse cuam tshuam nrog cov architectures tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau tos hauv tis - qhov tseeb, cov tsos ntawm cov architectures. Piv txwv li, tsis muaj leej twg tiag tiag ua haujlwm ntawm GPU cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb vim tias GPUs tsis muaj nyob tom qab ntawd. Txawm tias muaj ntau txoj haujlwm tau ua tiav , cov algorithms tau npaj rau kev siv sai li sai tau thaum cov khoom siv tsim nyog tau muaj. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tuaj yeem pom txhua yam.
Alexey: Yog tias kuv nkag siab raug, NUMA yog ib hom kev cuam tshuam ntawm tus nqi, kev ua haujlwm thiab lwm yam. Puas muaj lub tswv yim vim li cas NUMA tuaj lig?
Maurice: Kuv xav tias NUMA tshwm sim vim muaj teeb meem nrog cov cuab yeej siv los tsim kev nco: qhov txuas ntxiv ntawm cov khoom yog, qhov qeeb dua nws nkag mus rau lawv. Ntawm qhov tod tes, tus nqi thib ob ntawm qhov kev paub daws teeb meem no yog kev nco tsis sib xws. Yog li ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sib txuas lus yog tias tag nrho cov abstractions tawg me ntsis. Yog tias kev nkag mus tau zoo ib yam, tag nrho cov cim xeeb yuav sib npaug, tab sis qhov no yog kev lag luam, thiab tej zaum txawm lub cev, ua tsis tau. Yog li no qhov teeb meem tshwm sim. Yog tias koj sau koj qhov kev pab cuam zoo li lub cim xeeb tsis sib xws, ces nws yuav yog qhov tseeb. Hauv kev nkag siab tias nws yuav tsis muab cov lus teb tsis raug. Tab sis nws qhov kev ua yeeb yam yuav tsis ntes cov hnub qub saum ntuj. Ib yam li ntawd, yog koj sau Yog tsis nkag siab txog cache hierarchy, qhov thaiv nws tus kheej yuav raug, tab sis koj tuaj yeem tsis nco qab txog kev ua haujlwm. Hauv kev nkag siab, koj yuav tsum tau sau cov kev pab cuam uas nyob rau saum qhov yooj yim abstraction, tab sis koj yuav tsum outwit cov neeg uas tau muab rau koj tias abstraction: koj yuav tsum paub tias hauv qab lub abstraction muaj qee qhov hierarchy ntawm kev nco, uas muaj. tsheb npav nruab nrab ntawm koj thiab lub cim xeeb no, thiab lwm yam. Yog li, muaj qee qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm tus kheej muaj txiaj ntsig abstractions, uas ua rau peb mus rau qhov teeb meem loj thiab pragmatic.
Vitaly: Yuav ua li cas rau yav tom ntej? Koj puas tuaj yeem kwv yees li cas processors yuav txhim kho tom ntej? Muaj ib lub tswv yim hais tias ib qho ntawm cov lus teb yog kev hloov pauv kev nco. Tej zaum koj yuav muaj lwm yam hauv Tshuag.
Maurice: Muaj ob peb qhov kev sib tw loj ua ntej. Ib qho yog qhov kev nco zoo sib xws yog qhov kev xav zoo, tab sis nws pib tawg rau hauv cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb. Yog li, piv txwv li, NUMA yog ib qho piv txwv nyob ntawm ib yam dab tsi uas koj tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv ua piv txwv tias lub cim xeeb muaj nyob. Qhov tseeb tsis yog, kev tsim khoom yuav ua rau koj quaj. Qee lub sij hawm, architects yuav tsum tau tso tseg lub tswv yim ntawm ib lub cim xeeb architecture; koj tsis tuaj yeem ua txuj mus ib txhis. Cov qauv programming tshiab yuav xav tau uas yooj yim txaus siv thiab muaj zog txaus los ua kom cov khoom siv hauv qab tau zoo. Qhov no yog ib qho nyuaj heev, vim hais tias yog tias koj qhia cov programmers lub architecture uas tau siv rau hauv hardware, lawv yuav vwm. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj heev thiab tsis portable. Yog tias koj nthuav tawm lub interface uas yooj yim dhau, qhov kev ua tau zoo yuav tsis zoo. Yog li, ntau qhov kev lag luam nyuaj heev yuav tsum tau ua kom muab cov qauv kev ua haujlwm muaj txiaj ntsig siv tau rau cov txheej txheem loj loj ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm. Kuv tsis paub meej tias lwm tus uas tsis yog tus kws tshaj lij muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm ntawm 2000-core computer. Thiab tshwj tsis yog tias koj tab tom ua tshwj xeeb lossis kev tshawb fawb suav lossis cryptography lossis qee yam zoo li ntawd - nws tseem tsis tau paub meej tias yuav ua li cas kom raug.
Lwm qhov chaw zoo sib xws yog tshwj xeeb architectures. Graphics accelerators tau nyob ib ncig ntawm lub sijhawm ntev, tab sis lawv tau dhau los ua ib qho piv txwv classic ntawm yuav ua li cas koj tuaj yeem siv hom kev xam tshwj xeeb thiab khiav nws ntawm lub siab tawv nti. Qhov no ntxiv nws cov kev cov nyom: yuav ua li cas koj sib txuas lus nrog xws li ib tug ntaus ntawv, yuav ua li cas koj program nws. Tsis ntev los no kuv tau ua haujlwm txog cov teeb meem hauv cheeb tsam . Koj siv lub processor me me thiab muab nws lo rau lub cim xeeb loj kom lub cim xeeb khiav ntawm L1 cache ceev thiab tom qab ntawd sib txuas lus nrog lub cuab yeej zoo li - tus processor tsis khoom thauj khoom tshiab rau hauv koj lub cim xeeb tub ntxhais. Tsim cov qauv ntaub ntawv thiab kev sib txuas lus raws tu qauv rau hom no yog lwm qhov piv txwv nthuav. Yog li kev cai processors thiab kho vajtse yuav txuas ntxiv pom kev txhim kho rau qee lub sijhawm.
Alexey: Yuav ua li cas txog kev nco tsis hloov pauv ()?
Maurice: Huag, qhov ntawd yog lwm qhov piv txwv zoo! NVM yuav hloov pauv txoj kev peb saib zoo li cov ntaub ntawv cov qauv. Tsis yog-volatile nco, nyob rau hauv ib qho kev txiav txim, cog lus tias yuav ua kom cov khoom sai sai. Tab sis nws yuav tsis ua rau lub neej yooj yim dua vim tias feem ntau cov processors, caches, thiab cov ntawv sau npe tseem tsis hloov pauv. Thaum koj pib tom qab kev sib tsoo, koj lub xeev thiab lub xeev ntawm koj lub cim xeeb yuav tsis zoo ib yam li ua ntej kev sib tsoo. Kuv ua tsaug ntau rau cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm NVM - yuav muaj ntau rau cov kws tshawb fawb ua rau lub sijhawm ntev sim los txheeb xyuas cov xwm txheej raug. Kev suav yog qhov tseeb yog tias lawv tuaj yeem muaj sia nyob hauv kev sib tsoo uas cov ntsiab lus ntawm caches thiab cov ntawv sau npe ploj lawm, tab sis lub cim xeeb tseem ceeb tseem nyob.
