Ob peb hnub dhau los, kuv txiav txim siab thim rov qab engineer kuv tus router lub firmware siv binwalk.
Kuv yuav kuv tus kheej . Tsis yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws router, tab sis txaus rau kuv xav tau.
Txhua zaus kuv yuav ib lub router tshiab, kuv nruab . Rau dab tsi? Raws li txoj cai, cov tuam txhab lag luam tsis quav ntsej ntau txog kev txhawb nqa lawv cov routers thiab dhau sijhawm cov software dhau los, qhov tsis zoo tshwm sim, thiab lwm yam, feem ntau, koj tau txais lub tswv yim. Yog li, kuv nyiam OpenWRT firmware, uas tau txais kev txhawb nqa zoo los ntawm cov zej zog qhib.
Muaj downloaded OpenWRT, kuv kuj nyob rau hauv kuv tus tshiab Archer C7 los ntawm official lub website thiab txiav txim siab los soj ntsuam nws. Ntshiab rau kev lom zem thiab tham txog binwalk.
binwalk yog dab tsi?
yog qhov qhib qhov cuab yeej rau kev tsom xam, thim rov qab engineering thiab firmware duab rho tawm.
Tsim nyob rau hauv 2010 los ntawm Craig Heffner, binwalk tuaj yeem luam theej duab firmware thiab nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv, txheeb xyuas thiab rho tawm cov ntaub ntawv kaw lus duab, cov lej ua tau zoo, cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia, cov ntaub ntawv bootloaders thiab kernels, cov ntaub ntawv hom xws li JPEG thiab PDF, thiab ntau ntxiv.
Koj tuaj yeem siv binwalk thim rov qab engineer lub firmware kom nkag siab tias nws ua haujlwm li cas. Tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv binary rau qhov tsis zoo, tshem tawm cov ntaub ntawv, thiab nrhiav cov ntawv pov thawj lossis cov ntawv pov thawj digital. Koj tuaj yeem nrhiav tau opcodes rau ib pawg ntawm ntau yam CPUs.
Koj tuaj yeem rho tawm cov duab hauv cov ntaub ntawv los nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv lo lus zais tshwj xeeb (passwd, duab ntxoov ntxoo, thiab lwm yam) thiab sim ua txhaum lo lus zais hashes. Koj tuaj yeem ua binary parsing ntawm ob lossis ntau cov ntaub ntawv. Koj tuaj yeem ua qhov kev tshuaj xyuas entropy ntawm cov ntaub ntawv txhawm rau nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv compressed lossis encoded encryption yuam sij. Tag nrho cov no tsis tas yuav nkag mus rau qhov chaws.
Feem ntau, txhua yam koj xav tau yog nyob ntawd :)
binwalk ua haujlwm li cas?
Lub ntsiab feature ntawm binwalk yog nws kos npe scanning. Binwalk tuaj yeem luam theej duab cov duab firmware los tshawb nrhiav ntau hom ntaub ntawv built-in thiab cov ntaub ntawv.
Koj puas paub qhov kev siv kab hais kom ua file?
file /bin/bash
/bin/bash: ELF 64-bit LSB shared object, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /lib64/l, for GNU/Linux 3.2.0, BuildID[sha1]=12f73d7a8e226c663034529c8dd20efec22dde54, strippedpab neeg filesaib ntawm cov ntaub ntawv header thiab nrhiav kos npe (tus lej khawv koob) los txiav txim siab hom ntaub ntawv. Piv txwv li, yog tias cov ntaub ntawv pib nrog cov kab ke ntawm bytes 0x89 0x50 0x4E 0x47 0x0D 0x0A 0x1A 0x0A, nws paub tias nws yog cov ntaub ntawv PNG. Ntawm Muaj ib daim ntawv teev cov ntaub ntawv kos npe.
Binwalk ua haujlwm ib yam nkaus. Tab sis tsis txhob nrhiav kev kos npe tsuas yog thaum pib ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, binwalk yuav luam theej duab tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, binwalk tuaj yeem rho tawm cov ntaub ntawv pom hauv daim duab.
