Kwv yees li ntawm 80% ntawm peb uas kawm tiav hauv tsev kawm ntawv qib siab nrog IT loj tsis tas mus ua tus programmer. Ntau tus tau txais cov haujlwm hauv kev txhawb nqa kev, cov thawj coj ua haujlwm, cov cuab yeej siv khoos phis tawj teeb tsa wizards, cov kws pab tswv yim kev muag khoom digital, IT tswj hwm, thiab lwm yam.
Cov kab lus no tsuas yog rau cov 80% uas nyuam qhuav kawm tiav hauv tsev kawm qib siab nrog qee qhov tshwj xeeb IT thiab twb tau pib saib xyuas cov neeg ua haujlwm, piv txwv li, rau txoj haujlwm ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm lossis nws tus pab cuam, lossis tus kws tshaj lij ua haujlwm rau lub tuam txhab outsourcing, lossis rau kev txhawb nqa ntawm 1st / 2nd kab.
Thiab kuj rau kev kawm tus kheej lossis rau kev cob qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm tshiab.
Thaum kuv ua haujlwm hauv IT, kuv tau ntsib cov teeb meem zoo li no uas cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab tsis muab cov hauv paus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm tes hauj lwm. Kuv thawj zaug ntsib qhov no kuv tus kheej, thaum, tom qab kawm tiav hauv tsev kawm ntawv, kuv tau mus xam phaj hauv 2016 thiab tsis tuaj yeem teb cov lus nug yooj yim (raws li kuv tam sim no) cov lus nug. Tom qab ntawd, tau kawg, zoo li kuv tau ntxhov siab thiab tsis tau kawm tiav kuv txoj kev kawm hauv tsev kawm qib siab. Tab sis raws li nws tau muab tawm, qhov teeb meem yog nyob rau hauv txoj kev kawm. Txij li tam sim no, kuv kuj ntsib qhov sib txawv ntawm kev paub thaum kuv cob qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm tshiab.
Thiab qhov ntawd, kuv yuav tsum tau kawm ntau cov ntawv hauv Is Taws Nem ua ntej kuv nkag siab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, thiab tam sim no, thaum nug cov tub txawg tub txawg cov ncauj lus los kawm, lawv pom tias nyuaj nrhiav thiab kawm yam lawv xav tau. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov lus nyob rau hauv Internet thiab tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog tawg los ntawm lub ntsiab lus, los yog sau ua complex ib hom lus. Ntxiv rau, feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thaum pib ntawm lawv cov ntawv muaj feem ntau cov ntsiab lus yooj yim kev tshawb fawb, thiab tom qab ntawd siv cov thev naus laus zis tam sim ntawd. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, ntau yam tau txais uas tseem tsis tau paub meej rau tus pib tshiab.
Tias yog vim li cas kuv thiaj txiav txim siab sau cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv ib tsab xov xwm thiab piav qhia lawv yooj yim li sai tau "ntawm tus ntiv tes".
Kuv tam sim ntawd ceeb toom koj tias yuav tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv tob hauv kab lus, tsuas yog lub hauv paus thiab qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws.
Cov ntsiab lus npog:
- Ntiaj teb no thiab hauv zos tes hauj lwm
- Dawb thiab grey IP chaw nyob
- Neej
- DHCP server thiab subnets
- Network routing devices (router, hloov, hloov, hub)
- Basic Network Analysis Commands
- Thauj raws tu qauv UDP thiab TCP
1. Ntiaj teb no thiab hauv zos tes hauj lwm
Tag nrho Internet network tau muab faib ua ntiaj teb no (WAN) ΠΈ hauv zos (LAN).
Txhua tus neeg siv khoom siv nyob rau hauv tib lub tsev lossis chaw ua haujlwm lossis txawm lub tsev (lub computer, smartphones, tshuab luam ntawv / MFPs, TVs, thiab lwm yam) txuas nrog lub router uas sib txuas rau hauv network hauv cheeb tsam.