Compilers vs processors, RISC vs CISC, sib koom nco vs lus dhau
Vladimir: Koj xav li cas txog "compilers vs. processors" teeb meem los ntawm kev qhia teeb pom kev zoo? Cia kuv piav qhia rau cov neeg uas tsis paub: yog tias peb mus rau skewed nco lossis ib yam dab tsi zoo sib xws, peb tuaj yeem siv cov lus txib yooj yim heev thiab nug cov compiler los tsim cov lej nyuaj uas tuaj yeem ua kom zoo dua cov txiaj ntsig tshiab. Los yog peb tuaj yeem mus rau lwm txoj kev: siv cov lus qhia nyuaj thiab nug tus processor kom rov xaj cov lus qhia thiab ua lwm yam kev siv nrog lawv. Koj xav li cas txog nws?
Maurice: Kuv tsis tshua muaj lus teb rau lo lus nug ntawd. Qhov kev sib cav no tau mus rau plaub xyoos lawm. Muaj ib lub sij hawm thaum nruab nrab ib txheej commands thiab Civil tsov rog tau tawm tsam los ntawm ib pawg lus txib. Ib ntus, RISC cov neeg yeej, tab sis tom qab ntawd Intel rov tsim lawv lub cav kom txo cov lus qhia tau siv sab hauv, thiab tag nrho cov txheej txheem raug xa tawm mus rau sab nraud. Qhov no tej zaum yog ib lub ntsiab lus uas txhua tiam neeg tshiab yuav tsum nrhiav nws tus kheej tsis txaus siab thiab txiav txim siab rau nws tus kheej. Nws yog qhov nyuaj heev los twv seb yam twg ntawm cov no yuav zoo dua. Yog li txhua qhov kev twv ua ntej kuv ua yuav muaj tseeb rau ib lub sijhawm, thiab tom qab ntawd tsis tseeb ib ntus, thiab tom qab ntawd muaj tseeb dua.
Alexey: Nws tshwm sim li cas rau kev lag luam uas qee lub tswv yim yeej rau ntau xyoo lawm thiab poob rau tom ntej? Puas muaj lwm yam piv txwv ntawm cov kev hloov pauv raws sijhawm?
Maurice: Ntawm lub ncauj lus ntawm kev faib xam, muaj cov neeg ntseeg thiab cov neeg uas ntseeg . Thaum xub thawj, hauv kev faib xam, piv txwv piv txwv txhais tau tias cov lus hla. Tom qab ntawd ib tug neeg pom tias nws yooj yim dua rau kev pab cuam nrog kev nco. Cov sab nraud tau hais tias kev sib koom nco yog qhov nyuaj heev, vim tias nws yuav tsum muaj cov xauv thiab cov zoo li, yog li nws tsim nyog txav mus rau cov lus uas tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis cov lus dhau los tsuas yog tshwm sim. Ib tug neeg tau saib dab tsi tawm ntawm qhov no thiab hais tias, "wow, qhov kev siv cov lus no zoo nkaus li zoo li kev nco, vim tias koj tsim ntau thiab ntau ntawm cov qauv me me no, lawv xa lus rau ib leeg, thiab lawv txhua tus. "Cia peb ua kom zoo dua sib koom nco database!" Tag nrho cov no yog rov ua dua, thiab nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias ib qho ntawm ob tog yog tiag tiag. Ib sab yuav yeej ib txwm tswj hwm vim tias sai li sai tau thaum ib tus ntawm lawv yuav luag yeej, tib neeg rov tsim dua txoj hauv kev los txhim kho lwm tus.
Txoj Kev Sau Ntawv Txhaum Multithreaded Code
Alexey: Qhov no yog qhov nthuav heev. Piv txwv li, thaum peb sau code, txawm li cas los xij programming lus, peb feem ntau yuav tsum tsim cov abstractions zoo li cov hlwb uas tuaj yeem nyeem thiab sau. Tab sis qhov tseeb, ntawm qee theem ntawm lub cev, qhov no yuav zoo li xa xov hla lub tsheb npav kho vajtse ntawm cov khoos phis tawj sib txawv thiab lwm yam khoom siv. Nws hloov tawm tias kev ua haujlwm tau tshwm sim ntawm ob theem ntawm abstraction ib zaug.
Maurice: Nws yog qhov tseeb tiag tias kev sib koom nco tau tsim los ntawm cov lus hla - tsheb npav, caches, thiab lwm yam. Tab sis nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau sau cov kev pab cuam uas siv cov lus hla, yog li cov khoom siv dag zog yuam kev, ua txuj tias koj muaj qee yam kev nco. Qhov no yuav ua rau nws yooj yim dua rau koj los sau cov haujlwm yooj yim, raug ua ntej kev ua haujlwm pib tsis zoo. Tom qab ntawd koj yuav hais tias: nws zoo li nws yog lub sijhawm los ua phooj ywg nrog lub cache. Thiab ces koj pib txhawj txog qhov chaw ntawm lub cache, thiab los ntawm qhov ntawd nws mus. Hauv kev nkag siab, koj tab tom nyiag qhov kev paub daws teeb meem: koj paub tias nws tsis yog tiaj tus, lub cim xeeb zoo ib yam, thiab koj yuav siv qhov kev paub no los sau cov kev pabcuam hauv cache. Nov yog qhov koj yuav tau ua hauv cov teeb meem tiag tiag. Qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb no ntawm qhov qab zib, yooj yim, zoo nkauj abstraction koj tau muab thiab qhov kev ua haujlwm nyuaj heev ntawm cov khoom siv hauv qab yog qhov uas txhua tus yuav ua rau lawv tus kheej tsis txaus siab. Kuv muaj ib phau ntawv hais txog multiprocessors thiab synchronization, thiab ntawm ib tug taw tes kuv yuav tau sau ib tshooj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv lug nyob rau hauv java.util.concurrent. Yog tias koj saib lawv, tej yam zoo li Cov no yog amazing tej hauj lwm ntawm kos duab. (Editor's note: Cov neeg paub Java lus tsawg kawg yuav tsum tau saib ntawm qhov kev siv ConcurrentSkipListMap, koj tuaj yeem saib cov ntawv txuas ntawm ΠΈ ). Tab sis los ntawm kuv qhov kev xav, nws yuav tsis muaj lub luag haujlwm los qhia lawv rau cov tub ntxhais kawm, vim hais tias cov ntaub ntawv zoo li no zoo li ib tug txiv leej tub hauv ib lub circus uas khiav ntawm ib txoj hlua khi hla lub qhov dais. Yog tias koj hloov txawm tias ib qho me me, tag nrho cov qauv yuav tawg. Cov cai no nrawm heev thiab muaj kuab heev vim nws tau sau zoo kawg nkaus, tab sis qhov kev hloov me ntsis yuav ua rau tsis ua tiav. Yog tias kuv muab cov cai no ua piv txwv rau cov tub ntxhais kawm, lawv yuav hais tam sim ntawd: Kuv tuaj yeem ua tau li ntawd thiab! Thiab tom qab ntawd qee lub dav hlau yuav poob lossis lub tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear yuav tawg, thiab kuv yuav ua txhaum ntawm kev muab cov ntaub ntawv ntau dhau rau lub sijhawm tsis raug.