Cov cuab yeej file ΠΈ binwalk siv lub tsev qiv ntawv libmagic txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv kos npe. Tab sis binwalk Tsis tas li ntawd txhawb nqa cov npe ntawm kev cai kos npe kos npe los tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv compressed / zipped, firmware headers, Linux kernels, bootloaders, filesystems thiab lwm yam.
Cia peb muaj kev lom zem?
Binwalk installation
Binwalk tau txais kev txhawb nqa ntawm ntau lub platform xws li Linux, OSX, FreeBSD thiab Windows.
Txhawm rau nruab qhov tseeb version ntawm binwalk koj tuaj yeem ua tau thiab ua raws los yog , muaj nyob rau ntawm qhov project website.
Binwalk muaj ntau yam sib txawv:
$ binwalk
Binwalk v2.2.0
Craig Heffner, ReFirmLabs
https://github.com/ReFirmLabs/binwalk
Usage: binwalk [OPTIONS] [FILE1] [FILE2] [FILE3] ...
Signature Scan Options:
-B, --signature Scan target file(s) for common file signatures
-R, --raw=<str> Scan target file(s) for the specified sequence of bytes
-A, --opcodes Scan target file(s) for common executable opcode signatures
-m, --magic=<file> Specify a custom magic file to use
-b, --dumb Disable smart signature keywords
-I, --invalid Show results marked as invalid
-x, --exclude=<str> Exclude results that match <str>
-y, --include=<str> Only show results that match <str>
Extraction Options:
-e, --extract Automatically extract known file types
-D, --dd=<type:ext:cmd> Extract <type> signatures, give the files an extension of <ext>, and execute <cmd>
-M, --matryoshka Recursively scan extracted files
-d, --depth=<int> Limit matryoshka recursion depth (default: 8 levels deep)
-C, --directory=<str> Extract files/folders to a custom directory (default: current working directory)
-j, --size=<int> Limit the size of each extracted file
-n, --count=<int> Limit the number of extracted files
-r, --rm Delete carved files after extraction
-z, --carve Carve data from files, but don't execute extraction utilities
-V, --subdirs Extract into sub-directories named by the offset
Entropy Options:
-E, --entropy Calculate file entropy
-F, --fast Use faster, but less detailed, entropy analysis
-J, --save Save plot as a PNG
-Q, --nlegend Omit the legend from the entropy plot graph
-N, --nplot Do not generate an entropy plot graph
-H, --high=<float> Set the rising edge entropy trigger threshold (default: 0.95)
-L, --low=<float> Set the falling edge entropy trigger threshold (default: 0.85)
Binary Diffing Options:
-W, --hexdump Perform a hexdump / diff of a file or files
-G, --green Only show lines containing bytes that are the same among all files
-i, --red Only show lines containing bytes that are different among all files
-U, --blue Only show lines containing bytes that are different among some files
-u, --similar Only display lines that are the same between all files
-w, --terse Diff all files, but only display a hex dump of the first file
Raw Compression Options:
-X, --deflate Scan for raw deflate compression streams
-Z, --lzma Scan for raw LZMA compression streams
-P, --partial Perform a superficial, but faster, scan
-S, --stop Stop after the first result
General Options:
-l, --length=<int> Number of bytes to scan
-o, --offset=<int> Start scan at this file offset
-O, --base=<int> Add a base address to all printed offsets
-K, --block=<int> Set file block size
-g, --swap=<int> Reverse every n bytes before scanning
-f, --log=<file> Log results to file
-c, --csv Log results to file in CSV format
-t, --term Format output to fit the terminal window
-q, --quiet Suppress output to stdout
-v, --verbose Enable verbose output
-h, --help Show help output
-a, --finclude=<str> Only scan files whose names match this regex
-p, --fexclude=<str> Do not scan files whose names match this regex
-s, --status=<int> Enable the status server on the specified portDuab scanning
Cia peb pib los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv kos npe hauv daim duab (duab los ntawm qhov chaw ).