Cov tswv cuab ntawm tib lub network hauv zos tuaj yeem sib pauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lawv cov khoom siv yam tsis muaj kev txuas mus rau ib tus kws kho mob hauv Internet. Tab sis mus online (piv txwv li, mus rau Yandex lossis Google tshawb nrhiav cav, mus rau VK, Instagram, YouTube lossis AmoCRM), koj yuav tsum nkag mus rau ntiaj teb no network.
Tawm mus ntiaj teb no network muab tus kws kho mob hauv Is Taws Nem, uas peb them tus nqi rau nws. Tus neeg zov me nyuam teev cov theem ceev ntawm nws cov routers rau txhua qhov kev sib txuas raws li tus nqi. Tus kws kho mob xa peb ib khub twisted lossis optics rau peb lub router (peb lub network hauv zos) thiab tom qab ntawd txhua yam khoom ntawm peb hauv zos network tuaj yeem tawm mus ntiaj teb no network.
Rau ib qho piv txwv, cov tes hauj lwm tuaj yeem muab piv rau txoj kev.
Piv txwv li, txoj kev ntawm koj lub nroog N yog lub zos network. Cov kev no txuas koj mus rau cov khw, tsev, chaw ua si thiab lwm qhov chaw hauv koj lub nroog.
Txhawm rau mus rau lwm lub nroog N, koj yuav tsum mus rau hauv tsoomfwv txoj kev loj thiab tsav tsheb ib tus lej ntawm mais. Ntawd yog, mus rau ntiaj teb no network.
Rau kev nkag siab zoo ntawm qhov yog ntiaj teb no thiab hauv zos network Kuv kos ib daim duab.
2. Dawb thiab grey IP chaw nyob
Txhua lub cuab yeej ntawm lub network muaj nws tus kheej nws tus IP chaw nyob. Nws yog qhov xav tau kom cov khoom siv network nkag siab qhov twg xa cov lus thov thiab teb.
Nws yog tib yam li peb cov tsev thiab cov tsev nyob muaj lawv qhov chaw nyob (zip code, nroog, txoj kev, tus lej tsev, tus lej tsev).
Hauv koj lub network hauv zos (chav tsev, chaw ua haujlwm lossis tsev) muaj ntau qhov chaw nyob tshwj xeeb. Kuv xav tias ntau tus neeg tau pom tias lub computer tus IP chaw nyob, piv txwv li, pib nrog tus lej 192.168.XX
Yog li qhov no yog qhov chaw nyob hauv zos ntawm koj lub cuab yeej.
Muaj ntau tso cai ntau yam ntawm cov network hauv zos:
Kuv xav tias los ntawm cov lus qhia tam sim ntawd nws paub meej tias yog vim li cas feem ntau yog 192.168.XX
Txhawm rau paub, piv txwv li, ip-chaw nyob ntawm koj lub computer (raws li Windows OS), ntaus cov lus txib hauv lub davhlau ya nyob twg ipconfig
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, kuv lub computer tus IP chaw nyob yog nyob ntawm kuv lub tsev LAN 192.168.88.251
Txhawm rau nkag mus rau thoob ntiaj teb tes hauj lwm, koj ip chaw nyob hloov los ntawm lub router ntiaj tebmuab rau koj los ntawm koj ISP. Ntiaj teb no ip chaw nyob tsis poob rau hauv qhov ntau ntawm cov lus saum toj no.
Yog li no lub zos ip chaw nyob yog grey ip chaw nyob thiab lub ntiaj teb no ip chaw nyob yog dawb.
Kom nkag siab zoo dua, xav txog daim duab hauv qab no. Ntawm nws, kuv kos npe rau txhua lub cuab yeej nrog kuv tus IP-chaw nyob.
Daim duab qhia tau hais tias tus neeg muab kev pabcuam tso tawm peb mus rau thoob ntiaj teb tes hauj lwm (hauv Internet) nrog dawb ip chaw nyob 91.132.25.108
Rau peb lub router, tus neeg muab kev pabcuam muab grey IP chaw nyob 172.17.135.11
Thiab nyob rau hauv peb lub zos network, txhua yam khoom siv, feem, kuj muaj grey ip chaw nyob 192.168.X.X
Koj tuaj yeem tshawb pom hauv qab qhov chaw nyob ip koj nkag mus rau lub ntiaj teb network ntawm lub vev xaib
Tab sis ntawm tag nrho cov no, nws tsim nyog nco ntsoov ib qho tseem ceeb heev!