Alexey: Thaum kuv tseem yau, ntau zaus kuv sim mus kawm Doug Lee qhov chaws, piv txwv li, java.util.concurrent, vim nws yog qhov chaw qhib, nws yooj yim heev los nrhiav thiab sim nkag siab txog dab tsi tshwm sim rau ntawd. Nws tsis tau zoo heev: feem ntau, nws tsis paub meej tias yog vim li cas Doug txiav txim siab ua ib yam dab tsi li no thaum txhua tus neeg ua nws txawv. Koj piav tej no rau koj cov tub kawm li cas? Puas muaj ib txoj hauv kev zoo los piav qhia cov ntsiab lus ntawm hardcore algorithm, piv txwv li? Koj ua li no li cas?
Maurice: Cov kws kos duab kos duab muaj cov clichΓ© uas lawv nco qab ua ntej: yog tias koj xav kos zoo li Picasso, koj thawj zaug yuav tsum kawm kos duab yooj yim tiag tiag, thiab tsuas yog thaum koj paub cov cai koj tuaj yeem pib ua txhaum lawv. Yog tias koj pib ua txhaum txoj cai tam sim ntawd, koj yuav poob rau hauv kev ntxhov siab. Ua ntej, kuv qhia cov tub ntxhais kawm paub sau ntawv yooj yim, raug cai yam tsis muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog kev ua haujlwm. Qhov kuv hais yog, muaj cov teeb meem nyuaj rau lub sijhawm nyob ntawm no, yog li tsis txhob txhawj txog caches, tsis txhob txhawj txog cov qauv cim xeeb, tsuas yog xyuas kom txhua yam ua haujlwm raug. Qhov no yog qhov nyuaj txaus: kev ua haujlwm niaj hnub tsis yooj yim hauv nws tus kheej, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov tub ntxhais kawm tshiab. Thiab thaum lawv muaj kev nkag siab txog yuav ua li cas sau cov kev pab cuam zoo, kuv hais tias: saib ob qhov kev siv spinlock: ib qho qeeb heev, thiab qhov thib ob kuj tsis zoo, tab sis zoo dua. Txawm li cas los xij, lej ob algorithms yog tib yam. Qhov tseeb, ib tug ntawm lawv siv cache chaw. Ib ntawm lawv khiav ntawm cov ntaub ntawv cached hauv zos, thiab lwm qhov rov ua haujlwm hla lub npav. Koj tsis tuaj yeem sau cov lej zoo yog tias koj tsis nkag siab tias nws yog dab tsi, thiab tsis paub yuav ua li cas rhuav tshem qhov kev xav thiab saib cov qauv hauv qab. Tab sis koj yuav tsis muaj peev xwm pib ua qhov no tam sim ntawd. Muaj cov neeg uas pib ua qhov no tam sim ntawd thiab ntseeg lawv tus kheej cov txuj ci, feem ntau nws xaus rau qhov tsis zoo vim lawv tsis nkag siab cov ntsiab lus. Tsis muaj leej twg kos zoo li Picasso lossis sau cov haujlwm zoo li Doug Lee tshiab tawm hauv tsev kawm qib siab hauv nws thawj lub lim tiam. Nws yuav siv sij hawm ntau xyoo kom mus txog qib kev paub no.
Alexey: Nws hloov tawm tias koj faib qhov teeb meem ua ob ntu: thawj yog qhov tseeb, qhov thib ob yog kev ua haujlwm?
Maurice: Yog lawm. Thiab, raws nraim hauv qhov kev txiav txim. Ib feem ntawm qhov teeb meem yog cov tub ntxhais kawm tshiab tsis nkag siab tias qhov tseeb yog qhov nyuaj rau kev ua tiav. Thaum xub thawj siab ib muag lawv hais tias: qhov no yog pom tseeb tseeb, txhua yam uas tseem tshuav yog kom nws nce. Yog li qee zaum kuv qhia lawv txog qhov pib tsis raug algorithm yog tias nws yog.
Yuav ua li cas qhia cov tub ntxhais kawm los sau cov kab lus sib txawv
Alexey: Tsuas yog saib seb lawv puas tuaj yeem paub qhov ntes?
Maurice: Kuv ib txwm ceeb toom ua ntej tias qee zaum kuv yuav tawm tswv yim algorithms tsis raug. Koj yuav tsum tsis txhob dag neeg. Kuv xav kom lawv nqa cov ntaub ntawv nrog ib lub noob ntsev. Yog tias kuv qhia qee yam thiab hais tias: "saib, qhov no yog qhov tseeb tiag" - qhov no yog lub cim qhia tias qhov chaw lawv tab tom sim dag koj, thiab koj yuav tsum pib nug cov lus nug. Tom ntej no, kuv sim txhawb cov tub ntxhais kawm kom nug cov lus nug, thiab tom qab ntawd kuv hais tias, "Yuav ua li cas yog tias peb tso cov khoom zoo li lawv?" Thiab lawv tam sim ntawd pom qhov yuam kev. Tab sis kev ntseeg cov tub ntxhais kawm tias lawv yuav tsum txhawj xeeb txog qhov raug yog qhov nyuaj dua li qhov zoo li thaum xub thawj siab ib muag. Coob leej ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm no tuaj nrog kev paub txog kev kawm hauv tsev kawm theem siab, qee tus tau txais txoj haujlwm thiab tau ua qhov programming nyob ntawd, thiab lawv txhua tus muaj kev ntseeg siab. Qhov no yog ib yam dab tsi zoo li cov tub rog: thawj zaug koj yuav tsum hloov lawv lub siab xav kom lawv ua siab ntev mus daws cov teeb meem uas tshwm sim. Los yog tej zaum nws zoo li cov hauj sam hauj sam: ua ntej lawv kawm paub txog qhov tseeb, thiab thaum lawv nkag siab txog txoj kev xav txog qhov raug, lawv raug tso cai txav mus rau qib tom ntej thiab pib txhawj xeeb txog kev ua tau zoo.
Alexey: Qhov ntawd yog, qee zaum koj qhia cov tub ntxhais kawm tsis ua haujlwm piv txwv, ua tsaug rau qhov uas koj tau txais cov lus qhia seb lawv puas nkag siab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov teeb meem, seb lawv puas tuaj yeem nrhiav cov cai tsis raug thiab qhov tshwm sim tsis raug. Yog li, cov tub ntxhais kawm feem ntau ua rau koj zoo siab lossis tu siab?
