Hnub no zaj lus qhia yog kev qhia txog Cisco routers. Ua ntej kuv pib kawm cov ntaub ntawv, kuv xav ua kev zoo siab rau txhua tus neeg uas tab tom saib kuv qhov kev kawm, vim hais tias zaj yeeb yaj kiab "Hnub 1" tau pom los ntawm yuav luag ib lab tus neeg niaj hnub no. Kuv ua tsaug rau txhua tus neeg siv uas tau pab txhawb rau CCNA video chav kawm.
Niaj hnub no peb yuav kawm peb lub ntsiab lus: lub router ua lub cev lub cev, kev qhia luv luv rau Cisco routers, thiab pib teeb tsa router. Cov swb no qhia tau hais tias qhov zoo li Cisco 1921 router zoo li.
Tsis zoo li qhov hloov pauv, uas muaj ntau qhov chaw nres nkoj, ib lub router ib txwm muaj tsuas yog 2 qhov chaw sib txuas, qhov no yog Gigabit Ethernet ports GE0/0 thiab GE/1 thiab USB connector. Lub router kuj muaj qhov qhib rau kev nthuav dav modules thiab 2 console ports, suav nrog 1 USB chaw nres nkoj. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm Cisco routers yog muaj qhov hloov pauv - Cisco keyboards tsis muaj keyboards. Feem ntau, pem hauv ntej ntawm lub router zoo li ib qho qhia hauv qab sab laug ntawm tus swb. Hauv qab vaj huam sib luag ntawm lub router muaj cov qhov (socket) rau txuas cov cables. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub cable los ntawm qhov GE0/0 los yog GE/1 yog txuas mus rau lub hloov.
Hauv qab txoj cai yog qhia NME-X 23-ES-1GP expansion module, uas tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv lub router los ntawm kev tshem tawm cov khoom seem. Siv cov qauv no, koj tuaj yeem nthuav dav lub peev xwm ntawm Cisco router raws li koj xav tau. Raws li koj paub, Cisco cov khoom, vim lawv cov complexity thiab dav functionality, yog kim heev, yog li tus neeg siv muaj lub cib fim kom tsis txhob overpay rau ib tug ntaus ntawv uas muaj peev xwm ntau tshaj li qhov nws xav tau. Los ntawm kev yuav ib lub router yooj yim nrog 2 chaw nres nkoj, koj tuaj yeem yuav qhov tsim nyog expansion modules raws li koj lub network tsim. Feem ntau, Cisco cov cuab yeej muaj peev xwm ua tau ntau yam haujlwm. Cisco tsis tau tsim cov routers, tab sis nws yog routers uas ua Cisco lub tuam txhab peb paub niaj hnub no. Cisco tau pib tsim ntau cov routers ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws, uas ua kom cov khoom lag luam no ua txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam network.
Cisco hu nws tus kheej lub tuam txhab software, uas yog, lub tuam txhab tsim software. Kho vajtse zoo ib yam li Cisco hardware tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm txhua lub chaw tsim khoom, piv txwv li, Tuam Tshoj, los ntawm kev yuav khoom tsim nyog. Tab sis nws yog Cisco IOS software uas ua rau lub tuam txhab cov cuab yeej lawv yog dab tsi. Lub tuam txhab txaus siab tiag tiag ntawm qhov kev ua haujlwm no, uas ua haujlwm ntawm txhua yam khoom siv Cisco - ob qho tib si keyboards thiab routers.
Cisco qhov kev tsim khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kuj yog CEF Enhanced thev naus laus zis, lossis Cisco Express Forwarding. Nws muab cov pob ntawv xa mus sai heev, yuav luag ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws uas lub peev xwm ntawm lub network tso cai. Qhov no tau dhau los ua tsaug rau qhov tshwj xeeb-lub hom phiaj kev sib koom ua ke Cisco ASIC - Daim Ntawv Thov Tshwj Xeeb Iintegrated Circuitry, uas yuam kom hloov mus xa cov pob ntawv yuav luag ntawm lub network ceev.
Raws li kuv tau hais, lub router feem ntau yog cov khoom siv software, yog li kev txiav txim siab txog kev ua haujlwm yog ua los ntawm Cisco IOS operating system.