Tam sim no, qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov tsis muaj ip-chaw nyob dawb tau dhau los ua qhov hnyav dua, txij li cov xov tooj ntawm cov khoom siv hauv network tau ntev dhau los ntawm cov chaw nyob ip-chaw nyob. Thiab vim li no, cov neeg muab kev pabcuam hauv Is Taws Nem muab rau cov neeg siv grey ip chaw nyob (nyob rau hauv lub zos network ntawm tus neeg muab kev pab, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ob peb lub tsev apartment) thiab tso tawm mus rau lub ntiaj teb no network nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam. white ip chaw nyob.
Txhawm rau paub seb koj tus kws kho mob puas muab qhov chaw nyob grey rau koj lossis ib qho dawb, koj tuaj yeem mus rau koj lub router thiab saib seb IP chaw nyob twg koj lub router tau txais los ntawm koj tus kws kho mob.
Los yog mus, piv txwv li, mus rau qhov chaw thiab nyob rau hauv qab heev (hauv footer ntawm lub xaib) koj yuav pom ip-chaw nyob ntawm koj lub router.
Piv txwv li, ntawm no kuv nkag rau hauv kuv lub tsev Internet:
Raws li koj tau pom, qhov tseeb kuv muaj grey ip chaw nyob 172.17.132.2 (saib qhov chaw nyob hauv zos). Txhawm rau txuas tus IP chaw nyob dawb, cov chaw muab kev pabcuam feem ntau muab kev pabcuam ntxiv. kev pabcuam nrog tus neeg siv khoom kev them nyiaj.
Qhov tseeb, rau hauv Internet hauv tsev, qhov no tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb. Thiab ntawm no rau lub tuam txhab chaw ua haujlwm, nws raug nquahu kom yuav qhov chaw nyob IP dawb los ntawm tus kws kho mob, txij li thaum siv grey ip-chaw nyob muaj teeb meem nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm ip-telephony, thiab nws tseem yuav tsis tuaj yeem teeb tsa qhov chaw taws teeb VPN txuas. Ntawd yog, grey ip-chaw nyob yuav tsis tso cai rau koj coj koj tus neeg rau zaub mov teeb tsa rau hauv Is Taws Nem thiab yuav tsis tso cai rau koj teeb tsa cov chaw taws teeb sib txuas rau lub server los ntawm lwm lub network.
3. NAS
Hauv seem dhau los, kuv tau sau tseg tias "qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov tsis muaj ip-chaw nyob dawb yog tam sim no hnyav zuj zusβ thiab yog li ntawd, ib qho kev sib txuas zoo rau cov neeg muab kev pabcuam hauv Is Taws Nem tam sim no yog txuas rau ntau tus neeg siv nrog grey ip-chaw nyob, thiab tso lawv mus rau lub ntiaj teb Internet hauv qab ib qho dawb ip.
Tab sis qhov no tsis yog ib txwm muaj, thawj zaug txhua tus tau muab qhov chaw nyob IP dawb, thiab tsis ntev, txhawm rau zam qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntawm qhov chaw nyob IP dawb, nws yog qhov tseeb uas tau tsim. NAT (Network Address Translation) - IP chaw nyob txhais mechanism.
Neej ua haujlwm ntawm txhua lub routers thiab tso cai rau peb nkag mus rau lub ntiaj teb network los ntawm lub network hauv zos.
Yuav kom nkag siab zoo dua, cia saib ob qho piv txwv:
1. Thawj rooj plaub: muas los ntawm koj dawb ip chaw nyob 91.105.8.10 thiab ntau yam khoom siv txuas nrog hauv lub network hauv zos.
