Phau ntawv Journal: Shock and Vibration 16 (2009) 45–59
Sau: Robin Alastair Amy, Guglielmo S. Aglietti (E-mail: [email tiv thaiv]), thiab Guy Richardson
Cov kws sau ntawv koom nrog: Astronautical Research Group, University of Southampton, Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Engineering Sciences, Southampton, UK
Surrey Satellite Technology Limited, Guildford, Surrey, UK
Copyright 2009 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. Qhov no yog ib tsab xov xwm qhib nkag tau muab faib raws li Creative Commons Attribution License, uas tso cai rau kev siv tsis txwv, kev faib tawm, thiab luam tawm nyob rau hauv ib qho nruab nrab, muab cov haujlwm qub raug suav hais tias yog.
Ceeb Toom. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, nws cia siab tias txhua yam khoom siv hluav taws xob niaj hnub no yuav muaj kev ua haujlwm ntxiv thaum tuav lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv kev poob siab thiab kev vibration loads. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kwv yees kev ntseeg tau yog qhov nyuaj vim yog cov lus teb nyuaj thiab cov yam ntxwv tsis ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, yog li tam sim no cov txheej txheem uas twb muaj lawm yog qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev suav cov raug thiab tus nqi.
Kev ntseeg siab thiab ceev ceev ntawm kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thaum ua haujlwm hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau kev lag luam. Kab lus no qhia txog teeb meem hauv kev kwv yees qhov kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas ua rau cov txiaj ntsig tau qeeb. Nws kuj tseem yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account tias cov qauv kev ntseeg siab feem ntau yog tsim los rau hauv tus account ntau yam khoom siv configurations rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov khoom zoo sib xws. Plaub chav kawm ntawm kev cia siab rau kev twv ua ntej (txhais txoj hauv kev, cov ntaub ntawv xeem, cov ntaub ntawv sim thiab kev ua qauv ntawm lub cev ua rau tsis ua haujlwm - physics ntawm kev ua tsis tiav) tau muab piv rau hauv kab lus no los xaiv qhov muaj peev xwm siv ib lossis lwm txoj kev. Nws tau raug sau tseg tias feem ntau kev ua tsis tiav hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yog tshwm sim los ntawm thermal loads, tab sis qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no tsom rau kev ua tsis tiav los ntawm kev poob siab thiab kev co thaum ua haujlwm.
Tus neeg txhais lus sau tseg. Kab lus no yog kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub ncauj lus no. Txawm hais tias nws muaj hnub nyoog laus, nws ua haujlwm zoo heev rau kev qhia txog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev ntsuas kev ntseeg tau siv ntau txoj hauv kev.
1. Terminology
BGA Pob Grid Array.
DIP Dual In-line Processor, qee zaum hu ua Dual In-line Pob.
FE Finite Element.
PGA Pin Grid Array.
PCB Printed Circuit Board, qee zaum hu ua PWB (Printed Wiring Board).
PLCC Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier.
PTH Plated Through Hole, qee zaum hu ua Pin Through Hole.
QFP Quad Flat Pack - tseem hu ua gull tis.
SMA Shape Memory Alloys.
SMT Surface Mount Technology
Nco tseg los ntawm original authors: Hauv tsab xov xwm no, lo lus "cov khoom" yog hais txog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb uas tuaj yeem ua rau lub rooj tsav xwm luam tawm; lub sij hawm "pob" yog hais txog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (feem ntau yog SMT lossis DIP tivthaiv). Lub sij hawm "txuas ntxiv" yog hais txog ib qho kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm los yog cov khoom siv sib txuas, hais txog tias cov khoom txuas nrog lawv tus kheej qhov hnyav thiab nruj. (Crystal ntim thiab nws qhov cuam tshuam rau kev ntseeg tau tsis tau tham hauv tsab xov xwm, yog li hauv qab no lo lus "pob" tuaj yeem pom tau tias yog "cov ntaub ntawv" ntawm ib hom lossis lwm qhov - kwv yees li.
2. Nqe lus hais txog qhov teeb meem
Kev poob siab thiab kev vibration loads rau ntawm PCB ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab ntawm PCB substrate, cov pob khoom, cov khoom siv, thiab cov pob qij txha. Cov kev ntxhov siab no yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm lub sijhawm khoov hauv lub rooj tsav xwm Circuit Court thiab qhov loj inertia ntawm cov khoom. Hauv qhov xwm txheej phem tshaj plaws, cov kev ntxhov siab no tuaj yeem ua rau ib qho ntawm cov kev ua tsis tiav hauv qab no: PCB delamination, solder joint tsis ua haujlwm, txhuas tsis ua haujlwm, lossis cov khoom siv tsis ua haujlwm. Yog tias ib qho ntawm cov kev ua tsis tiav no tshwm sim, ua tiav qhov ua tsis tiav ntawm lub cuab yeej yuav ua raws li. Hom kev ua haujlwm tsis ua haujlwm tau ntsib thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm nyob ntawm hom ntim khoom, cov khoom ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm luam tawm, nrog rau qhov zaus thiab qhov loj ntawm lub sijhawm khoov thiab lub zog inertial. Kev nce qib qeeb hauv kev txheeb xyuas cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj kev ntseeg siab yog vim muaj ntau yam kev sib txuas ntawm cov tswv yim thiab cov qauv tsis ua haujlwm uas yuav tsum tau xav txog.