Koj paub tias muaj cov duab kos kim heev rau kev ua si hauv computer. Yog li, yog tias koj tsis muaj daim npav zoo li no, txhua qhov kev suav tsis txaus ntseeg, 3D animation thiab cov duab ua haujlwm nyuaj yog ua los ntawm koj lub operating system, thauj khoom lub computer processor. Yog tias koj muaj daim npav video muaj zog nrog nws tus kheej GPU processor thiab nws tus kheej lub cim xeeb, kev ua si kev ua si nce ntau zaus dhau los, txij li cov duab kos tau ua haujlwm los ntawm cov khoom siv sib cais.
Ib qho kev hloov ua haujlwm zoo ib yam, vim tias txhua qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm pob ntawv hloov pauv yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv sib cais, tsis muaj kev thauj khoom lub router, uas cov kev txiav txim siab no yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm software. Cisco siv ib nrab-software, ib nrab-hardware CEF thev naus laus zis uas yuam lub router kom txiav txim siab sai dua. Cov yam ntxwv no tsuas yog muaj nyob ntawm Cisco routers.
Peb twb tau saib yuav ua li cas ua qhov kev teeb tsa thawj zaug ntawm kev hloov pauv tsis tau, thiab txij li kev teeb tsa lub router tau ua tiav hauv txoj kev zoo sib xws, kuv yuav qhia koj txog nws sai heev. Kuv mam li qhib Cisco Packet Tracer thiab xaiv 1921 router, tom qab ntawd qhib lub qhov rais IOS console qhov twg kuv tuaj yeem pom router lub operating system booting.
Koj pom tias peb tau downloaded version 15.1, qhov no yog qhov tseeb version ntawm IOS, lub cim xeeb muaj peev xwm yog 512 MB, lub CISCO 2911 platform, ces tus so ntawm lub operating system tsis nyob, lub IOS duab kuaj, thiab ntawm chav kawm, muaj. yog daim ntawv cog lus daim ntawv tso cai thiab lwm yam zoo sib xws.
Kuv yuav ua ib qho yeeb yaj kiab tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb rau Cisco IOS, lossis kuv yuav tsuas tham txog ntau yam kev pabcuam ntawm qhov kev ua haujlwm no. Cia kuv hais tias los ntawm tus lej version koj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab seb lub peev xwm thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm OS tau muab. Pib los ntawm 15.1, tag nrho cov versions ntawm IOS yog universal, uas yog, nyob ntawm seb daim ntawv tso cai uas tus neeg siv yuav, nws muaj peev xwm coj kom zoo dua ntawm ntau yam system functions. Piv txwv li, yog tias koj xav tau kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg network ntxiv, koj yuav daim ntawv tso cai kev pabcuam kev nyab xeeb, yog tias koj xav tau kev pabcuam lub suab, koj yuav daim ntawv tso cai pabcuam lub suab, thiab lwm yam.
Ua ntej version 15.1, routers muaj OS nrog txawv versions - Basic, Security, Enterprise, Voice Enable thiab hais txog. Cia peb hais tias kuv tus phooj ywg router muaj Enterprise IOS version, thiab kuv muaj qhov Basic IOS version, thiab tsis muaj dab tsi txwv kuv ntawm kev noj kuv tus phooj ywg version thiab txhim kho nws ntawm kuv lub router, vim Cisco tsis siv lub tswv yim ntawm OS cov ntawv tso cai.
Pib nrog version 15.1, lub tuam txhab pib siv lub tswv yim ntawm kev xaiv daim ntawv tso cai, thiab txog thaum koj yuav tus yuam sij tsim nyog, koj tsis tuaj yeem siv lwm qhov kev pabcuam ntxiv. Ib me ntsis tom qab, thaum peb saib Cisco cov cai tso cai, kuv yuav qhia koj txog qhov sib txawv ntawm IOS. Tam sim no, koj tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej qhov no thiab mus ncaj qha mus rau lub cav rub tawm.
Thaum kawg ntawm lub cav koj pom cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov khoom siv uas lub kaw lus tau khiav: processor hom, 3 gigabit interfaces, 64-ntsis DRAM, 256 KB ntawm lub cim xeeb tsis hloov pauv. Tus nqi ntawm lub cim xeeb no zoo li me me, tab sis rau lub router ua kev txiav txim siab, nws txaus txaus. Lub cim xeeb no yuav tsum tsis txhob muab piv nrog lub cim xeeb ntawm koj lub computer, vim tias cov no yog cov khoom sib txawv kiag li.