Txhua lub cuab yeej hauv zos muaj nws tus kheej grey ip chaw nyob. Tab sis kev nkag mus rau hauv Is Taws Nem tsuas yog ua tau los ntawm qhov chaw nyob dawb ip-chaw nyob.
Yog li ntawd, thaum, piv txwv li, PC1 nrog tus ip-chaw nyob 192.168.1.3 txiav txim siab nkag mus rau Yandex tshawb nrhiav cav, router, los ntawm kev muab daim ntawv thov los ntawm PC1 mus rau lub ntiaj teb network, txuas lub tshuab. Neej, uas converts PC1 IP chaw nyob rau dawb ntiaj teb no ip chaw nyob 91.105.8.10
Tsis tas li nyob rau hauv qhov kev coj rov qab, thaum lub router tau txais cov lus teb los ntawm Yandex server, nws siv lub tshuab Neej yuav coj cov lus teb no mus rau tus IP chaw nyob 192.168.1.3 uas PC1 txuas nrog.
2. Qhov thib ob: koj kuj muaj ntau yam khoom siv txuas nrog lub network hauv zos, tab sis koj tsis tau yuav qhov chaw nyob IP dawb los ntawm tus muab kev pabcuam hauv Is Taws Nem.
Hauv qhov no, qhov chaw nyob hauv zos PC1 (192.168.1.3) thawj hloov dua siab tshiab Neej'ohm ntawm koj lub router thiab hloov mus rau hauv grey ip chaw nyob 172.17.115.3, uas tau muab rau koj los ntawm tus neeg muab kev pabcuam hauv Is Taws Nem, thiab tom qab ntawd koj qhov chaw nyob grey ip-chaw hloov dua siab tshiab Neej'ohm ntawm tus muab kev pabcuam router dawb ip chaw nyob 91.105.108.10, thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd nkag mus rau Is Taws Nem (lub ntiaj teb network) tau ua tiav.
Ntawd yog, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws hloov tawm tias koj cov khoom siv tom qab ob npaug Neej'ohm.
Cov tswv yim no muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntau dua rau koj cov khoom siv, tab sis kuj muaj ntau qhov tsis zoo. Piv txwv li, kev tso npe tsis ruaj khov ntawm cov khoom siv VoIP lossis kev mloog ib leeg thaum hu xov tooj IP.
Xav paub ntau ntxiv txog lub mechanism Neej, hais txog nws qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo, txog kev faib chaw nres nkoj, hais txog qhov (sockets) thiab txog hom Neej Kuv yuav sau ib tsab xov xwm cais.
4. DHCP - server thiab subnets
Txhawm rau txuas ib lub cuab yeej, piv txwv li, lub khoos phis tawj mus rau Is Taws Nem, feem ntau koj tsuas yog txuas ib lub xov hlau (twisted khub) rau lub computer thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau qhov chaw nres nkoj dawb ntawm lub router, tom qab ntawd lub khoos phis tawj tau txais ip-chaw nyob thiab nkag mus hauv Internet. tshwm.
Tsis tas li nrog Wi-Fi, piv txwv li los ntawm smartphone lossis laptop, koj txuas rau lub network koj xav tau, nkag mus rau tus password, lub cuab yeej tau txais IP chaw nyob thiab koj muaj Is Taws Nem.
Π Dab tsi tso cai rau lub cuab yeej kom tau txais qhov chaw nyob ip hauv zos tau txais?
Qhov no ua haujlwm DHCP server.
Txhua router yog nruab DHCP server. IP chaw nyob tau txais tau txais yog dynamic ip chaw nyob.
Vim li cas dynamic?
Vim tias, nrog txhua qhov kev sib txuas tshiab lossis rov pib dua ntawm lub router, DHCP server kuj reboots thiab tuaj yeem muab cov khoom siv sib txawv ip-chaw nyob.
Ntawd yog, piv txwv li, tam sim no koj lub computer muaj ip-chaw nyob 192.168.1.10, tom qab rebooting lub router, ip-chaw nyob ntawm lub computer yuav ua tau 192.168.1.35
Txhawm rau tiv thaiv ip-chaw nyob los ntawm kev hloov pauv, koj tuaj yeem teeb tsa nws statically. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua tiav ob qho tib si ntawm lub computer hauv kev teeb tsa network, thiab ntawm router nws tus kheej.
