Cov ntu dhau los ntawm "Kev Taw Qhia rau SSD" series qhia rau cov neeg nyeem txog keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm SSD drives, kev cuam tshuam rau kev cuam tshuam nrog lawv, thiab cov qauv nrov. Qhov thib plaub yuav tham txog kev khaws cov ntaub ntawv hauv drives.
Hauv cov ntawv dhau los hauv series:
Cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob qhov laj thawj: khaws cov ntaub ntawv hauv ib lub xovtooj ntawm tes thiab npaj cov cell cia.
Txhua lub xovtooj ntawm lub xeev cov khoom lag luam muag khoom ib lossis ntau cov ntaub ntawv. Ntau hom ntaub ntawv yog siv los khaws cov ntaub ntawv. cov txheej txheem ntawm lub cev. Thaum txhim kho solid-state drives, cov khoom hauv qab no tau txiav txim siab rau cov ntaub ntawv encoding:
- hluav taws xob nqi (xws li Flash nco);
- magnetic moments (magnetoresistive nco);
- theem xeev (nco nrog kev hloov hauv lub xeev theem).
Nco raws li cov nqi hluav taws xob
Encoding cov ntaub ntawv siv tus nqi tsis zoo underlies ntau qhov kev daws teeb meem:
- ultraviolet erasable ROM (EPROM);
- hluav taws xob erasable ROM (EEPROM);
- Flash nco.
Txhua lub cim xeeb ntawm tes yog lub rooj vag MOSFET, uas khaws cov nqi tsis zoo. Nws qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv MOS transistor yog qhov muaj lub rooj vag ntab - tus neeg xyuas pib hauv txheej dielectric.
Thaum muaj peev xwm sib txawv ntawm qhov ntws thiab qhov chaw thiab muaj qhov muaj peev xwm zoo ntawm lub rooj vag, tam sim no yuav ntws los ntawm qhov chaw mus rau qhov ntws. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias muaj qhov sib txawv loj txaus, qee qhov hluav taws xob "tawg" txheej txheej dielectric thiab xaus rau hauv lub qhov rooj ntab. Qhov tshwm sim no hu ua .
Lub rooj vag uas tsis zoo uas tsis zoo rau lub qhov rooj tsim hluav taws xob uas tiv thaiv tam sim no los ntawm qhov chaw mus rau qhov ntws. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub xub ntiag ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv lub qhov rooj vag tsub kom qhov pib voltage uas lub transistor tig rau. Nrog rau txhua "sau" mus rau lub qhov rooj ntab ntawm lub transistor, txheej txheej dielectric me ntsis puas, uas ua rau muaj kev txwv rau cov lej ntawm cov ntawv sau rov qab ntawm txhua lub xovtooj.
Floating-gate MOSFETs tau tsim los ntawm Dawon Kahng thiab Simon Min Sze ntawm Bell Labs hauv xyoo 1967. Tom qab ntawd, thaum kawm txog qhov tsis xws luag hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke, nws tau pom tias vim qhov kev them nqi hauv lub rooj vag ntab, qhov pib voltage uas qhib lub transistor hloov. Qhov kev tshawb pom no tau ua rau Dov Frohman pib ua haujlwm ntawm kev nco raws li qhov tshwm sim no.
Hloov qhov pib voltage tso cai rau koj mus "program" cov transistors. Floating-gate transistors yuav tsis tig thaum lub rooj vag voltage ntau dua qhov pib voltage rau lub transistor tsis muaj electrons, tab sis tsawg dua qhov pib voltage rau transistor nrog electrons. Wb hu tus nqi no nyeem ntawv voltage.
Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
Hauv xyoo 1971, Intel tus neeg ua haujlwm Dov Frohman tau tsim lub cim xeeb transistor-based rewritable hu ua Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM). Cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv rau hauv lub cim xeeb yog nqa tawm siv ib tug tshwj xeeb ntaus ntawv - ib tug programmer. Tus programmer siv qhov hluav taws xob ntau dua rau cov nti dua li siv hauv digital circuits, yog li "sau" electrons rau lub rooj vag ntab ntawm cov transistors qhov xav tau.