Cisco IOS khau raj xaus nrog cov lus nug: "Txuas ntxiv nrog kev teeb tsa kev sib tham? Tsis tiag". Yog tias koj teb "Yog," lub kaw lus yuav coj koj los ntawm ntau cov lus nug kom ua tiav qhov kev teeb tsa thawj zaug.
Koj yuav tsum tsis txhob ua qhov no thaum lub sijhawm kawm CCNA, yog li ib txwm teb "Tsis yog" rau lo lus nug no. Tau kawg, koj tuaj yeem xaiv "Yes" thiab scroll los ntawm kev teeb tsa kev teeb tsa, tab sis txij li koj tsis paub yuav ua li cas, nws yog qhov zoo dua los xaiv "Tsis yog".
Los ntawm xaiv "Tsis yog" thiab nias RETURN, peb yuav raug coj mus rau cov kab hais kom ua, uas peb tuaj yeem ntaus ntau yam lus txib. Raws li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev hloov, ua ntej peb yuav ntaus ntawv hais kom ua Router> pab kom hloov mus rau qhov tsim nyog chaw hom. Ces kuv ntaus config t (configure davhlau ya nyob twg) thiab nkag mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no configuration hom.
Cia wb mus sai sai ntawm cov lus txib. Kuv xav hloov lub npe hostname, yog li kuv siv hostname R1 hais kom ua, ua raws li cov lus txib tsis pom zoo, yog li kuv thawj zaug thov kom qhia kuv cov router interfaces siv qhov ua qhia ip interface luv luv hais kom ua. Peb pom tias Gigabit Ethernet chaw nres nkoj 0/0 yog kev tswj hwm qis, yog li kuv siv int gigabitEthernet 0/0 thiab tsis muaj lus txib kaw. Tom qab no, lub xeev chaw nres nkoj hloov mus. Yog tias koj rov qab saib dua ntawm lub xeev ntawm lub router lub interfaces, koj tuaj yeem pom tias qhov chaw nres nkoj tam sim no muaj cov xwm txheej "enabled". Lub xeev raws tu qauv tseem poob qis vim tias tsis muaj dab tsi txuas nrog peb lub router, thiab yog tias tsis muaj tsheb khiav, nws tseem nyob hauv lub xeev tsis sib txuas. Tab sis sai li sai tau thaum tsheb khiav tuaj txog ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj router, cov txheej txheem yuav hloov nws cov xwm txheej kom nce.
Tom ntej no koj yuav tsum teeb tus password rau lub console. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, kuv ntaus cov kab lus txib con 0, lo lus zais console, thiab ua kom pom kev khiav kom paub meej tias console password tau teeb tsa. Tus password yuav tsuas yog kuaj tom qab kuv nkag mus rau tus ID nkag mus hais kom ua. Tam sim no lub console chaw nres nkoj ntawm router yog tus password tiv thaiv.
Kuv twb hais rau koj txog kev encryption password. Xav txog tias ib tug neeg tau nkag mus rau qhov kev teeb tsa tam sim no ntawm cov cuab yeej no. Txij li thaum lub teeb lo lus zais tau pom meej meej hauv nws, tus neeg no tuaj yeem yooj yim nyiag nws txhawm rau nkag mus rau hauv router chaw txhua lub sijhawm thiab hack lub system.
Ib txoj hauv kev los pab kom tus password encryption yog siv cov kev pabcuam password-encryption hais kom ua. Vim tias lub neej ntawd ntawm cov lus txib no yog siv nrog kev tsis lees paub tsis muaj lus txib thiab tsis muaj kev pabcuam password-encryption, tsis muaj tus password encryption tau ua. Cia peb mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb configuration hom, ntaus qhov kev pab cuam password-encryption hais kom ua thiab nias Enter. Qhov kev hais kom ua no txhais tau hais tias lub kaw lus yuav siv cov ntawv nyeem lo lus zais uas kuv tau teeb tsa thiab encrypts nws.