Maurice: Cov tub ntxhais kawm yuav luag ib txwm pom qhov yuam kev thaum kawg. Yog tias lawv tshawb nrhiav qeeb dhau, kuv nug cov lus nug tseem ceeb, thiab ntawm no nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab tias yog tias koj tsis txhob dag lawv, lawv yuav pib nkag siab koj cov lus yog qhov tseeb kawg. Tom qab ntawd lawv yuav dhuav thiab pib tsaug zog thaum nyeem Facebook ntawm lawv lub laptop thaum kawm. Tab sis thaum koj qhia lawv ua ntej tias lawv yuav raug dag, thiab lawv yuav saib ruam yog tias lawv tsis paub qhov dag, lawv yuav ceev faj ntau dua. Qhov no yog qhov zoo ntawm ntau txoj kev. Kuv xav kom cov tub ntxhais kawm tsis yog nug lawv qhov kev nkag siab ntawm qhov teeb meem xwb, tab sis kuj nug tus kws qhia txoj cai. Lub tswv yim yog tias tus tub ntxhais kawm tuaj yeem tsa tes thaum twg los tau thiab hais tias: Kuv xav tias qhov koj nyuam qhuav hais tsis yog lawm. Nws yog ib qho kev kawm tseem ceeb. Kuv tsis xav kom ib tug ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm zaum thiab ntsiag to xav rau lawv tus kheej: txhua yam no zoo li tsis muaj tseeb, tab sis tsa koj txhais tes txaus ntshai, thiab txawm li cas los xij, nws yog tus xibfwb, yog li txhua yam nws hais yog qhov tseeb. Yog li ntawd, yog tias lawv tau ceeb toom ua ntej tias tsis yog txhua yam uas tau hais yog qhov tseeb, lawv muaj kev txhawb siab rau kev mloog ntau dua rau cov khoom siv. Kuv qhia meej tias nws tsis ua li cas los tsa koj txhais tes thiab nug cov lus nug. Koj cov lus nug yuav zoo li ruam lossis ruam, tab sis qhov no feem ntau yog cov lus nug zoo tshaj plaws tshwm sim li cas.
Alexey: Txaus siab heev. Feem ntau cov tib neeg muaj qee yam kev puas siab puas ntsws teeb meem uas tsis pub lawv nug ib lo lus nug rau tus xibfwb. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias muaj coob tus neeg nyob hauv chav, thiab txhua tus neeg ntshai tias kev sib tham txog koj cov lus nug ruam yuav siv sij hawm tag nrho cov neeg no. Puas muaj tej yam tricks los daws qhov no?
Maurice: Kuv nquag nres thiab nug cov lus nug classic. Txawm hais tias ib nqe lus yuav raug, lossis lawv yuav daws qhov teeb meem li cas los tham. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum pib ntawm zaj lus qhia thaum tib neeg txaj muag los hais txawm tias qhov tsawg tshaj plaws. Koj nug cov tub kawm ib lo lus nug thiab tsis hais dab tsi ntxiv. Muaj kev ntsiag to, txhua leej txhua tus tau txais kev nruj me ntsis, qhov nro loj hlob, ces tam sim ntawd ib tug neeg tsis tuaj yeem sawv nws, tawg thiab hais cov lus teb. Nov yog qhov koj tig qhov xwm txheej ib puag ncig: txuas ntxiv nyob twj ywm ua nyuaj thiab tsis yooj yim dua li teb! Qhov no yog tus txheej txheem pedagogical ua kom yuam kev. Txhua tus kws qhia ntawv hauv ntiaj teb yuav tsum paub ua li no.
Alexey: Tam sim no peb muaj lub npe zoo rau qhov kev xam phaj no: "nws yooj yim los teb dua li nyob twj ywm."
Vitaly: Cia kuv nug dua. Koj tab tom ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntawv pov thawj topological. Koj puas tau koom nrog hauv qhov no, vim li cas kev faib xam thiab topology yog qhov sib txawv kiag li!
Maurice: Muaj kev sib txuas zais rau ntawd. Thaum kuv yog ib tug menyuam kawm lej, kuv kawm lej dawb huv. Kuv tsis muaj kev txaus siab tiag tiag hauv khoos phis tawj kom txog thaum kuv txoj kev kawm tiav thiab kuv pom kuv tus kheej ntsib nrog qhov xav tau los nrhiav haujlwm. Raws li ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv kuv kawm algebraic topology. Ntau xyoo tom qab ntawd, thaum ua haujlwm ntawm qhov teeb meem hu ua , Kuv siv graphs los ua qauv qhov teeb meem thiab, raws li nws zoo nkaus li thaum lub sij hawm, kuv tau pom ib qho kev daws teeb meem. Koj tsuas yog yuav tsum tau zaum thiab mus ncig suav. Sim nrhiav cov lus teb tsim nyog ntawm daim duab no. Tab sis kuv lub algorithm tsis ua haujlwm: nws tau pom tias nws yuav khiav hauv lub voj voog mus ib txhis. Hmoov tsis zoo, tag nrho cov no tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia hauv cov lus ntawm cov duab kos duab - ib qho uas txhua tus kws tshawb fawb hauv computer paub. Thiab tom qab ntawd kuv nco qab tias ntau xyoo dhau los, rov qab rau hauv cov chav kawm topology, peb siv lub tswv yim , uas yog ib tug generalization ntawm graphs rau siab dua qhov ntev. Tom qab ntawd kuv nug kuv tus kheej: yuav ua li cas yog tias peb hloov kho qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov yooj yim complexes? Qhov no tau los ua lub sijhawm tseem ceeb. Los ntawm kev siv lub formalism muaj zog dua, qhov teeb meem tam sim ntawd dhau los ua yooj yim dua. Tib neeg tawm tsam nws ntev, siv cov duab kos, tab sis lawv ua tsis tau dab tsi. Thiab txawm tias tam sim no lawv tsis tuaj yeem - cov lus teb raug muab los tsis yog algorithm, tab sis pov thawj ntawm qhov tsis tuaj yeem daws qhov teeb meem. Ntawd yog, xws li algorithm tsuas yog tsis muaj nyob. Tab sis raws li cov complexes yooj yim los yog ntawm tej yam uas tib neeg ua piv txwv tsis xav txog cov complexes yooj yim. Tsuas yog vim koj hu ib yam dab tsi tshiab, nws tsis poob nws cov ntsiab lus.
Vitaly: Nws hloov tawm tias koj tsuas muaj hmoo?
Maurice: Dhau li ntawm koob hmoov, nws kuj yog txaus siab. Qhov no txhais tau tias koj yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov ββββqab txog "tsis muaj txiaj ntsig" yam koj tau kawm ua ntej. Qhov ntau yam tsis muaj txiaj ntsig koj kawm, ntau lub tswv yim koj tuaj yeem rho tawm thaum ntsib teeb meem tshiab. Qhov kev sib piv ntawm cov qauv zoo li no yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias ... Cia peb ua qhov no, qhov no yog cov saw hlau: thaum xub thawj kuv pom tias cov duab tsis ua haujlwm lossis tsis ua haujlwm txhua, nws ua rau kuv nco txog qee yam ntawm cov xwm txheej ntawm yim. xyoo dhau los thiab kuv cov tub ntxhais kawm xyoo, thaum peb kawm tag nrho cov kev yooj yim no. Qhov no nyob rau hauv lem ua rau kuv mus nrhiav tau kuv cov qub topology phau ntawv thiab thauj nws rov qab rau hauv kuv lub taub hau. Tab sis yog tias nws tsis yog rau qhov kev paub qub, kuv yuav tsis muaj kev vam meej hauv kev daws qhov teeb meem qub.
Ib tsab ntawv tshiab ntawm phau ntawv "The Art of Multiprocessor Programming"
Alexey: Koj tau hais ob peb lo lus hais txog koj phau ntawv. Tej zaum nws tsis yog qhov phem tshaj plaws uas koj tau sau lub ntiaj teb cov phau ntawv nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib txuas lus, . Nws twb muaj 11 xyoos lawm thiab txij li ntawd los nws tsuas yog tso tawm xwb . Puas yuav muaj ib tsab thib ob?