Thiab, DHCP server Feem ntau koj tuaj yeem lov tes taw nws ntawm lub router thiab teeb tsa IP chaw nyob manually.
Koj tuaj yeem teeb tsa ntau yam DHCP servers ntawm ib lub router. Ces lub zos network muab faib ua subnets.
Piv txwv li, peb yuav txuas cov khoos phis tawj mus rau xoom subnet hauv thaj tsam 192.168.0.2-192.168.0.255, cov tshuab luam ntawv mus rau thawj subnet hauv thaj tsam 192.168.1.2-192.168.1.255, thiab Wi-nkaus yuav muab faib rau lub thib tsib subnet nrog. 192.168.5.2-192.168.5.255 (saib daim duab hauv qab no)
Feem ntau, subnetting tsis tsim nyog. Qhov no yog ua tiav thaum lub tuam txhab muaj ntau cov khoom siv txuas nrog lub network thiab thaum teeb tsa kev ruaj ntseg network.
Tab sis xws li ib tug tswvyim nyob rau hauv tuam txhab uas muag yog heev ntau.
Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum paub ib qho tseem ceeb heev.
Ceev faj
Yog tias koj xav tau nkag mus rau lub vev xaib sib cuam tshuam los ntawm PC, piv txwv li, lub tshuab luam ntawv lossis lub xov tooj IP, thiab tib lub sijhawm koj lub PC nyob ntawm lwm lub subnet, ces koj yuav tsis tuaj yeem txuas tau.
Yuav kom nkag siab, cia peb ua piv txwv:
Wb hais tias koj ua haujlwm rau PC1 nrog lub zos ip chaw nyob 10.10.5.2 thiab xav mus rau lub web interface ip xov nrog lub zos ip chaw nyob 192.168.1.3, koj yuav tsis tau txuas. Vim tias cov khoom siv nyob ntawm cov subnets sib txawv. Rau ip-phone nyob rau hauv lub subnet 192.168.1. X li, koj tsuas tuaj yeem txuas nrog PC3 (192.168.1.5).
Kuj rau MFP (172.17.17.12) koj tsuas tuaj yeem txuas nrog PC4 (172.17.17.10).
Yog li ntawd, thaum koj txuas remotely rau tus neeg siv ntawm lub PC kom nkag mus rau lub web interface ntawm tus xov tooj IP, nco ntsoov ua ntej xyuas lawv qhov chaw nyob IP kom paub tseeb tias ob qho khoom siv txuas nrog tib lub subnet.
5. Network routing li (router, hloov, hloov, hub)
Coj txawv txawv raws li nws yuav zoo li, tab sis muaj qhov tseeb tias cov neeg tuaj tshiab rau IT (qee zaum twb yog cov thawj coj uas twb muaj lawm) tsis paub lossis tsis meej pem xws li cov ntsiab lus. router, hloov, hloov, network rooj vag thiab hub.
Kuv xav tias yog vim li cas rau qhov tsis meej pem tshwm sim vim qhov tseeb tias lawv tau spawned synonyms thiab jargon nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm cov khoom siv network thiab qhov no yog tam sim no yuam kev ntau novice engineers.
Cia peb paub tseeb.
a) Router, router thiab network rooj vag
Sawv daws yeej paub tias yog dab tsi router. Tias qhov no yog raws nraim lub cuab yeej uas faib tawm hauv Is Taws Nem hauv tsev, txuas nrog los ntawm tus kws kho mob hauv Is Taws Nem.
Yog li no router thiab network rooj vag qhov no yog lub router.
Cov khoom siv no yog cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb hauv lub koom haum ntawm lub network. Hauv ib puag ncig engineering, feem ntau siv lub npe yog "router".