Khiav binwalk nrog --signature parameter:
$ binwalk --signature --term archer-c7.bin
DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL DESCRIPTION
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
21876 0x5574 U-Boot version string, "U-Boot 1.1.4-g4480d5f9-dirty (May
20 2019 - 18:45:16)"
21940 0x55B4 CRC32 polynomial table, big endian
23232 0x5AC0 uImage header, header size: 64 bytes, header CRC:
0x386C2BD5, created: 2019-05-20 10:45:17, image size:
41162 bytes, Data Address: 0x80010000, Entry Point:
0x80010000, data CRC: 0xC9CD1E38, OS: Linux, CPU: MIPS,
image type: Firmware Image, compression type: lzma, image
name: "u-boot image"
23296 0x5B00 LZMA compressed data, properties: 0x5D, dictionary size:
8388608 bytes, uncompressed size: 97476 bytes
64968 0xFDC8 XML document, version: "1.0"
78448 0x13270 uImage header, header size: 64 bytes, header CRC:
0x78A267FF, created: 2019-07-26 07:46:14, image size:
1088500 bytes, Data Address: 0x80060000, Entry Point:
0x80060000, data CRC: 0xBB9D4F94, OS: Linux, CPU: MIPS,
image type: Multi-File Image, compression type: lzma,
image name: "MIPS OpenWrt Linux-3.3.8"
78520 0x132B8 LZMA compressed data, properties: 0x6D, dictionary size:
8388608 bytes, uncompressed size: 3164228 bytes
1167013 0x11CEA5 Squashfs filesystem, little endian, version 4.0,
compression:xz, size: 14388306 bytes, 2541 inodes,
blocksize: 65536 bytes, created: 2019-07-26 07:51:38
15555328 0xED5B00 gzip compressed data, from Unix, last modified: 2019-07-26
07:51:41Tam sim no peb muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog daim duab no.
Cov duab siv raws li bootloader (duab header ntawm 0x5AC0 thiab compressed bootloader duab ntawm 0x5B00). Raws li uImage header ntawm 0x13270, peb paub tias processor architecture yog MIPS thiab Linux kernel yog version 3.3.8. Thiab raws li daim duab pom ntawm qhov chaw nyob 0x11CEA5, peb pom tau tias rootfs yog ib tug ntaub ntawv system squashfs.
Cia peb tam sim no rho tawm lub bootloader (U-Boot) siv cov lus txib dd:
$ dd if=archer-c7.bin of=u-boot.bin.lzma bs=1 skip=23296 count=41162
41162+0 records in
41162+0 records out
41162 bytes (41 kB, 40 KiB) copied, 0,0939608 s, 438 kB/sTxij li cov duab yog compressed siv LZMA, peb yuav tsum decompress nws:
$ unlzma u-boot.bin.lzmaTam sim no peb muaj U-Boot duab:
$ ls -l u-boot.bin
-rw-rw-r-- 1 sprado sprado 97476 Fev 5 08:48 u-boot.binYuav ua li cas nrhiav tau tus nqi pib rau bootargs?
$ strings u-boot.bin | grep bootargs
bootargs
bootargs=console=ttyS0,115200 board=AP152 rootfstype=squashfs init=/etc/preinit mtdparts=spi0.0:128k(factory-uboot),192k(u-boot),64k(ART),1536k(uImage),14464k@0x1e0000(rootfs) mem=128MU-Boot Ib puag ncig hloov pauv bootargs siv los hla cov kev txwv rau Linux kernel. Thiab los ntawm cov saum toj no, peb muaj kev nkag siab zoo dua ntawm lub cim xeeb flash ntawm lub cuab yeej.
Yuav ua li cas rho tawm cov duab Linux ntsiav?