Maurice: Nws yog qhov zoo uas koj nug! Nws yuav sai sai no, nyob rau hauv peb lub hlis los yog li ntawd. Muaj ob tus kws sau ntawv ntxiv, peb tau ntxiv cov khoom siv ntau ntxiv, txhim kho ntu ntawm rab rawg / sib koom ua ke, tau sau ib ntu ntawm MapReduce, ntxiv ntau yam tshiab thiab pov tawm yam tsis tsim nyog - ib yam dab tsi nthuav heev thaum lub sijhawm sau ntawv thawj tsab, tiam sis tsis muaj lawm hnub no. Qhov tshwm sim yog ib phau ntawv kho mob tiag tiag.
Alexey: Txhua yam tau ua tiav, txhua yam uas tseem tshuav yog tso nws?
Maurice: Ob peb tshooj tseem xav tau qee txoj haujlwm. Peb tus tshaj tawm (uas kuv xav tias twb ntxub peb) tseem tab tom sim kom tau cov lus hla uas peb yuav tsum ua haujlwm sai dua. Peb nyob deb ntawm lub sijhawm. Raws li txoj cai, peb tuaj yeem ua tau phau ntawv no ob peb xyoos dhau los.
Alexey: Puas muaj caij nyoog tau txais phau ntawv tshiab ua ntej Christmas?
Maurice: Nov yog peb lub hom phiaj! Tab sis kuv tau twv yuav yeej ntau zaus uas tsis muaj leej twg ntseeg kuv ntxiv lawm. Tej zaum koj yuav tsum tsis txhob ntseeg kuv ntau dhau ntawm qhov teeb meem no thiab.
Alexey: Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no yog xov xwm zoo heev. Kuv yeej nyiam thawj phau ntawv. Koj tuaj yeem hais tias kuv yog tus kiv cua.
Maurice: Kuv vam tias tsab ntawv tshiab yuav tsim nyog rau koj lub siab nyiam, ua tsaug!
Yuav ua li cas Transactional Memory Invented
Vitaly: Cov lus nug tom ntej yog hais txog kev hloov pauv kev nco. Raws li kuv nkag siab, koj yog ib tug tho kev hauv daim teb no, koj tau tsim nws lub sijhawm uas tsis muaj leej twg xav txog tej yam zoo li no. Vim li cas koj thiaj txiav txim siab tsiv mus rau hauv daim teb no? Vim li cas kev lag luam zoo li tseem ceeb rau koj? Koj puas xav tias muaj ib hnub lawv yuav raug muab coj los siv rau hauv kev kho vajtse?
Maurice: Kuv tau paub txog kev lag luam txij thaum kuv kawm tiav hnub tshawb fawb.
Vitaly: Yog lawm, tab sis cov no yog cov kev sib txawv!
Maurice: Kuv tau ua haujlwm nrog Elliott Moss ntawm kev khaws cov khib nyiab uas tsis thaiv. Peb qhov teeb meem yog tias peb xav hloov atomically hloov ob peb lo lus hauv kev nco thiab tom qab ntawd cov algorithms yuav dhau los ua yooj yim heev, thiab tsawg kawg qee qhov ntawm lawv yuav ua tau zoo dua. Siv rau muab los ntawm cov vaj huam sib luag sib luag, nws muaj peev xwm ua tau ib yam dab tsi, tab sis nws yog qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig thiab dab tuag vim tias koj yuav tsum tau cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm indirection. Kuv xav hloov cov lus nco thiab kuv yuav tsum tau hloov vim kuv tsuas hloov tau ib tus pointer xwb, yog li lawv yuav tsum tau taw tes rau qee yam ntawm cov npe zoo li cov qauv. Peb tham txog nws yuav zoo npaum li cas yog tias peb tuaj yeem hloov kho kho vajtse kom nws tuaj yeem ua cov ntaub ntawv ib txhij. Elliott zoo li tau pom qhov no: yog tias koj saib cache coherency raws tu qauv, lawv twb muab feem ntau ntawm cov haujlwm uas yuav tsum tau ua. Hauv kev ua lag luam zoo, cache coherency raws tu qauv yuav pom tias muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb rau lub sijhawm thiab lub cache yuav dhau los ua . Yuav ua li cas yog tias koj speculatively khiav ib tug lw ntawm koj lub cache thiab siv coherence raws tu qauv mechanisms los xyuas kom meej qhov tsis sib haum xeeb? Speculative hardware architecture yog ib qho yooj yim los tsim. Yog li ntawd, peb tau sau qhov ntawd hais txog kev hloov pauv kev nco. Tib lub sijhawm, lub tuam txhab kuv tau ua haujlwm rau, Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob, tau tsim lub 64-ntsis processor tshiab hu ua Alpha. Yog li kuv tau mus thiab muab kev nthuav qhia rau Alpha pab pawg txhim kho txog peb qhov kev hloov pauv zoo kawg nkaus thiab lawv tau nug: Peb lub tuam txhab yuav tau nyiaj ntau npaum li cas yog tias peb ntxiv tag nrho cov no ncaj qha rau lub processor? Thiab kuv yeej tsis muaj lus teb rau qhov no, vim kuv yog tus kws tshaj lij, kuv tsis yog tus kws tshaj lij kev lag luam. Kuv yeej tsis muaj dabtsi teb. Lawv tsis txaus siab heev uas kuv tsis paub dab tsi.
Vitaly: billions! Cia li hais tias billions!
Maurice: Yog lawm, qhov ntawd yog qhov kuv yuav tsum tau hais. Tam sim no, nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog ntawm startups thiab txhua yam, kuv paub yuav ua li cas sau ib tug lag luam txoj kev npaj. Tias koj tuaj yeem dag me ntsis txog qhov loj ntawm koj cov nyiaj tau los. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov hnub nws zoo li naive, yog li kuv nyuam qhuav hais tias, "Kuv tsis paub." Yog tias koj saib cov keeb kwm ntawm kev tshaj tawm ntawm kev hloov pauv kev nco, koj yuav pom tias tom qab ib xyoos muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog nws, thiab tom qab ntawd txog kaum xyoo tsis muaj leej twg hais txog daim ntawv no. Cov quotes tshwm nyob ib ncig ntawm 2004, thaum muaj tseeb multi-cores tshwm sim. Thaum tib neeg pom tias kev sau cov lej sib luag tuaj yeem ua tau nyiaj, kev tshawb fawb tshiab pib. Ravi Rajwar , uas nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev qhia lub tswv yim ntawm kev lag luam nco mus rau lub ntsiab. (Editor's note: Muaj ib qho thib ob ntawm tsab xov xwm no, tso tawm xyoo 2010 thiab muaj pub dawb ). Dheev tib neeg pom tau hais tias txhua qhov no tuaj yeem siv tau li cas, yuav ua li cas cov algorithms nrog cov xauv yuav nrawm dua. Ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm ib yam dab tsi uas yav dhau los zoo li tsuas yog qhov teeb meem kev kawm txaus nyiam. Thiab yog, yog tias koj tau nug kuv nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd seb kuv puas xav tias txhua yam no tseem ceeb rau yav tom ntej, kuv yuav tau hais tias: tau kawg, tab sis thaum twg tsis meej. Tej zaum hauv 50 xyoo? Hauv kev xyaum, qhov no tau tshwm sim tsuas yog kaum xyoo. Nws zoo heev thaum koj ua ib yam dab tsi thiab tom qab kaum xyoo tib neeg pom nws.