Tam sim no, yog tias koj saib ntawm qhov kev teeb tsa tam sim no siv cov lus qhia ua haujlwm thiab mus rau kab password, koj tuaj yeem pom tias tus password thib xya tau coj mus rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov lej random. Tam sim no, yog tias ib tus ntawm koj cov npoj yaig tuaj yeem saib ntawm koj lub xub pwg nyom thiab pom tus password no, lawv yuav muaj lub sijhawm nyuaj heev kom nco qab cov kab ke no. Yog li, peb tau tsim thawj kab kev tiv thaiv ntawm kev nkag mus rau kev ruaj ntseg system.
Tab sis txawm hais tias nws tswj kom luam cov lo lus zais no, nkag mus rau hauv cov chaw thiab sim muab tso rau hauv kab password, lub kaw lus yuav tsis nkag mus rau qhov chaw, vim tias cov lej no tsis yog tus password nws tus kheej, tab sis nws tus nqi encrypted. Qhov tseeb lo lus zais yog lo lus console, thiab thaum kuv nkag mus rau nws, kuv yuav nkag mus rau qhov chaw nres nkoj console. Yog li, txawm tias ib tug neeg luam cov lej no, lawv tseem yuav tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau lub cuab yeej.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseeb, peb ua yuam kev, vim tias txhua qhov kev tawm tsam xav tau yog mus rau qhov chaw uas tso cai rau koj kom yooj yim decrypt Cisco ntaus xya tus password. Nws yog txaus rau nkag mus rau nplooj ntawv nplooj ntawv, nkag mus rau cov lej theej, thiab koj yuav tau txais ib lo lus zais decrypted, hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv nws yog lo lus console. Tam sim no tus hacker tsuas yog yuav tsum luam cov lus no, rov qab mus rau qhov chaw IOS thiab muab tso rau hauv lo lus zais kom sai.
Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, qhov yooj yim Enable Password muaj nuj nqi tsis muab qhov yuav tsum tau kev ruaj ntseg. Txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los xyuas kom muaj kev tiv thaiv yog siv cov lus qhia zais cia cisco. Yog tias koj saib ntawm qhov kev teeb tsa tam sim no, koj tuaj yeem pom tias tus password tus nqi tam sim no yog cov cim sib txawv heev. Hauv qhov no, hom thib tsib ntawm Cisco password yog siv.
Nws tsis yooj yim sua kom decrypt hom lo lus zais hauv online, yog li tam sim no koj lub console muaj kev nyab xeeb kiag li.
Tom ntej no koj yuav tsum teeb tus password rau Telnet. Ua li no, kuv ntaus kab hais kom ua vty 0 4, uas yuav tso cai rau 5 tus neeg siv lub router no, thiab nkag mus rau lo lus zais telnet hais kom ua. Tam sim no, yog tias ib tug neeg xav txuas mus rau lub router siv Telnet raws tu qauv, nws yuav tsum nkag mus rau lo lus zais no - lo lus telnet.
Tom ntej no, peb tau teeb tsa qhov Chaw Tswj Xyuas IP rau qhov hloov pauv, vim tias qhov hloov mus rau 2nd OSI txheej. Txawm li cas los xij, lub router yog Layer 3 ntaus ntawv, uas txhais tau hais tias txhua qhov chaw nres nkoj ntawm lub router muaj nws tus IP chaw nyob.
Hauv qhov hloov pauv, peb tau mus rau qhov chaw VLAN1 lossis mus rau qhov chaw ntawm lwm lub network uas peb xav tau rau npe tus IP chaw nyob. Peb tsim virtual interfaces thiab muab IP chaw nyob rau lawv. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug router, cov chaw nyob yuav tsum tau muab rau lub cev ports, yog li kuv nkag mus rau cov commands config t thiab int g0/0. Tom ntej no, kuv siv cov lus txib kom muab tus IP chaw nyob ib yam li kuv tau ua nrog VLAN, uas yog, kuv nkag mus rau qhov hais kom ua ip chaw nyob 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 thiab tom qab ntawd ntaus ntawv tsis kaw.
Yog tias koj tam sim no saib cov xwm txheej ntawm cov chaw nres nkoj uas siv cov lus qhia luv luv, koj tuaj yeem pom tias qhov chaw nyob 10.1.1.1 tau muab rau Gigabit Ethernet 0/0 interface. Nov yog qhov peb tau teeb tsa tus IP chaw nyob.
