Taw qhia rau SSDs. Ntu 1. Keeb Kwm

Kawm txog keeb kwm ntawm disks yog qhov pib ntawm txoj kev mus rau kev nkag siab txog cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm solid-state drives. Thawj ib feem ntawm peb cov kab lus, "Introduction to SSDs," yuav coj mus saib keeb kwm thiab tso cai rau koj kom nkag siab meej qhov txawv ntawm SSD thiab nws cov neeg sib tw ze tshaj plaws, HDD.

Txawm hais tias muaj ntau yam khoom siv los khaws cov ntaub ntawv, qhov nrov ntawm HDDs thiab SSDs hauv peb lub sijhawm yog qhov tsis lees paub. Qhov sib txawv ntawm ob hom tsav no yog pom tseeb rau tus neeg nruab nrab: SSD yog kim dua thiab sai dua, thaum HDD pheej yig dua thiab dav dua.

Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau them rau chav ntsuas ntawm kev ntsuas qhov peev xwm khaws cia: keeb kwm, cov lej lej ua ntej xws li kilo thiab mega tau nkag siab hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis raws li qhov thib kaum thiab nees nkaum lub zog ntawm ob. Txhawm rau tshem tawm qhov tsis meej pem, binary prefixes kibi-, mebi- thiab lwm yam tau qhia. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov thawv ntim saum toj no dhau los ua qhov pom tau tias qhov ntim tau nce: thaum yuav 240 gigabyte disk, koj tuaj yeem khaws 223.5 gigabytes ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nws.

Nkag mus rau hauv keeb kwm

Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm thawj hard drive pib nyob rau hauv 1952 los ntawm IBM. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 14, 1956, qhov kawg tshwm sim ntawm kev txhim kho tau tshaj tawm - IBM 350 Model 1. Tus tsav tuav 3.75 mebibytes ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nrog qhov loj me me: 172 centimeters nyob rau hauv qhov siab, 152 centimeters nyob rau hauv ntev thiab 74 centimeters nyob rau hauv dav. Sab hauv muaj 50 nyias disks coated nrog ntshiab hlau nrog ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm 610 mm (24 ntiv tes). Lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv ntawm disk siv ~ 600 ms.

Raws li lub sijhawm dhau mus, IBM tau txhim kho thev naus laus zis tsis tu ncua. Tshaj tawm xyoo 1961 SIB 1301 nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 18.75 megabytes nrog nyeem lub taub hau ntawm txhua lub platter. IN SIB 1311 tshem tawm cov cartridges tau tshwm sim, thiab txij li xyoo 1970, kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kho qhov yuam kev tau qhia rau hauv IBM 3330. Peb xyoos tom qab ntawd nws tshwm sim SIB 3340 hu ua "Winchester".

Winchester (los ntawm Askiv Winchester phom) - lub npe dav dav rau phom thiab phom uas tsim los ntawm Winchester Repeating Arms Company nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMXth. Cov no yog ib qho ntawm thawj cov phom rov qab uas tau los ua neeg nyiam heev ntawm cov neeg yuav khoom. Lawv tshuav lawv lub npe rau lub tuam txhab tus tsim, Oliver Fisher Winchester.

Lub IBM 3340 muaj ob spindles ntawm 30 MiB txhua, uas yog vim li cas engineers hu lub disc "30-30". Это название напоминало о винтовке Winchester Model 1894 с патронами .30-30 Winchester, из-за чего Кеннет Хотон (Kenneth Haughton), руководящий разработкой IBM 3340, сказал «Если это 30-30, то это должен быть Винчестер» («If it’s a 30-30, then it must be a Winchester.»). С тех пор «винчестером» называют не только винтовки, но и жесткие диски.

Peb xyoos ntxiv tom qab, IBM 3350 "Madrid" tau tso tawm nrog 14-nti platters thiab lub sijhawm nkag ntawm 25 ms.

Первый SSD-накопитель создан компанией Dataram в 1976 году. Накопитель Dataram BulkCore состоял из шасси с восьмью планками RAM-памяти объемом 256 КиБ каждая. В сравнении с первым жестким диском, BulkCore был крошечным: 50,8 см в длину, 48,26 см в ширину и 40 см в высоту. При этом время доступа к данным в этой модели составило всего 750 нс, что 30000 раз быстрее, чем у самого современного на тот момент HDD-диска.

Xyoo 1978, Shugart Technology tau tsim, uas ib xyoos tom qab hloov nws lub npe rau Seagate Technology kom tsis txhob muaj teeb meem nrog Shugart Associates. Tom qab ob xyoos ntawm kev ua haujlwm, Seagate tau tso tawm ST-506 - thawj lub zog tsav rau tus kheej lub khoos phis tawj hauv 5.25-nti daim ntawv zoo thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm 5 MiB.

Ntxiv rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm Shugart Technology, 1978 tau nco txog qhov kev tso tawm thawj Enterprise SSD los ntawm StorageTek. Lub StorageTek STC 4305 tuav 45 MiB ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Qhov SSD no tau tsim los hloov pauv rau IBM 2305, muaj qhov sib xws thiab raug nqi $ 400 zoo kawg.