EPROM nco tsis tau npaj los ntxuav lub rooj vag ntab ntawm transistors hluav taws xob. Hloov chaw, nws tau thov kom nthuav tawm cov transistors kom muaj zog ultraviolet lub teeb, cov photons uas yuav muab cov electrons lub zog xav tau kom dim ntawm lub rooj vag ntab. Txhawm rau tso cai rau lub teeb ultraviolet nkag mus tob rau hauv nti, quartz iav tau ntxiv rau hauv tsev.
Froman thawj zaug nthuav tawm nws tus qauv EPROM thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1971 ntawm lub rooj sib tham IC solid-state hauv Philadelphia. Gordon Moore nco qab qhov ua qauv qhia: "Dov tau ua qauv qhia me ntsis hauv EPROM lub cim xeeb hlwb. Thaum cov hlwb raug ultraviolet lub teeb, cov khoom ploj mus ib qho los ntawm ib qho mus txog rau thaum Intel lub logo tsis paub meej tau raug tshem tawm tag nrho. … Cov neeg ntaus tau ploj mus, thiab thaum tus kawg ploj mus, tag nrho cov neeg tuaj saib tau npuaj teg. Dov tsab xov xwm tau lees paub tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub rooj sib tham. " — Kev txhais ntawm tsab xov xwm
EPROM nco yog kim dua li yav dhau los siv "tsuas siv tau" nyeem nkaus xwb (ROM) cov khoom siv, tab sis muaj peev xwm rov ua dua tso cai rau koj kom debug circuits sai dua thiab txo lub sijhawm nws siv los tsim kho tshiab.
Reprogramming ROMs nrog lub teeb ultraviolet yog qhov tseem ceeb heev, txawm li cas los xij, lub tswv yim ntawm kev sau ntawv hluav taws xob tau nyob hauv huab cua.
Hluav taws xob Erasable Programmable Read-Tsuas Nco
Xyoo 1972, peb tus neeg Nyij Pooj: Yasuo Tarui, Yutaka Hayashi thiab Kiyoko Nagai tau nthuav tawm thawj lub tshuab hluav taws xob nyeem ntawv nkaus xwb (EEPROM lossis E2PROM). Tom qab ntawd, lawv cov kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb yuav dhau los ua ib feem ntawm patents rau kev ua lag luam ntawm EEPROM nco.
Txhua EEPROM nco cell muaj ob peb transistors:
- floating rooj vag transistor rau me ntsis cia;
- transistor rau tswj kev nyeem-sau hom.
Qhov kev tsim no ua rau nyuaj heev rau kev xaim hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob, yog li EEPROM nco tau siv nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej me me ntawm lub cim xeeb tsis tseem ceeb. EPROM tseem siv los khaws cov ntaub ntawv ntau.
Flash nco
Flash nco, sib txuas cov yam ntxwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm EPROM thiab EEPROM, tau tsim los ntawm Japanese tus xibfwb Fujio Masuoka, tus kws tshaj lij ntawm Toshiba, xyoo 1980. Thawj qhov kev txhim kho yog hu ua NOR Flash nco thiab, zoo li nws cov thawj coj, yog raws li lub rooj vag MOSFETs.
NOR flash nco yog ob-dimensional array ntawm transistors. Lub rooj vag ntawm cov transistors txuas nrog cov kab lus, thiab cov dej ntws tau txuas nrog cov kab me me. Thaum voltage siv rau lo lus kab, transistors uas muaj electrons, uas yog, khaws cia "ib", yuav tsis qhib thiab tam sim no yuav tsis ntws. Raws li qhov muaj los yog tsis muaj tam sim no ntawm kab me ntsis, qhov kev txiav txim siab yog kos txog tus nqi ntawm qhov me ntsis.
Xya xyoo tom qab, Fujio Masuoka tsim NAND Flash nco. Hom kev nco no txawv ntawm cov transistors ntawm cov kab me ntsis. Hauv NOR nco, txhua tus transistor txuas ncaj qha mus rau me ntsis kab, thaum nyob hauv NAND nco, cov transistors txuas nrog hauv koob.
Kev nyeem ntawv los ntawm lub cim xeeb ntawm qhov kev teeb tsa no yog qhov nyuaj dua: qhov hluav taws xob xav tau rau kev nyeem ntawv yog siv rau cov kab tsim nyog ntawm cov lus, thiab qhov hluav taws xob yog siv rau tag nrho lwm cov kab ntawm lo lus, uas qhib lub transistor tsis hais tus nqi theem hauv nws. Txij li tag nrho lwm cov transistors tau lees paub tias yuav qhib, qhov muaj qhov hluav taws xob ntawm cov kab me me tsuas yog nyob ntawm ib qho transistor, uas tau siv los nyeem qhov voltage.