$ dd if=archer-c7.bin of=uImage bs=1 skip=78448 count=1088572
1088572+0 records in
1088572+0 records out
1088572 bytes (1,1 MB, 1,0 MiB) copied, 1,68628 s, 646 kB/sPeb tuaj yeem tshawb xyuas tias cov duab tau muab rho tawm tiav siv cov lus txib file:
$ file uImage
uImage: u-boot legacy uImage, MIPS OpenWrt Linux-3.3.8, Linux/MIPS, Multi-File Image (lzma), 1088500 bytes, Fri Jul 26 07:46:14 2019, Load Address: 0x80060000, Entry Point: 0x80060000, Header CRC: 0x78A267FF, Data CRC: 0xBB9D4F94Cov hom ntawv uImage yog qhov pib ntawm Linux ntsiav duab nrog ib qho ntxiv header. Cia peb tshem tawm cov header no kom tau txais cov duab kawg Linux ntsiav:
$ dd if=uImage of=Image.lzma bs=1 skip=72
1088500+0 records in
1088500+0 records out
1088500 bytes (1,1 MB, 1,0 MiB) copied, 1,65603 s, 657 kB/sCov duab yog compressed, yog li cia peb unpack nws:
$ unlzma Image.lzmaTam sim no peb muaj cov duab Linux ntsiav:
$ ls -la Image
-rw-rw-r-- 1 sprado sprado 3164228 Fev 5 10:51 ImagePeb tuaj yeem ua li cas nrog cov duab kernel? Peb tuaj yeem, piv txwv li, ua txoj hlua tshawb nrhiav hauv daim duab thiab nrhiav cov version ntawm Linux ntsiav thiab kawm txog ib puag ncig siv los tsim cov kernel:
$ strings Image | grep "Linux version"
Linux version 3.3.8 (leo@leo-MS-7529) (gcc version 4.6.3 20120201 (prerelease) (Linaro GCC 4.6-2012.02) ) #1 Mon May 20 18:53:02 CST 2019Txawm hais tias lub firmware tau tso tawm xyoo tas los (2019), raws li kuv sau tsab xov xwm no nws yog siv ib qho qub version ntawm Linux ntsiav (3.3.8) tso tawm xyoo 2012, suav nrog cov qub version ntawm GCC (4.6) kuj txij li xyoo 2012. !
(approx. transl. Koj puas tseem ntseeg koj cov routers hauv chaw ua haujlwm thiab hauv tsev?)
Nrog kev xaiv --opcodes peb tseem tuaj yeem siv binwalk los saib cov lus qhia tshuab thiab txiav txim siab lub processor architecture ntawm daim duab:
$ binwalk --opcodes Image
DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL DESCRIPTION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2400 0x960 MIPS instructions, function epilogue
2572 0xA0C MIPS instructions, function epilogue
2828 0xB0C MIPS instructions, function epilogueYuav ua li cas txog lub hauv paus ntaub ntawv system? Es tsis txhob rho tawm cov duab manually, cia peb siv qhov kev xaiv binwalk --extract:
$ binwalk --extract --quiet archer-c7.binLub hauv paus tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv yuav raug muab rho tawm mus rau lub subdirectory:
$ cd _archer-c7.bin.extracted/squashfs-root/
$ ls
bin dev etc lib mnt overlay proc rom root sbin sys tmp usr var www
$ cat etc/banner
MM NM MMMMMMM M M
$MMMMM MMMMM MMMMMMMMMMM MMM MMM
MMMMMMMM MM MMMMM. MMMMM:MMMMMM: MMMM MMMMM
MMMM= MMMMMM MMM MMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMMMM MMMM MMMMM'
MMMM= MMMMM MMMM MM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMNMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMM, NMMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMMM MMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMM$ ,MMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMM MMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMMMMM: MMMMMMM M MMMMMMMMMMMM MMMMMMM MMMMMMM
MMMMMM MMMMN M MMMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMM M MMMMMMM M M
M
---------------------------------------------------------------
For those about to rock... (%C, %R)
---------------------------------------------------------------Tam sim no peb tuaj yeem ua ntau yam sib txawv.
Peb tuaj yeem tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa, tus password hashes, cov yuam sij cryptographic thiab daim ntawv pov thawj digital. Peb tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv binary rau thiab vulnerabilities.
Nrog kev pab los ntawm ΠΈ peb tseem tuaj yeem khiav (emulate) ib qho executable los ntawm daim duab:
$ ls
bin dev etc lib mnt overlay proc rom root sbin sys tmp usr var www
$ cp /usr/bin/qemu-mips-static .