Vim li cas nws thiaj tsim nyog ua kev tshawb fawb hauv kev faib xam
Vitaly: Yog tias peb tham txog cov kev tshawb fawb tshiab, koj yuav qhia dab tsi rau cov neeg nyeem - faib kev suav lossis ntau cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab vim li cas?
Maurice: Niaj hnub no nws yooj yim kom tau txais ntau cov tub ntxhais processor, tab sis nws nyuaj dua los teeb tsa qhov tseeb faib. Kuv pib ua hauj lwm rau lawv vim kuv xav ua ib yam dab tsi txawv ntawm kuv PhD thesis. Nov yog cov lus qhia kuv ib txwm muab rau cov tub ntxhais kawm tshiab: tsis txhob sau txuas ntxiv ntawm koj qhov kev tshaj tawm - sim mus rau qhov kev taw qhia tshiab. Thiab tseem, multithreading yog ib qho yooj yim. Kuv tuaj yeem sim nrog kuv tus kheej rab diav rawg khiav ntawm kuv lub laptop yam tsis tau tawm ntawm txaj. Tab sis yog tias kuv mam li nco dheev xav tsim kom muaj ib qho kev faib tawm tiag tiag, kuv yuav tau ua ntau yam haujlwm, nyiam cov tub ntxhais kawm, thiab lwm yam. Kuv yog ib tug neeg tub nkeeg thiab xav ua haujlwm ntawm ntau lub hauv paus. Kev sim ntawm ntau lub tshuab tseem ceeb kuj yooj yim dua li kev sim ntawm cov kab ke sib faib, vim tias txawm tias nyob hauv ib qho kev faib tawm tsis zoo muaj ntau yam uas yuav tsum tau tswj.
Vitaly: Tam sim no koj tab tom ua dab tsi, tshawb nrhiav blockchain? Cov kab ntawv twg koj yuav tsum tau mloog ua ntej?
Maurice: nyuam qhuav tshwm sim , uas kuv tau sau ua ke nrog kuv tus menyuam kawm ntawv, Vikram Saraf, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kev tham ntawm hauv Paris peb lub lis piam dhau los. Qhov no yog ib tsab xov xwm hais txog cov tswv yim faib tshuab, uas peb npaj ua Ethereum ntau txoj xov. Tam sim no, cov ntawv cog lus ntse (cov lej uas khiav ntawm blockchain) raug ua tiav. Peb tau sau ib tsab xov xwm ua ntej uas tau tham txog ib txoj hauv kev los siv cov kev lag luam speculative kom ceev cov txheej txheem. Peb tau txais ntau lub tswv yim los ntawm software hloov pauv kev nco thiab hais tias yog tias koj ua cov tswv yim no ib feem ntawm Etherium virtual tshuab, ces txhua yam yuav ua haujlwm sai dua. Tab sis rau qhov no nws yog ib qho tsim nyog kom tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv tsis sib haum xeeb hauv cov ntawv cog lus. Thiab tom qab ntawd peb xav tias hauv lub neej tiag tiag yeej tsis muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Tab sis peb tsis muaj txoj hauv kev los nrhiav. Tom qab ntawd nws tau tshwm sim rau peb tias peb muaj yuav luag kaum xyoo ntawm keeb kwm kev cog lus tiag tiag ntawm peb txhais tes, yog li peb pov tseg Ethereum blockchain thiab nug peb tus kheej: yuav ua li cas yog tias cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm no raug tua ua ke? Peb pom muaj qhov nce ntxiv hauv kev ceev. Thaum ntxov ntawm Ethereum, qhov ceev tau nce ntau heev, tab sis niaj hnub no txhua yam yog qhov nyuaj me ntsis, vim tias muaj cov ntawv cog lus tsawg dua thiab qhov yuav muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav tsum tau serialization tau nce siab dua. Tab sis tag nrho cov no yog kev sim ua haujlwm nrog cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tiag tiag. Qhov zoo ntawm blockchain yog tias nws nco qab txhua yam mus ib txhis, yog li peb tuaj yeem rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm thiab kawm seb yuav muaj dab tsi tshwm sim yog tias peb tau siv cov algorithms sib txawv los khiav cov cai. Cov neeg yav dhau los yuav nyiam peb lub tswv yim tshiab li cas? Cov kev tshawb fawb zoo li no yooj yim dua thiab zoo dua ua, vim tias muaj ib yam uas saib xyuas txhua yam thiab sau txhua yam. Qhov no twb yog ib yam dab tsi zoo ib yam li sociology dua li kev loj hlob ntawm algorithms.
Puas muaj kev txhim kho ntawm algorithms nres thiab yuav ua li cas txav mus?
Vitaly: Lub sijhawm rau lo lus nug theoretical kawg! Puas yog nws zoo li kev nce qib hauv cov ntaub ntawv sib tw tau txo qis txhua xyoo? Koj puas xav tias peb tau mus txog toj siab hauv peb txoj kev nkag siab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv qauv lossis puas yuav muaj qee qhov kev txhim kho loj? Tej zaum muaj qee cov tswv yim ntse uas tuaj yeem hloov pauv txhua yam?
Maurice: Tej zaum peb yuav tau mus txog lub toj siab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv qauv rau ib txwm architectures. Tab sis cov ntaub ntawv cov qauv rau cov tshiab architectures tseem yog ib qho chaw zoo heev. Yog tias koj xav tsim cov qauv ntaub ntawv rau, hais, kho vajtse accelerators, ces cov ntaub ntawv qauv rau GPU yog txawv heev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv qauv rau CPU. Thaum koj tsim cov ntaub ntawv tsim rau blockchains, koj yuav tsum tau hash cov ntaub ntawv thiab muab tso rau hauv ib yam dab tsi zoo li , tiv thaiv kev dag. Tsis ntev los no tau muaj kev ua haujlwm loj hauv cheeb tsam no, nrog ntau tus ua haujlwm zoo heev. Tab sis kuv xav tias dab tsi yuav tshwm sim yog qhov tshiab architectures thiab cov ntawv thov tshiab yuav ua rau cov ntaub ntawv tshiab. Cov ntawv thov qub txeeg qub teg thiab kev tsim vaj tsev ib txwm muaj - tej zaum yuav tsis muaj chaw ntau rau kev tshawb nrhiav ntxiv lawm. Tab sis yog tias koj tau tawm ntawm txoj kev raug ntaus thiab saib dhau ntawm cov npoo, koj yuav pom tej yam vwm uas lub ntsiab tsis ua tiag tiag - qhov ntawd yog qhov uas txhua yam zoo siab tshwm sim.
Vitaly: Yog li ntawd, txhawm rau ua tus kws tshawb fawb nto moo, kuv yuav tsum tau tsim kuv tus kheej architecture :)
Maurice: Koj tuaj yeem "nyem" lwm tus neeg lub tsev tshiab - nws zoo li yooj yim dua!
