"Ib qho ntawm cov laj thawj kom mus rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv qib siab yog mus dhau qhov kev cob qhia ua haujlwm yooj yim thiab tsis txhob nkag siab cov tswv yim tob dua."
Cia peb xav txog lo lus nug no me ntsis. Ob peb xyoos dhau los, Computer Science departments tau caw kuv los qhia txog ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab. Yuav luag yog lub caij nyoog, kuv nug kuv thawj cov neeg tuaj saib undergrads, cov tub ntxhais kawm tiav, thiab cov xibfwb txog lawv lub ntsiab lus ntawm "Computer Science." Txhua tus tsuas tuaj yeem muab cov ntsiab lus engineering. Kuv tau ua qhov no hauv txhua qhov chaw tshiab, thiab txhua qhov chaw muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws.
Lwm lo lus nug yog: "Leej twg yog Douglas Engelbart?" Ntau tus neeg hais tias, "Nws puas yog ib yam dab tsi ua nrog lub computer nas?" (thiab qhov no ua rau kuv poob siab heev, txij li kuv lub zej zog kev tshawb fawb tau siv zog ntau los ua kom paub tseeb tias cov lus teb rau lo lus nug no muaj peev xwm nrog ob lossis peb tus nas nyem thiab ntseeg tias Engelbart yeej muaj qee yam ua rau lub computer nas) .
Ib feem ntawm qhov teeb meem yog qhov tsis xav paub, ib feem yog qhov nqaim ntawm tus kheej lub hom phiaj uas tsis cuam tshuam txog kev kawm, ib nrab tsis nkag siab txog qhov kev tshawb fawb no, thiab lwm yam.
Kuv tau ua haujlwm ib nrab hnub hauv computer science department ntawm University of California tau ntau xyoo (Kuv yog ib tug xibfwb, tab sis kuv tsis tas yuav mus rau cov rooj sib tham hauv chav haujlwm). Qee lub sij hawm kuv qhia cov chav kawm, qee zaum rau cov tub ntxhais kawm thawj xyoo. Ntau xyoo dhau los, qhov kev xav tsis thoob hauv Computer Science tau poob qis heev (tab sis qib ntawm kev muaj koob meej kuj tau nce ntxiv, vim kev suav pom tias yog txoj hauv kev mus rau txoj haujlwm tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo yog tias koj tuaj yeem sau thiab tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj los ntawm sab saum toj. 10 lub tsev kawm ntawv). Raws li, tsis yog ib tus menyuam kawm ntawv tau yws yws tias thawj hom lus ntawm University of California yog C ++!
Nws zoo nkaus li kuv tau ntsib nrog ib qho xwm txheej uas ob lub ntsiab lus ntawm "Computer" thiab "Science" tau raug rhuav tshem los ntawm cov tsis muaj zog, cov ntsiab lus loj heev los tsim cov ntsiab lus tshiab - ib hom ntawv lo rau ntawm ris tsho - uas suab zoo tab sis yog. heev khoob. Ib lo lus hais txog uas tau raug rhuav tshem zoo ib yam yog "software engineering", uas, dua, tsis tau siv lub tswv yim zoo tshaj plaws ntawm "programming" thiab "engineering", tab sis tsuas yog ua ke lawv (qhov no yog txhob txwm ua nyob rau hauv lub sixties, thaum nws yog. coined term).
Ib qho ntawm cov laj thawj tiag tiag mus rau hauv tsev kawm qib siab yog txav mus dhau qhov kev cob qhia ua haujlwm yooj yim thiab tsis txhob nkag siab cov tswv yim tob. Nws zoo nkaus li kuv tsim nyog rau qhov kev taw qhia txog qhov tshwj xeeb los sim-los ntawm cov piv txwv yog tias ua tau-kom cov tub ntxhais kawm koom nrog cov teeb meem hauv lub neej tiag tiag thiab pib nkag siab txog qhov tseem ceeb, qhov tseem ceeb, thiab lub hauv paus rau thaj chaw.
Cov tub ntxhais kawm thawj zaug zoo siab thaum lawv pom tias yuav ua li cas tus pas ntsuas saum toj ntawm lwm tus kav dhau los ua lub tshuab ntxiv, uas lawv tuaj yeem tuav cov menyuam kawm qib 5 ntawm kev ntxiv cov feem. Thiab tom qab ntawd lawv yuav zoo siab los koom nrog hauv kev txhim kho cov tshuab ntxiv. Lawv kov lub khoos phis tawj tiag tiag - lub cuab yeej lub cev thiab lub hlwb uas pab peb xav. Lawv kawm tau ib txoj hauv kev zoo los sawv cev rau cov lej - ua tau zoo dua li qhov qhia hauv tsev kawm!