Lub invention ntawm NAND Flash nco ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua rau compressed Circuit Court, tso ntau lub cim xeeb nyob rau hauv tib qhov loj. Txog xyoo 2007, lub peev xwm nco tau nce los ntawm kev txo cov txheej txheem tsim khoom ntawm cov nti.
Xyoo 2007, Toshiba tau tshaj tawm ib qho tshiab ntawm NAND nco: Vertical NAND (V-NAND), kuj hu ua 3D NAND. Cov cuab yeej no muab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tso cov transistors hauv ntau txheej, uas rov tso cai rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau dua thiab muaj peev xwm nco tau. Txawm li cas los xij, kev sib cog lus hauv Circuit Court tsis tuaj yeem rov ua dua tsis muaj sijhawm, yog li lwm txoj hauv kev tau tshawb nrhiav los ua kom muaj peev xwm khaws cia.
Thaum xub thawj, txhua tus transistor khaws ob theem them nqi: logical zero thiab logical one. Txoj kev no hu ua Ib Qib Cell (SLC). Tsav nrog cov thev naus laus zis no muaj kev ntseeg siab heev thiab muaj ntau tus lej ntawm kev sau rov qab.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tau txiav txim siab los ua kom muaj peev xwm khaws cia ntawm tus nqi ntawm kev hnav tsis kam. Yog li tus naj npawb ntawm cov nqi nyob rau hauv ib lub xovtooj yog mus txog plaub, thiab cov tshuab tau hu ua Multi-Level Cell (MLC). Tom ntej no tuaj Triple-Level Cell (TLC) и Quad-Level Cell (QLC). Yuav muaj qib tshiab yav tom ntej - Penta-Level Cell (PLC) nrog tsib lub xov tooj ntawm tes. Qhov ntau cov khoom haum rau hauv ib lub xovtooj, qhov loj ntawm lub peev xwm ntawm tus nqi tib yam, tab sis qhov hnav tsis kam.
Compaction ntawm Circuit Court los ntawm kev txo cov txheej txheem kev ua haujlwm thiab nce cov khoom hauv ib qho transistor tsis zoo cuam tshuam rau cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia. Txawm tias muaj tseeb tias EPROM thiab EEPROM siv tib lub transistors, EPROM thiab EEPROM tuaj yeem khaws cov ntaub ntawv tsis muaj zog rau kaum xyoo, thaum lub cim xeeb Flash niaj hnub tuaj yeem "tsis nco qab" txhua yam tom qab ib xyoos.
Kev siv Flash nco hauv qhov chaw lag luam yog qhov nyuaj vim tias hluav taws xob muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov hluav taws xob hauv cov rooj vag ntab.
Cov teeb meem no tiv thaiv Flash nco los ntawm kev ua tus thawj coj tsis sib haum xeeb hauv kev khaws cov ntaub ntawv. Txawm hais tias muaj tseeb tias cov tsav tsheb raws li Flash nco tau nthuav dav, kev tshawb fawb tseem tab tom ua rau lwm hom kev nco uas tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo no, suav nrog kev khaws cov ntaub ntawv hauv lub sijhawm sib nqus thiab lub xeev theem.
Magnetoresistive nco
Encoding cov ntaub ntawv nrog lub sij hawm sib nqus tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1955 nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev nco ntawm magnetic cores. Txog thaum nruab nrab xyoo 1970, ferrite nco yog hom kev nco tseem ceeb. Kev nyeem ntawv me ntsis los ntawm hom kev nco no ua rau demagnetization ntawm lub nplhaib thiab cov ntaub ntawv poob. Yog li, tom qab nyeem ntawv me ntsis, nws yuav tsum tau sau rov qab.
Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub kev loj hlob ntawm magnetoresistive nco, es tsis txhob ntawm rings, ob txheej ntawm ib tug ferromagnet yog siv, sib cais los ntawm ib tug dielectric. Ib txheej yog cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov, thiab qhov thib ob hloov cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov hlau nplaum. Kev nyeem ntawv me ntsis los ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes los ntsuas qhov kev tiv thaiv thaum dhau tam sim no: yog tias cov txheej txheem sib nqus sib nqus, ces qhov kev tawm tsam ntau dua thiab qhov no sib npaug rau tus nqi "1".