Nyob rau hauv 1982, SSD nkag mus rau hauv lub lag luam ntawm tus kheej lub computer. Lub tuam txhab Axlon tab tom tsim ib qho SSD disk ntawm RAM chips hu ua RAMDISK 320 tshwj xeeb rau Apple II. Txij li thaum tsav tau tsim los ntawm lub cim xeeb tsis hloov pauv, lub roj teeb tau muab rau hauv cov khoom siv kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Lub roj teeb muaj peev xwm txaus rau 3 teev ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis muaj zog thaum lub zog poob.

Ib xyoos tom qab, Rodime yuav tso thawj RO352 10 MiB hard drive hauv 3.5-nti daim ntawv qhia paub txog cov neeg siv niaj hnub no. Txawm hais tias qhov tseeb tias qhov no yog thawj qhov kev lag luam tsav hauv daim ntawv no, Rodime yeej tseem ceeb tsis muaj dab tsi tshiab.

Thawj cov khoom lag luam hauv daim ntawv foos no yog suav tias yog lub tshuab floppy qhia los ntawm Tandon thiab Shugart Associates. Tsis tas li ntawd, Seagate thiab MiniScribe tau pom zoo lees txais 3.5-nti kev lag luam tus qauv, tawm hauv Rodime tom qab, uas tau ntsib txoj hmoo ntawm "patent troll" thiab ua tiav tawm ntawm kev lag luam tsav tsheb.

Xyoo 1980, Toshiba engineer, xibfwb Fujio Masuoka, tau sau npe patent rau lub cim xeeb tshiab hu ua NOR Flash memory. Kev loj hlob tau siv 4 xyoo.

NOR nco yog classic 2D matrix ntawm conductors, nyob rau hauv uas ib lub xovtooj tau nruab rau ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm kab thiab kab (analogous rau nco ntawm cov hlau nplaum cores).

Xyoo 1984, xibfwb Masuoka tau hais txog nws qhov kev tsim khoom ntawm International Electronics Developers Meeting, qhov twg Intel tau lees paub sai sai rau cov lus cog tseg ntawm kev txhim kho no. Toshiba, qhov chaw uas xibfwb Masuoka ua haujlwm, tsis xav tias Flash nco yog dab tsi tshwj xeeb, thiab yog li ua raws li Intel qhov kev thov kom ua ntau yam qauv rau kev kawm.

Intel qhov kev txaus siab rau Fujio txoj kev txhim kho tau ua rau Toshiba faib tsib tus engineers los pab tus xibfwb daws qhov teeb meem ntawm kev lag luam kev tsim khoom. Intel, nyob rau hauv lem, pov peb puas tus neeg ua haujlwm los tsim nws tus kheej version ntawm Flash nco.

Thaum Intel thiab Toshiba tab tom txhim kho kev txhim kho hauv thaj chaw ntawm Flash cia, ob qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1986. Ua ntej, SCSI, cov txheej txheem rau kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov khoos phis tawj thiab cov khoom siv sab nraud, tau raug ua raws li tus qauv. Thib ob, AT Attachment (ATA) interface, paub nyob rau hauv lub npe hom Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE), tau tsim, ua tsaug rau tus tsav tswj tau txav mus rau hauv lub tsav.

Rau peb xyoos, Fujio Mausoka tau ua haujlwm los txhim kho Flash nco tshuab thiab los ntawm 1987 tsim NAND nco.

NAND lub cim xeeb yog tib yam NOR lub cim xeeb, koom ua ke rau hauv peb qhov array. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb yog qhov algorithm rau kev nkag mus rau txhua lub xov tooj ntawm tes tau ua ntau dua, thaj tsam ntawm tes tau me dua, thiab tag nrho cov peev txheej tau nce ntau.

Ib xyoos tom qab, Intel tau tsim nws tus kheej NOR Flash nco, thiab Digipro tau ua ib lub tsav ntawm nws hu ua Flashdisk. Thawj version ntawm Flashdisk hauv nws qhov kev teeb tsa siab tshaj plaws muaj 16 MiB ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab raug nqi tsawg dua $ 500

Nyob rau hauv lub lig 80s thiab thaum ntxov 90s, hard drive manufacturers sib tw ua drives me. Xyoo 1989, PrairieTek tau tso tawm PrairieTek 220 20 MiB tsav hauv 2.5-nti daim ntawv. Ob xyoos tom qab, Integral Peripherals tsim Integral Peripherals 1820 "Mustang" disc nrog tib lub ntim, tab sis twb 1.8 ntiv tes. Ib xyoos tom qab, Hewlett-Packard txo cov disk loj rau 1.3 nti.