Lawv muaj peev xwm sib txuas lawv lub tswv yim zoo ntawm "ntxiv" raws li "sau" nrog ib yam dab tsi zoo sib xws nrog cov khoom muaj zog tshiab. Lawv tau programmed kom muaj peev xwm daws tau ntau yam teeb meem.
Lawv kuj nthuav nws. Thiab li ntawd. Qhov no tsis yog digital computer. Thiab qhov no tsis yog lub khoos phis tawj nrog ib qho program memorized. Tab sis qhov ntawd yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub computer. Ib yam li - Qhov no feem ntau yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub computer thiab xam.
Antikythera Mechanism
Peb tuaj yeem mus deb npaum li cas thiab peb tuaj yeem ua tau ntau npaum li cas ua ntej txhua yam tawm ntawm tes thiab peb tau ploj mus rau qhov tsis txaus ntseeg? Kuv yeej ib txwm ua ib feem ntawm tus cwj pwm - Thawj Turing Award yeej, leej twg yuav tau tsim lub sij hawm "Computer Science" - leej twg nyob rau hauv lub 60s hais tias: "Computer Science yog kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov txheej txheem." Tag nrho cov txheej txheem.
Rau lub hom phiaj ntawm Quora, cia peb tsis txhob sim thawb qhov no ntxiv lossis tig mus rau kev ntseeg dogma. Cia li siv lub tswv yim zoo siab xav zoo dua ntawm peb daim teb. Thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais txog yuav ua li cas qhia nws. Tam sim no peb yuav tsum tau saib lub ntsiab lus niaj hnub ntawm "kev tshawb fawb", thiab Perlis tau ntseeg siab tias nws yuav tsum tsis txhob diluted nrog cov ntsiab lus qub (xws li "sau kev paub") thiab siv (xws li "library science" lossis "social"). sciences") "). Los ntawm "science" nws sim nkag siab txog qhov tshwm sim los ntawm kev tsim cov qauv / daim ntawv qhia uas sim qhia, "khiav" thiab kwv yees qhov tshwm sim.
Kuv tau muab ntau qhov kev sib tham txog yuav ua li cas cov duab qhia chaw zoo tshaj plaws thiab cov qauv feem ntau tuaj yeem haum rau lub tsho T-shirt, txoj kev Maxwell qhov sib npaug thiab lwm tus ua. Qhov sib piv yog tias muaj "kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov choj," txawm tias feem ntau cov choj yog tib neeg tsim. Tab sis ib zaug ib tug choj tau tsim, nws sawv cev rau qhov tshwm sim uas cov kws tshawb fawb tuaj yeem kawm, txuas hniav tuaj yeem siv los ua cov qauv ntawm ntau yam, thiab tsim cov "choj theories." Qhov kev lom zem yog tias koj tuaj yeem tsim thiab tsim cov choj tshiab (Kuv twb tau hais tias tsis tshua muaj dab tsi lom zem dua li cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws ua haujlwm ua haujlwm ua ke los daws cov teeb meem loj thiab tseem ceeb!)
Herbert Simon, tus yeej Turing Award thiab Nobel nqi zog, hu nws tag nrho "kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov khoom dag" (thiab tau sau ib phau ntawv zoo nrog tib lub npe).
Cia kuv muab piv txwv rau koj. Nyob rau hauv lub 50s, tuam txhab uas muag thiab universities tsim lub cim xeeb computers thiab pib programming lawv - thiab muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb lub sij hawm thaum Fortran tawm los nyob rau hauv 1956 - uas tsis yog thawj high-level lus, tab sis tej zaum thawj tus ua tau zoo heev uas nws tau ua. siv nyob rau hauv ntau qhov sib txawv, nrog rau ntau yam uas yav tas los tsuas yog ua hauv tshuab lus.
Tag nrho cov no tau ua rau "phenomena".
John McCarthy
Lisp cov keeb kwm yog qhov nyuaj dua, tab sis John McCarthy tau nyiam sim nrhiav "kev tshawb xav lej ntawm kev suav" thiab tau txiav txim siab ua kom txhua yam ua haujlwm zoo kawg nkaus. Lub luag haujlwm eval, uas txhais Lisp, tuaj yeem yooj yim haum rau lub tsho T-shirt! Piv rau "programming system", qhov no tsis tseem ceeb. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, qhov "kev xav ntawm kev suav" yog lub tswv yim muaj zog dua Fortran! Qhov no yog lub tswv yim choj zoo tshaj plaws!