Tom ntej no peb mus rau qhov teeb tsa Logon Banner. Ib yam li rau qhov hloov pauv, kuv siv cov lus txib banner motd & thiab tom qab ntawd kuv tuaj yeem sau cov ntawv uas kuv xav tau, piv txwv li, Zoo siab txais tos rau NetworKing Router, hauv qab cov ntawv nrog hnub qub thiab kaw nrog ampersand &.
Tom ntej no, yog tias koj xav lov tes taw qhov chaw nres nkoj, siv Shutdown hais kom ua. Txhawm rau txuag cov chaw, siv daim ntawv theej khiav-config startup-config hais kom ua. Cov kev teeb tsa khiav tuaj yeem saib tau siv qhov qhia ua haujlwm conf hais kom ua, thiab kev teeb tsa khau raj tuaj yeem saib tau siv cov lus qhia pib conf. Txij li thaum peb siv ib lub cuab yeej tshiab tawm ntawm lub thawv thiab booted nrog lub neej ntawd tsis, thaum nug kom qhia lub khau raj configuration, lub kaw lus teb tias nws tseem tsis tau muaj.
Tom qab nkag mus rau hauv daim ntawv theej khiav-config startup-config hais kom ua, lub kaw lus nug koj kom paub meej tias cov ntaub ntawv tau sau dhau los yog qhov pib-config system khau raj cov ntaub ntawv. Tom qab rov sau dua cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa khau raj, kuv saib nws siv cov lus qhia pib conf thiab pom tias tam sim no nws zoo ib yam li cov cuab yeej tam sim no lub xeev cov ntaub ntawv. Tam sim no yog tias kuv tua lub router thiab tig nws dua, nws yuav khau raj siv cov chaw khaws tseg.
Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los txheeb xyuas cov xwm txheej ntawm lub router siv cov lus qhia luv luv; koj tuaj yeem siv cov lus qhia int, uas yuav qhia cov xwm txheej ntawm txhua qhov chaw nres nkoj. Yog tias koj xav saib cov xwm txheej ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj tshwj xeeb, koj tuaj yeem siv cov lus qhia interface g0/0 hais kom ua, tom qab ntawd lub kaw lus yuav qhia tag nrho cov txheeb cais rau qhov interface ntawd.
Raws li kuv tau hais, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub router yog lub rooj sib tham. Koj tuaj yeem saib nws siv qhov qhia ip txoj kev hais kom ua.
Tam sim no, lub rooj yog khoob vim tsis muaj cov cuab yeej txuas nrog peb lub router. Hauv zaj lus qhia video tom ntej peb yuav saib yuav ua li cas lub rooj routing yog tsim los siv ntau yam kev cai, nws tau sau li cas thaum cov khoom siv tshiab txuas nrog siv static routing lossis dynamic protocols. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm routers, qhia ip txoj kev hais kom ua yog nrov tshaj plaws vim hais tias feem ntau tag nrho cov teeb meem routing pib nrog lub routing rooj.
Qhov no xaus peb zaj lus qhia video, raws li kuv tau tham txog txhua yam uas tau npaj rau hnub no. Ntau tus neeg siv nug kuv qhov kev txaus siab yog dab tsi thaum kuv kaw thiab tshaj tawm cov kev qhia ua yeeb yaj kiab no. Kuv ua qhov no hauv kuv lub sijhawm dawb dawb. Tau kawg koj tuaj yeem xa nyiaj rau kuv yog tias koj xav tau. Ntau lub vev xaib siv kuv cov lus qhia video thiab thov nyiaj rau nws, tab sis kuv tsis xav ua qhov no rau kuv cov neeg mloog thiab kuv cog lus tias kuv cov lus qhia yuav tsis raug them.
Ua tsaug uas koj nyob nrog peb. Koj puas nyiam peb cov ntawv? Xav pom cov ntsiab lus nthuav ntxiv? Txhawb nqa peb los ntawm kev tso ib qho kev txiav txim lossis qhia rau cov phooj ywg, 30% luv nqi rau cov neeg siv Habr ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb analogue ntawm nkag-theem servers, uas tau tsim los ntawm peb rau koj: (muaj nrog RAID1 thiab RAID10, mus txog 24 cores thiab mus txog 40GB DDR4).
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Tau qhov twg los: www.hab.com