Los ntawm txoj kev, tsis yog tsuas yog lub thawv teeb tsa tuaj yeem yog router, tab sis kuj yog lub khoos phis tawj system, yog tias koj nruab lwm daim npav network muaj thiab yob, piv txwv li, RouterOS Mikrotik. Tom ntej no, faib lub network rau hauv ntau yam khoom siv siv lub tshuab hloov.
b) Hloov pauv yog dab tsi thiab nws txawv li cas ntawm Hloov thiab Hub
Hloov thiab Hloov nws yog ib yam txhais txawv. Thiab ntawm no hub me ntsis txawv ntaus ntawv. Hais txog nws nyob rau nqe tom ntej (c).
Hloov (switch) ua hauj lwm rau ceg tawm lub zos network. Zoo li lub tee lossis surge protector, qhov twg peb txuas peb cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob nrog hluav taws xob los ntawm ib lub qhov hluav taws xob.
Qhov hloov pauv tsis paub yuav ua li cas rau lub network zoo li lub router. Nws yuav tsis muab koj lub cuab yeej IP chaw nyob thiab yuav tsis tuaj yeem txuas koj mus rau Is Taws Nem yam tsis muaj kev pab los ntawm router.
Tus qauv router feem ntau muaj 4-5 chaw nres nkoj rau kev sib txuas cov khoom siv. Yog li, yog tias koj cov khoom siv txuas nrog cov xov hlau thiab muaj ntau dua li cov chaw nres nkoj ntawm lub router, ces koj xav tau qhov hloov. Koj tuaj yeem txuas 24-chaw nres nkoj hloov mus rau ib qho chaw nres nkoj ntawm lub router thiab yooj yim teeb tsa lub network hauv zos rau 24 khoom siv.
Thiab yog tias koj muaj lwm lub router nyob ib puag ncig, tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem qhib qhov hloov pauv hauv nws lub vev xaib interface thiab tseem siv nws ua qhov hloov.
c) Hub
Hub ua haujlwm tib yam li qhov hloov. Tab sis nws cov cuab yeej faib khoom yog ntoo hnyav thiab twb dhau lawm.
Hub faib cov pob ntawv los ntawm lub router mus rau tag nrho cov khoom siv txuas nrog tsis sib xws, thiab cov khoom siv lawv tus kheej yuav tsum paub seb nws puas yog pob ntawv lossis tsis yog.
Π qhov hloov pauv muaj lub rooj MAC thiab yog li ntawd faib cov pob khoom tuaj rau ib lub cuab yeej tshwj xeeb, uas tau thov cov pob ntawv no. Li no cov ntaub ntawv hloov lwm lub tsev hloov sai dua thiab ua tau zoo dua.
Niaj hnub no koj tsis tshua pom kev siv hub, tab sis tseem lawv tuaj hla, koj yuav tsum tau npaj rau qhov no thiab nco ntsoov pom zoo kom tus neeg siv hloov lub hub nrog hloov.
6. Cov lus txib yooj yim rau kev txheeb xyuas lub network
a) Ping command
Txhawm rau nkag siab seb tus ip-chaw nyob lossis lub cuab yeej nws tus kheej ua haujlwm, koj tuaj yeem "ping" nws.
Txhawm rau ua qhov no, ntawm kab hais kom ua, sau cov lus txib ping "ip chaw".
Ntawm no peb "pinged" Google dns server thiab, raws li peb pom, tus neeg rau zaub mov nquag ua haujlwm (muaj lus teb rau pings thiab yog 83 ms).
Yog tias tus neeg nyob tsis muaj lossis tsis muaj ip-chaw nyob, peb yuav pom cov duab hauv qab no:
Ntawd yog, peb tsis tau txais cov lus teb rau pings.
Tsis tau Ping Muaj txiaj ntsig zoo siv nrog cov yuam sij:
-t - "ping" tsis tu ncua (kom nres, nias qhov sib xyaw ua ke Ctrl + C)
aa - tso saib lub npe ntawm "pinged" party (site/device/server)
Raws li qhov tseem ceebaaβ qhia peb tias lub npe ntawm tus tswv tsev pinged yog βdns.googleβ.