Qhov xwm txheej me me ntawm Lisp tso cai rau tag nrho lub tswv yim ntawm kev ua haujlwm kom raug ntes nyob rau hauv ob peb clicks ntawm ib qho kev sib sib zog nqus thiab xav txog ntawm ib theem uas zoo li yooj yim tsis yooj yim sua thaum koj saib cov khoom cuav loj loj (qhov no yog ib qho laj thawj. yog vim li cas cov kws tshawb fawb nyiam lej kom sib npaug thiab muaj zog). Cov lej siv ntawm no yog cov lej tshiab vim tias nws tso cai rau cov ntsiab lus xws li "ua ntej" thiab "tom qab" thiab qhov no ua rau "variable logic" uas tso cai rau ob qho tib si kev ua haujlwm thiab kev xav tau ntawm kev xav tau khaws cia thaum tseem tso cai rau txoj haujlwm thiab nqe lus. ntawm lub sijhawm. (Qhov no tseem tsis tau to taub nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no lim hiam ntawm qhov xwm txheej programming).
Lisp, raws li ib tug haib programming lus thiab metalanguage uas sawv cev rau nws tus kheej txoj kev xav, yog ib tug piv txwv ntawm tseeb computer science. Yog tias koj kawm nws thiab lwm yam zoo sib xws, koj yuav muaj peev xwm xav tob dua thiab muaj lub luag haujlwm rau koj tus kheej txoj hmoo dua yog tias koj tsuas kawm txog kev ua haujlwm hauv Fortran lossis nws qhov sib npaug niaj hnub (... yog li koj tuaj yeem tau los ze zog rau programmers! ).
Koj yuav kawm paub ntau ntxiv txog cov qauv tsim tshwj xeeb uas xav tau hauv kev suav (piv txwv li, nws tsis yog feem ntau txaus siab thaum xam feem ntau yuav tsum tau mus sab nraum lub computer ib puag ncig: ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom muag muag yog tias nws tsis yog. cov khoom siv rau qhov kev zov me nyuam, tab sis cov khoom siv rau lub computer tshiab kiag li).
Lwm qhov laj thawj ntawm kev xaiv Perlis lub ntsiab lus yog tias, feem ntau, kev suav nrog ntau yam kev txhawj xeeb nrog kev tsim cov tshuab ntawm ntau hom dua li nrog cov algorithms, "cov ntaub ntawv qauv" lossis txawm tias programming nws tus kheej. Piv txwv li, lub computer yog ib tug system, xam yog ib tug system, ib lub zos network thiab Internet yog systems, thiab feem ntau cov kev pab cuam yuav tsum tau zoo dua systems (cov qub style ntawm programming los ntawm lub 50s kav mus txog rau thaum nws zoo li hais tias programming yuav tsum tau. zoo li no - tsis muaj dab tsi yuav ntxiv los ntawm qhov tseeb).
Is Taws Nem yog ib qho piv txwv zoo - tsis zoo li feem ntau software niaj hnub no, Internet tsis tas yuav tsum tau nres los kho lossis txhim kho txhua yam - nws zoo li lub tshuab lom neeg - los ntawm peb lub hom phiaj - ntau dua li cov neeg feem coob xav tias yog lub tshuab computer. Thiab nws muaj ntau qhov scalable thiab txhim khu kev qha ntau dua li yuav luag txhua qhov software nruab hnub no. Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog xav txog ua ntej qhia cov ntsiab lus tsis muaj zog rau cov neeg ua haujlwm tshiab!
Yog li peb yuav tsum ua dab tsi hauv thawj xyoo Computer Science chav kawm yog coj mus rau hauv tus account raws nraim cov tub ntxhais kawm tej zaum yuav ua thaum pib, thiab tom qab ntawd sim ua kom nyob hauv lawv "kev txawj ntse" los pab lawv mus rau qhov tseem ceeb. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom "nyob twj ywm" thiab nrhiav txoj hauv kev uas muaj kev txawj ntse ncaj ncees thiab haum rau cov uas nyuam qhuav pib. (Thov tsis txhob qhia cov tswv yim phem vim lawv zoo li yooj yim me ntsis - ntau lub tswv yim phem yog qhov yooj yim dua!).
Cov tub ntxhais kawm yuav tsum pib los ntawm kev tsim ib yam dab tsi uas muaj ntau yam tseem ceeb uas kuv tau tham ntawm no. Nws yuav tsum yog ib qho system ntawm ntau qhov sib cuam tshuam dynamically, thiab lwm yam. Ib txoj hauv kev zoo los txiav txim siab seb hom lus twg siv tau tsuas yog ua qee yam uas muaj ntau txhiab qhov sib cuam tshuam! Yog tsis yog, ces koj yuav tsum nrhiav ib tug. Qhov phem tshaj plaws uas koj tuaj yeem ua tau yog teeb tsa cov tub ntxhais kawm mus rau txoj hauv kev me me dhau lawm, uas yuav txwv cov tswv yim loj heev. Nws tsuas yog tua lawv - thiab peb xav tsa lawv, tsis tua lawv.
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