Ua haujlwm ntawm Brown University
Vitaly: Koj puas tuaj yeem qhia peb ntxiv txog koj ua haujlwm qhov twg? Tsis paub ntau txog nws nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv technology. Tsawg tshaj li MIT, piv txwv li.
Maurice: Brown University yog ib lub tsev kawm qub tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Kuv xav tias tsuas yog Harvard laus dua me ntsis. Brown yog ib feem ntawm lub npe hu ua , uas yog ib phau ntawm yim lub tsev kawm qub tshaj plaws. Harvard, Brown, Cornell, Yale, Columbia, Dartmouth, Pennsylvania, Princeton. Nws yog hom qub, me me thiab me ntsis aristocratic university. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog kev kawm liberal arts. Nws tsis yog sim ua zoo li MIT, MIT yog qhov tshwj xeeb thiab kev tshaj lij. Brown yog qhov chaw zoo rau kev kawm Lavxias Lavxias lossis Classical Greek, thiab tau kawg, Computer Science. Nws tsom rua kev kawm txuj ci. Peb cov tub ntxhais kawm feem ntau mus rau Facebook, Apple, Google - yog li kuv xav tias peb cov tub ntxhais kawm tsis muaj teeb meem nrhiav haujlwm hauv kev lag luam. Kuv tau mus ua haujlwm ntawm Brown vim tias yav dhau los kuv tau ua haujlwm ntawm Digital Equipment Corporation hauv Boston. Qhov no yog ib lub tuam txhab uas tsim ntau yam nthuav, tab sis tsis kam lees qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus kheej lub computer. Ib lub tuam txhab uas muaj txoj hmoo nyuaj, uas nws cov thawj coj yog ib tug hluas revolutionaries, lawv kawm tsis muaj dab tsi thiab tsis nco qab tsis muaj dab tsi, thiab yog li ntawd lawv tig los ntawm revolutionaries mus rau revolutionary nyob rau hauv li ib tug kaum xyoo. Lawv nyiam tso dag tias cov khoos phis tawj ntawm tus kheej tau koom nrog hauv chav nres tsheb - qhov chaw nres tsheb tso tseg, tau kawg. Nws yog qhov pom tseeb tias lawv raug rhuav tshem los ntawm cov tuam txhab hloov pauv ntau dua. Thaum nws pom tseeb tias lub tuam txhab muaj teeb meem, kuv hu rau kuv tus phooj ywg hauv Brown, uas yog kwv yees li ib teev sab nraum Boston. Kuv tsis xav tawm hauv Boston thaum lub sijhawm ntawd vim tsis muaj ntau qhov qhib ntawm lwm lub tebchaws. Nov yog lub sijhawm uas tsis muaj ntau txoj haujlwm hauv Computer Science li tam sim no. Thiab Brown tau qhib, kuv tsis tas yuav tsiv kuv tsev, kuv tsis tas yuav tsiv kuv tsev neeg, thiab kuv nyiam nyob hauv Boston! Yog li kuv txiav txim siab mus rau Brown. Kuv nyiam nws. Cov menyuam kawm ntawv zoo heev, yog li kuv tsis tau sim mus rau lwm qhov. Thaum kuv nyob sabbatical, kuv ua haujlwm ntawm Microsoft rau ib xyoos, mus rau Technion hauv Haifa rau ib xyoos, thiab tam sim no kuv yuav nyob hauv Algorand. Kuv muaj ntau tus npoj yaig nyob txhua qhov chaw thiab yog li qhov chaw lub cev ntawm peb cov chav kawm tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb. Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov tub ntxhais kawm, lawv yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm no. Kuv yeej tsis tau sim mus lwm qhov vim kuv zoo siab heev nyob ntawm no.
Txawm li cas los xij txawm tias Brown muaj koob meej hauv Tebchaws Meskas, nws tseem ceeb tsis paub txog txawv teb chaws. Raws li koj tau pom, tam sim no kuv tab tom ua txhua yam ua tau los kho lub xeev xwm txheej no.
Qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm ib lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab thiab hauv ib lub koom haum
Vitaly: Okay, cov lus nug tom ntej yog hais txog Cov Khoom Siv Digital. Koj nyob ntawd ua ib tug kws tshawb fawb. Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv R & D department ntawm lub tuam txhab loj thiab ua haujlwm hauv tsev kawm ntawv qib siab? Qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo yog dab tsi?
Maurice: Tau nees nkaum xyoo kuv tau ua haujlwm ntawm Microsoft, ua haujlwm nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Sun Microsystems, Oracle, Facebook, thiab tam sim no Algorand. Raws li tag nrho cov no, kuv xav hais tias nws muaj peev xwm ua thawj zaug kev tshawb fawb hauv cov tuam txhab thiab hauv tsev kawm qib siab. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb yog hauv ib lub tuam txhab koj ua haujlwm nrog cov npoj yaig. Yog hais tias kuv mam li nco dheev muaj ib lub tswv yim rau ib qhov project uas tseem tsis tau muaj, kuv yuav tsum convince kuv cov phooj ywg tias qhov no yog ib lub tswv yim zoo. Yog tias kuv nyob ntawm Brown, ces kuv tuaj yeem qhia kuv cov tub ntxhais kawm: cia peb ua haujlwm ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev sib tw! Lawv yuav tawm mus rau lwm tus los yog ua ib qhov project. Yog lawm, kuv yuav tsum nrhiav nyiaj txiag, kuv yuav tsum sau daim ntawv thov nyiaj pab, thiab lwm yam. Txawm li cas los xij, yuav muaj ntau tus tub ntxhais kawm, thiab koj yuav muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab unilaterally. Tab sis hauv tsev kawm ntawv koj feem ntau yuav tsis ua haujlwm nrog cov neeg ntawm koj qib. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm kev lag luam kev tshawb fawb, koj thawj zaug yuav tsum tau yaum txhua leej txhua tus hais tias koj qhov project yog tsim nyog rau noj. Kuv tsis tuaj yeem xaj dab tsi rau leej twg. Thiab ob qho tib si ntawm kev ua haujlwm no muaj txiaj ntsig, vim tias yog tias koj ua haujlwm ntawm ib yam dab tsi tiag tiag vwm thiab koj cov npoj yaig nyuaj siab, nws yooj yim dua rau cov tub ntxhais kawm tiav - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj them lawv. Yog tias koj ua haujlwm rau ib yam dab tsi uas yuav tsum tau muaj kev paub ntau thiab kev txawj ntse, koj xav tau cov npoj yaig uas tuaj yeem hais tias "tsis yog, nws tsuas yog tshwm sim uas kuv nkag siab hauv cheeb tsam no thiab koj lub tswv yim phem, nws yuav tsis ua haujlwm." Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm nkim sij hawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, yog tias nyob rau hauv cov chaw kuaj mob koj siv sijhawm ntau los sau cov ntawv ceeb toom, tom qab ntawd hauv tsev kawm ntawv koj siv lub sijhawm no los nrhiav nyiaj. Yog tias kuv xav kom cov tub ntxhais kawm tuaj yeem mus rau qhov chaw, kuv yuav tsum nrhiav nyiaj rau nws rau lwm qhov. Thiab qhov tseem ceeb dua koj txoj hauj lwm hauv tsev kawm ntawv, lub sij hawm ntau koj yuav tsum tau siv nyiaj sau. Yog li tam sim no koj paub tias kuv ua haujlwm rau dab tsi - ib tug neeg thov khawv! Zoo li ib tug ntawm cov hauj sam uas taug kev ncig nrog ib lub phaj. Feem ntau, ob qho kev ua ub no ua rau muaj kev sib koom ua ke. Yog vim li ntawd kuv thiaj sim ua neej nyob thiab khaws kuv txhais taw rau hauv av hauv ob lub ntiaj teb.