Seagate tseem muaj kev ntseeg siab rau kev tsav tsheb hauv 3.5-nti daim ntawv zoo thiab tso siab rau kev sib hloov ceev, tso nws tus qauv Barracuda nto moo hauv xyoo 1992, thawj lub zog tsav nrog spindle ceev ntawm 7200 rpm. Tab sis Seagate tsis mus nres ntawd. Xyoo 1996, kev tsav tsheb los ntawm Seagate Cheetah kab tau mus txog qhov kev sib hloov ceev ntawm 10000 rpm, thiab plaub xyoos tom qab qhov kev hloov kho X15 tau nce mus txog 15000 rpm.

Xyoo 2000, ATA interface tau hu ua PATA. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm Serial ATA (SATA) interface nrog ntau cov xov hlau sib txuas, kev txhawb nqa kub-swap thiab nce cov ntaub ntawv hloov ceev. Seagate coj tus thawj coj ntawm no ib yam nkaus, tso tawm thawj lub hard drive nrog xws li kev sib tham hauv xyoo 2002.

Flash nco yog thawj zaug kim heev los tsim, tab sis cov nqi poob qis thaum ntxov 2000s. Transcend coj kom zoo dua qhov no, tso SSD drives nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 2003 txog 16 MiB hauv 512. Peb xyoos tom qab, Samsung thiab SanDisk tau koom nrog ntau lawm. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, IBM muag nws cov faib disk rau Hitachi.

Solid State Drives tau txais lub zog thiab muaj qhov teeb meem pom tseeb: SATA interface tau qeeb dua li SSDs lawv tus kheej. Txhawm rau daws qhov teeb meem no, NVM Express Workgroup pib tsim NVMe - qhov tshwj xeeb rau kev nkag mus rau cov txheej txheem rau SSDs ncaj qha hla lub npav PCIe, hla qhov "intermediary" hauv daim ntawv ntawm SATA maub los. Qhov no yuav tso cai rau cov ntaub ntawv nkag ntawm PCIe tsheb npav ceev. Ob xyoos tom qab ntawd, thawj qhov kev qhia tshwj xeeb tau npaj txhij, thiab ib xyoos tom qab ntawd thawj NVMe tsav tau tshwm sim.

Qhov sib txawv ntawm niaj hnub SSDs thiab HDDs

Ntawm lub cev, qhov sib txawv ntawm SSD thiab HDD yog qhov yooj yim pom: SSD tsis muaj cov khoom siv tshuab, thiab cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia hauv lub cim xeeb. Qhov tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus txav ua rau nkag mus rau cov ntaub ntawv ceev hauv ib feem ntawm lub cim xeeb, txawm li cas los xij, muaj qhov txwv ntawm tus lej ntawm kev sau rov qab. Vim muaj tsawg tus lej ntawm kev rov sau dua tshiab rau txhua lub cim xeeb ntawm tes, yuav tsum muaj kev ntsuas ntsuas - theem tawm ntawm tes los ntawm kev hloov cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov hlwb. Txoj haujlwm no yog ua los ntawm tus tswj disk.

Txhawm rau ua kom muaj kev sib npaug, SSD maub los yuav tsum paub tias lub hlwb twg nyob thiab qhov twg yog dawb. Tus maub los muaj peev xwm taug qab cov ntaub ntawv kaw tseg rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm tes, uas tsis tuaj yeem hais txog kev tshem tawm. Raws li koj paub, kev khiav hauj lwm systems (OS) tsis lwv cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lub disk thaum tus neeg siv deletes ib cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis kos lub cim xeeb cheeb tsam raws li dawb. Qhov kev daws teeb meem no tshem tawm qhov xav tau tos rau kev ua haujlwm disk thaum siv HDD, tab sis tsis tsim nyog rau kev khiav hauj lwm SSD. SSD tsav maub los ua haujlwm nrog bytes, tsis yog cov ntaub ntawv kaw lus, thiab yog li xav tau cov lus sib cais thaum cov ntaub ntawv raug tshem tawm.

Qhov no yog li cas TRIM (Lus Askiv - trim) hais kom tshwm sim, uas OS ceeb toom rau SSD disk tswj kom pub dawb rau qee qhov chaw nco. TRIM hais kom ua tas li tshem tawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm disk. Tsis yog txhua lub tshuab ua haujlwm paub xa cov lus txib no rau cov khoom siv hauv xeev, thiab kho vajtse RAID controllers hauv disk array hom yeej tsis xa TRIM rau disks.

Kom txuas ntxiv…

Hauv seem hauv qab no peb yuav tham txog cov qauv tsim, kev sib txuas sib txuas thiab lub koom haum sab hauv ntawm cov khoom siv hauv xeev.

Hauv peb chav kuaj Selectel Lab Koj tuaj yeem sim nws tus kheej niaj hnub HDD thiab SSD tsav thiab kos koj tus kheej cov lus xaus.

Tsuas yog cov neeg siv sau npe tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas. Kos npe rau hauvthov.

Koj puas xav tias SSD yuav tuaj yeem hloov HDD?

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556 cov neeg siv pov npav. 72 cov neeg siv tau txwv.

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