Thiab ua tsaug rau tus yuam sij "-t"ping mus tsis nres, kuv nres nws los ntawm nias Ctrl + C.
Nrog txuas ntxiv ping, koj tuaj yeem pom seb qhov pinged node coj zoo li cas thiab qhov kwv yees zoo ntawm Internet channel.
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom los ntawm lub screenshot, muaj qhov ncua sij hawm kom tau txais pob ntawv txog li 418 ms, qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb heev, txij li qhov dhia ntawm 83 ms mus rau 418 ms yuav cuam tshuam rau kev sib txuas lus video los ntawm kev qeeb / khov cov duab lossis hauv ip-telephony los ntawm degrading lub suab zoo.
Hauv kuv qhov xwm txheej, feem ntau yuav yog kuv lub tsev Is Taws Nem yog cua daj cua dub.
Tab sis txhawm rau txhawm rau tsim qhov ua rau kom nthuav dav ntxiv, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau khiav lub pob pov tseg. Thiab qhov no yog lub ntsiab lus rau tag nrho cov kab lus.
Ceev faj Qee lub sij hawm kev xa tawm raug cuam tshuam ntawm routers ICMP pob ntawv (ib tug neeg ua tsis taus nws ntawm lub hom phiaj, tab sis qhov chaw nws tsis tau qhib los ntawm lub neej ntawd), qhov no zoo li node yuav tsis teb rau "pings", txawm hais tias nws yuav ua haujlwm thiab ua haujlwm ib txwm nyob hauv lub network.
Lwm qhov ua tau rau "ping" yog nrhiav pom dab tsi ip-chaw nyob yog muab zais tom qab qhov chaw sau npe. Namely, qhov twg server lub site host yog ntsia.
Txhawm rau ua qhov no, tsuas yog sau lub xaib tsis yog ip-chaw nyob:
Raws li koj tau pom, lub habr muaj ib tug ip-chaw nyob 178.248.237.68
b) Trace
Qee lub sij hawm nws tseem ceeb heev kom pom txoj kev twg lub pob ntawv mus rau ib qho khoom siv.
Tej zaum qhov chaw muaj lub qhov thiab lub pob tsis ncav cuag tus neeg nyob hauv. Yog li no cov cuab yeej siv taug qab pab txiav txim siab txog theem twg cov pob no daig.
Hauv Windows OS qhov kev siv hluav taws xob no hu ua nrog cov lus txib "tracert" ip chaw nyob los yog domain:
Ntawm no peb pom los ntawm cov nodes peb qhov kev thov dhau mus ua ntej nws mus txog tus neeg rau zaub mov ya.ru
rau Linux OS qhov kev siv hluav taws xob no raug hu los ntawm cov lus txib traceroute.
Qee cov khoom siv, routers lossis VoIP lub rooj vag suab kuj muaj cov khoom siv taug qab.
c) whois utility
Qhov no cov nqi hluav taws xob tso cai rau koj kom paub txhua yam ntaub ntawv hais txog ip-chaw nyob lossis hais txog tus sau npe sau npe.
Piv txwv li, cia peb kuaj IP chaw nyob 145.255.1.71. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, nkag mus rau cov lus txib hauv lub davhlau ya nyob twg qus 145.255.1.71
Peb tau txais cov ntaub ntawv hais txog tus neeg muab kev pabcuam IP chaw nyob, lub tebchaws, nroog, chaw nyob, thaj chaw, thiab lwm yam.
Kuv tsuas yog siv nws ntawm Linux. Cov nqi hluav taws xob rub tawm thiab teeb tsa tau yooj yim los ntawm tus txheej txheem operating system repository.
Tab sis kuv kuj tau nyeem tias ntawm Windows muaj cov kev daws teeb meem zoo sib xws.
7. Thauj raws tu qauv TCP thiab UDP
Txhua qhov kev xa tawm ntawm kev thov thiab txais cov lus teb ntawm cov khoom siv hauv lub network yog ua los ntawm kev siv cov txheej txheem thauj khoom TCP thiab UDP.