Vitaly: Nws zoo nkaus li tias kev ntseeg lub tuam txhab yog qhov nyuaj dua li kev ntseeg lwm tus kws tshawb fawb.
Maurice: nyuaj dua, thiab ntau ntxiv. Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw nws txawv: qee qhov kev tshawb fawb tag nrho, thaum lwm tus tsom mus rau lawv lub ntsiab lus. Yog tias kuv tau mus rau Microsoft lossis Facebook thiab hais tias: cia peb ua kom muaj zog tiv thaiv, lawv yuav tsis txaus siab rau nws. Tab sis yog tias kuv hais tib yam nkaus rau kuv cov tub ntxhais kawm tiav, lawv feem ntau yuav tau mus ua haujlwm tam sim ntawd, txawm tias tam sim no kuv yuav muaj teeb meem - tom qab tag nrho, kuv yuav tsum nrhiav nyiaj rau qhov no. Tab sis ntev npaum li koj xav ua ib yam dab tsi uas haum rau lub tuam txhab lub hom phiaj, lub tuam txhab ntawd tuaj yeem yog qhov chaw zoo heev los tshawb fawb.
Hydra thiab SPTDC
Vitaly: Kuv cov lus nug tau xaus, yog li cia peb tham me ntsis txog kev mus ncig rau Russia tom ntej no.
Maurice: Yog lawm, Kuv tab tom tos ntsoov yuav rov qab mus rau St. Petersburg.
Alexey: Kuv zoo siab tau muaj koj nrog peb xyoo no. Nov yog koj zaum ob hauv St. Petersburg, puas yog?
Maurice: Twb yog tus thib peb!
Alexey: Kuv nkag siab, tab sis - twv yuav raug hu thib ob. Lub sijhawm kawg hu lub tsev kawm ntawv , tam sim no peb tau hloov ib tsab ntawv (C rau D, Concurrent to Distributed) los qhia tias muaj ntau qhov chaw cuam tshuam tshwj xeeb rau kev faib xam xyoo no. Koj puas tuaj yeem hais ob peb lo lus hais txog koj cov lus ceeb toom ntawm Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv thiab ?
Maurice: Ntawm Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Kuv xav tham txog cov hauv paus ntawm blockchain thiab koj tuaj yeem ua li cas nrog nws. Kuv xav qhia tias blockchains zoo ib yam li ntau txoj xov uas peb tau paub txog, tab sis nrog lawv tus kheej nuances, thiab cov kev sib txawv no tseem ceeb heev kom nkag siab. Yog tias koj ua yuam kev hauv daim ntawv thov lub vev xaib tsis tu ncua, nws tsuas yog cuam tshuam. Yog tias koj sau buggy code hauv daim ntawv thov nyiaj txiag, ib tus neeg yuav twv yuav raug nyiag tag nrho koj cov nyiaj. Cov no yog qib sib txawv ntawm lub luag haujlwm thiab qhov tshwm sim. Kuv yuav tham me ntsis txog kev ua pov thawj ntawm kev ua haujlwm, hais txog kev cog lus ntse, txog kev lag luam ntawm cov blockchains sib txawv.
Yuav muaj lwm tus neeg hais lus ua haujlwm ib sab ntawm kuv uas tseem muaj qee yam hais txog blockchain, thiab peb tau pom zoo los koom tes nrog ib leeg kom peb cov dab neeg sib haum xeeb. Tab sis rau daim ntawv tshaj tawm engineering, kuv xav qhia rau cov neeg tuaj saib kom nkag siab qhov kev piav qhia ntawm vim li cas koj yuav tsum tsis txhob ntseeg txhua yam koj hnov ββββtxog blockchains, vim li cas blockchains yog thaj chaw zoo, nws haum li cas nrog lwm cov tswv yim paub, thiab vim li cas peb yuav tsum ua siab tawv saib. mus rau yav tom ntej.
Alexey: Tsis tas li ntawd, kuv xav hais tias qhov no yuav tsis tshwm sim nyob rau hauv hom kev sib ntsib lossis cov neeg siv pab pawg, raws li nws yog ob xyoos dhau los. Peb txiav txim siab los tuav lub rooj sib tham me me nyob ze ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv. Yog vim li cas yog tias tom qab sib txuas lus nrog Peter Kuznetsov, peb pom tau hais tias lub tsev kawm ntawv tsuas yog txwv rau ib puas, tej zaum 120 tus neeg. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, muaj ntau tus engineers uas xav sib txuas lus nrog koj, tuaj koom kev nthuav qhia, thiab feem ntau txaus siab rau lub ntsiab lus. Vim li no peb thiaj tsim lub rooj sab laj tshiab . Los ntawm txoj kev, muaj tswv yim yog vim li cas Hydra?
Maurice: Vim li cas yuav muaj xya tus neeg hais lus? Thiab lawv lub taub hau tuaj yeem raug txiav tawm, thiab cov neeg hais lus tshiab yuav loj hlob hauv lawv qhov chaw?
Alexey: Lub tswv yim zoo rau kev loj hlob cov neeg hais lus tshiab. Tab sis qhov tseeb, muaj ib zaj dab neeg ntawm no. Nco ntsoov cov lus dab neeg ntawm Odysseus, qhov chaw uas nws yuav tsum tau caij nkoj ntawm ? Hydra yog ib yam zoo li Charybdis. Zaj dab neeg yog hais tias ib zaug kuv tau hais hauv lub rooj sib tham thiab tham txog ntau txoj xov xwm. Tsuas muaj ob txoj hauv kev ntawm lub rooj sab laj no. Thaum pib ntawm tsab ntawv ceeb toom, kuv hais rau cov neeg tuaj saib hauv lub tsev hais tias tam sim no lawv muaj kev xaiv ntawm Scylla thiab Charybdis. Kuv tus ntsuj plig tsiaj yog Charybdis vim Charybdis muaj ntau lub taub hau thiab kuv lub ntsiab lus muaj ntau txoj xov. Qhov no yog li cas cov npe ntawm cov rooj sib tham tshwm sim.
Txawm li cas los xij, peb tau khiav tawm ntawm cov lus nug thiab lub sijhawm. Yog li, ua tsaug, cov phooj ywg, rau kev xam phaj zoo, thiab ntsib koj ntawm SPTDC Tsev Kawm Ntawv thiab Hydra 2019!
Koj tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv koj qhov kev sib tham nrog Maurice ntawm Hydra 2019 lub rooj sib tham, uas yuav muaj rau lub Xya Hli 11-12, 2019 hauv St. Nws yuav tuaj nrog daim ntawv qhia . Daim pib tuaj yeem yuav .
Tau qhov twg los: www.hab.com