Ferrite nco tsis tas yuav tsum muaj lub zog tas li los tswj cov ntaub ntawv kaw, txawm li cas los xij, qhov sib nqus ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau "cov neeg nyob ze", uas ua rau muaj kev txwv ntawm kev sib cog lus.
Raws li SSD tsav raws li Flash nco tsis muaj lub zog yuav tsum khaws cov ntaub ntawv tsawg kawg peb lub hlis ntawm qhov ntsuas kub ntawm 40 ° C. Tsim los ntawm Intel cog lus tias yuav khaws cov ntaub ntawv rau kaum xyoo ntawm 200 ° C.
Txawm hais tias qhov nyuaj ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, magnetoresistive nco tsis degrade thaum siv thiab muaj kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lwm hom kev nco, uas tsis tso cai rau hom kev nco no sau tawm.
Theem hloov nco
Hom kev cia siab thib peb yog kev nco raws li theem hloov. Hom kev nco no siv cov khoom ntawm chalcogenides hloov ntawm crystalline thiab amorphous xeev thaum rhuab.
Chalcogenides - binary compounds ntawm cov hlau nrog 16th pawg (6th pawg ntawm pawg loj subgroup) ntawm lub sij hawm. Piv txwv li, CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD-RAM thiab Blu-duab tshav discs siv germanium telluride (GeTe) thiab antimony (III) telluride (Sb2Te3).
Kev tshawb fawb txog kev siv cov kev hloov pauv rau cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia tau ua nyob rau hauv Xyoo 1960s xyoo los ntawm Stanford Ovshinsky, tab sis tom qab ntawd nws tsis tuaj rau kev ua lag luam. Nyob rau xyoo 2000s, tau muaj kev txaus siab rau cov thev naus laus zis tshiab, Samsung patented thev naus laus zis uas tso cai hloov me ntsis hauv 5 ns, thiab Intel thiab STMicroelectronics tau nce lub xeev mus rau plaub, yog li ua kom muaj peev xwm ua tau ob npaug.
Thaum rhuab saum lub melting point, chalcogenide poob nws cov qauv crystalline thiab, thaum txias, hloov mus rau hauv ib qho amorphous daim ntawv qhia los ntawm hluav taws xob siab. Nyob rau hauv lem, thaum rhuab mus rau ib tug kub ntawm lub crystallization point, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub melting point, lub chalcogenide rov qab mus rau ib tug crystalline lub xeev nrog ib tug tsawg ntawm cov tsis kam.
Theem hloov lub cim xeeb tsis tas yuav "them rov qab" lub sijhawm, thiab tseem tsis raug hluav taws xob, tsis zoo li hluav taws xob nco. Hom kev nco no tuaj yeem khaws cov ntaub ntawv rau 300 xyoo ntawm qhov kub ntawm 85 ° C.
Nws ntseeg tau tias kev txhim kho ntawm Intel thev naus laus zis 3D Crosspoint (3D XPoint) Nws siv cov theem hloov mus khaws cov ntaub ntawv. 3D XPoint yog siv hauv Intel® Optane™ Memory drives, uas tau lees tias muaj kev ua siab ntev dua.
xaus
Kev tsim lub cev ntawm cov khoom siv hauv xeev tau dhau los ua ntau yam kev hloov pauv ntau tshaj li ib nrab xyoo ntawm keeb kwm, txawm li cas los xij, txhua qhov kev daws teeb meem muaj nws qhov tsis zoo. Txawm hais tias muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm Flash nco, ntau lub tuam txhab, suav nrog Samsung thiab Intel, tab tom tshawb nrhiav qhov muaj peev xwm tsim lub cim xeeb raws li lub sijhawm sib nqus.
Txo cov xov tooj ntawm tes, compacting lawv, thiab ua kom tag nrho lub peev xwm ntawm tus tsav yog cov cheeb tsam uas tam sim no tau cog lus rau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm solid-state drives.
Koj tuaj yeem sim hnub no qhov txias tshaj plaws NAND thiab 3D XPoint tsav tam sim no hauv peb .
Koj puas xav tias cov thev naus laus zis rau khaws cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob yuav raug hloov los ntawm lwm tus, piv txwv li, quartz disks lossis optical nco ntawm ntsev nanocrystals?
Tau qhov twg los: www.hab.com