TCP raws tu qauv lav kev xa khoom ntawm kev thov thiab kev ncaj ncees ntawm nws txoj kev sib kis. Nws ua ntej kuaj xyuas qhov muaj nyob ntawm node ua ntej xa cov pob ntawv. Thiab yog tias kev ncaj ncees ntawm lub pob raug ua txhaum txoj kev, ces TCP ntxiv cov khoom xyaw uas ploj lawm.
Feem ntau, qhov no yog tus txheej txheem uas yuav ua txhua yam kom ntseeg tau tias koj qhov kev thov mus txog tus neeg xa ntawv raug.
Yog li ntawd, TCP cov txheej txheem thauj ntau tshaj plaws. Nws yog siv thaum tus neeg siv nthwv dej hauv Is Taws Nem, nce qhov chaw, kev pabcuam, kev sib tham. networks, thiab lwm yam.
UDP raws tu qauv tsis muaj xws li guaranteed cov ntaub ntawv hloov lwm lub tsev li TCP. Nws tsis kuaj xyuas qhov muaj nyob ntawm qhov kawg ntawm qhov kawg ua ntej xa nws, thiab tsis rov ntxiv cov pob ntawv thaum muaj degradation. Yog tias ib pob ntawv lossis ob peb pob ntawv poob ntawm txoj kev, cov lus yuav mus txog tus neeg nyob hauv daim ntawv tsis tiav.
Vim li cas UDP thiaj xav tau?
Qhov tseeb yog tias qhov kev thauj mus los no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua TCP nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv pauv tus nqi. Yog vim li cas UDP tau dav siv los xa cov pob ntawv lub suab thiab video hauv lub sijhawm.. Namely, nyob rau hauv ip-telephony thiab video hu.
Piv txwv li, kev hu xov tooj ntawm WhatsApp lossis Viber siv cov txheej txheem thauj khoom UDP. Ntxiv nrog rau kev hu video, piv txwv li, ntawm Skype lossis tib tus xa xov tam sim WhatsApp thiab Viber.
Nws yog qhov tseeb vim tias UDP tsis lees paub qhov kev xa tawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov pob ntawv xa tawm uas muaj teeb meem feem ntau tshwm sim thaum hu xov tooj hauv Is Taws Nem.
Cov no yog lub suab cuam tshuam, qeeb, ncha, lossis robovoices.
Qhov teeb meem no tshwm sim vim yog ib qho kev thauj khoom hauv Is Taws Nem, ob npaug NAT lossis xov tooj cua channel.
Nws yuav zoo, ntawm chav kawm, nyob rau hauv xws li mob siv TCP, tab sis alas, lub suab kis tau tus mob yuav tsum muaj kev sib kis tam sim ntawm cov pob ntawv tiav, thiab rau txoj haujlwm no nws yog qhov zoo tagnrho UDP.
Kom tsis txhob muaj teeb meem siv UDP raws tu qauv, koj tsuas yog yuav tsum tau npaj ib tug zoo Internet channel. Thiab kuj teem ib lub siab band ntawm lub router rau UDPthauj khoom los ntawm lwm yam khoom siv uas siv TCP tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev thauj mus los UDP.
Yog tag nrho.
Kuv tsis tau sau tsab xov xwm thiab luam tawm cov lus txhais kev tshawb fawb ntawm tag nrho cov lus siv ntawm no; rau cov neeg xav tau, tsuas yog Google nws.
Kuv sim muab tso ua ke 7 qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, hauv kuv lub tswv yim, cov ntsiab lus, qhov kev paub uas yuav pab cov tub ntxhais hluas "IT tshwj xeeb" dhau thawj theem ntawm kev xam phaj rau "IT" txoj haujlwm, lossis tsawg kawg tsuas yog qhia rau tus tswv haujlwm paub tias koj paub meej ntau dua li tus neeg siv zoo tib yam.
Kawm, piav qhia. Kuv vam tias tsab xov xwm yuav muaj txiaj ntsig rau ntau tus.
Tau qhov twg los: www.hab.com