$ sudo chroot . ./qemu-mips-static bin/busybox
BusyBox v1.19.4 (2019-05-20 18:13:49 CST) multi-call binary.
Copyright (C) 1998-2011 Erik Andersen, Rob Landley, Denys Vlasenko
and others. Licensed under GPLv2.
See source distribution for full notice.
Usage: busybox [function] [arguments]...
or: busybox --list[-full]
or: function [arguments]...
BusyBox is a multi-call binary that combines many common Unix
utilities into a single executable. Most people will create a
link to busybox for each function they wish to use and BusyBox
will act like whatever it was invoked as.
Currently defined functions:
[, [[, addgroup, adduser, arping, ash, awk, basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, clear, cmp, cp, crond, crontab, cut, date, dd, delgroup, deluser, dirname, dmesg, echo, egrep, env, expr, false,
fgrep, find, free, fsync, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, head, hexdump, hostid, id, ifconfig, init, insmod, kill, killall, klogd, ln, lock, logger, ls, lsmod, mac_addr, md5sum, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mktemp,
mount, mv, nice, passwd, pgrep, pidof, ping, ping6, pivot_root, poweroff, printf, ps, pwd, readlink, reboot, reset, rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, sed, seq, sh, sleep, sort, start-stop-daemon, strings,
switch_root, sync, sysctl, tail, tar, tee, telnet, test, tftp, time, top, touch, tr, traceroute, true, udhcpc, umount, uname, uniq, uptime, vconfig, vi, watchdog, wc, wget, which, xargs, yes, zcatZoo heev! Tab sis thov nco ntsoov tias BusyBox version yog 1.19.4. Qhov no yog ib tug qub version ntawm BusyBox, tso tawm rau lub Plaub Hlis 2012.
Yog li TP-Link tso tawm cov duab firmware hauv 2019 siv software (GCC toolchain, kernel, BusyBox, thiab lwm yam) los ntawm 2012!
Tam sim no koj puas nkag siab vim li cas kuv ib txwm nruab OpenWRT ntawm kuv lub routers?
Tsis yog tag nrho
Binwalk tseem tuaj yeem ua qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas entropy, luam tawm cov ntaub ntawv raw entropy, thiab tsim cov duab entropy. Feem ntau, ntau dua entropy raug pom thaum cov bytes hauv daim duab yog random. Qhov no tuaj yeem txhais tau tias cov duab muaj cov ntaub ntawv encrypted, compressed, lossis obfuscated. Hardcore encryption tus yuam sij? Vim li cas ho tsis.
Peb kuj tuaj yeem siv qhov parameter --raw txhawm rau nrhiav qhov kev cai nyoos byte ib ntus hauv ib qho duab lossis parameter --hexdump los ua ib qho hex pov tseg piv ob lossis ntau cov ntaub ntawv nkag.
tuaj yeem muab ntxiv rau binwalk los ntawm kev cai kos npe cov ntaub ntawv teev nyob rau ntawm kab hais kom ua siv cov parameter --magic, lossis los ntawm kev ntxiv lawv rau hauv phau ntawv teev npe $ HOME / .config / binwalk / magic.
Koj tuaj yeem nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv txog binwalk ntawm .
binwalk txuas ntxiv
Muaj yog binwalk, siv raws li Python module uas tuaj yeem siv los ntawm ib qho Python tsab ntawv los ua qhov kev soj ntsuam binwalk, thiab binwalk hais kom ua kab hluav taws xob tuaj yeem yuav luag tag nrho duplicated nrog tsuas yog ob kab ntawm Python code!
import binwalk
binwalk.scan()Siv Python API koj tuaj yeem tsim los teeb tsa thiab nthuav binwalk.
Ua tsaug os thiab huab version .
Yog li vim li cas ho tsis koj rub tawm cov duab firmware los ntawm Is Taws Nem thiab sim binwalk? Kuv cog lus tias koj yuav muaj kev lom zem ntau :)
Tau qhov twg los: www.hab.com