Cov seem ntawm ntu no yuav sim piav qhia qhov nyuaj ntawm kev txiav txim siab sib txawv cov tswv yim sib txawv ib txhij.
Thawj qhov nyuaj uas yuav tsum xav txog yog ntau hom pob khoom muaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob niaj hnub no, vim tias txhua lub pob yuav poob rau ntau yam. Heavy Cheebtsam yog qhov cuam tshuam rau inertial loads, thaum cov lus teb ntawm SMT Cheebtsam yog ntau nyob ntawm qhov curvature ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm Circuit Court. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, vim qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv, cov hom ntawm cov khoom no muaj ntau yam kev ua tsis tiav raws li qhov loj lossis qhov loj me. Qhov teeb meem no yog ntxiv exacerbated los ntawm qhov tas li tshwm sim ntawm cov khoom tshiab muaj nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam. Yog li ntawd, txhua txoj kev kwv yees qhov kev ntseeg siab yuav tsum tau hloov mus rau cov khoom tshiab kom muaj kev siv tau zoo yav tom ntej. Cov lus teb ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm luam tawm rau kev vibration yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov nruj thiab qhov loj ntawm cov khoom, uas cuam tshuam rau cov lus teb hauv zos ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm Circuit Board. Nws paub tias cov khoom hnyav tshaj plaws lossis loj tshaj plaws tau hloov pauv lub rooj tsavxwm cov lus teb rau kev vibration hauv qhov chaw uas lawv tau nruab. PCB mechanical zog (Young's modulus thiab thickness) tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev ntseeg tau ntawm txoj kev uas nyuaj rau kev twv.
Ib qho nyuaj PCB yuav txo tau tag nrho cov lus teb lub sij hawm ntawm lub PCB nyob rau hauv load, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, tej zaum yuav ua tau nyob rau hauv lub zos bending lub sij hawm siv rau lub Cheebtsam (Tsis tas li ntawd, los ntawm ib tug thermally induced tsis ua hauj lwm foundations, nws yog qhov zoo dua los qhia ntau ntxiv. tau tshaj PCB, vim qhov no txo cov thermal stresses rau ntawm lub ntim - sau ntawv). Qhov zaus thiab amplitude ntawm lub zos khoov lub sij hawm thiab inertial loads imposed rau pawg kuj cuam tshuam rau feem ntau yuav tsis ua hauj lwm hom. High zaus tsawg amplitude loads tuaj yeem ua rau qaug zog tsis ua haujlwm ntawm cov qauv, uas tuaj yeem yog qhov ua rau tsis ua haujlwm (qis / siab cyclic fatigue, LCF yog hais txog kev ua tsis tiav los ntawm cov yas deformation (N_f <10^6), thaum HCF qhia txog elastic deformation. tsis ua hauj lwm , feem ntau (N_f> 10^6) mus rau qhov tsis ua hauj lwm [56] - tus sau ntawv) Qhov kawg kev npaj ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm luam tawm yuav txiav txim siab qhov ua rau tsis ua haujlwm, uas yuav tshwm sim vim kev ntxhov siab hauv ib tus neeg tivthaiv los ntawm inertial loads los yog lub sijhawm khoov hauv zos. Thaum kawg, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov cuam tshuam ntawm tib neeg cov yam ntxwv thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tsim khoom, uas ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov khoom siv tsis ua haujlwm.
Thaum xav txog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov tswv yim tseem ceeb thiab lawv txoj kev sib cuam tshuam, nws pom tseeb tias yog vim li cas ib txoj hauv kev zoo rau kev kwv yees kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tseem tsis tau tsim. Ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshuaj xyuas pom zoo los ntawm cov kws sau txog qhov teeb meem no tau nthuav tawm hauv IEEE [26]. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no tsom mus rau qhov kev faib tawm dav dav ntawm cov qauv kev ntseeg tau, xws li cov qauv ntawm kev kwv yees kev ntseeg tau los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv, cov ntaub ntawv sim, kev ua qauv hauv computer ntawm kev ua tsis tiav (Physics-of-Failure Reliability (PoF)), thiab tsis hais txog kev ua tsis tiav. hauv kev nthuav dav txaus los ntawm kev poob siab thiab kev co. Foucher et al. [17] ua raws li cov ntsiab lus zoo sib xws rau IEEE tshuaj xyuas, nrog rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm thermal tsis ua haujlwm. Cov brevity yav dhau los ntawm kev tsom xam ntawm PoF txoj kev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog siv rau kev poob siab thiab kev co tsis ua haujlwm, ua rau lawv xav txog ntxiv. Kev tshuaj xyuas zoo li IEEE yog nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev suav sau los ntawm AIAA, tab sis lub peev xwm ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas tsis paub nyob rau lub sijhawm no.
3. Evolution ntawm kev cia siab rau txoj kev kwv yees
Txoj kev kwv yees qhov kev ntseeg tau ntxov tshaj plaws, tsim nyob rau xyoo 1960, tam sim no tau piav qhia hauv MIL-HDBK-217F [44] (Mil-Hdbk-217F yog qhov hloov kho tshiab thiab zaum kawg ntawm txoj kev, tso tawm xyoo 1995 - tus sau ntawv) Kev Siv Txoj Kev no siv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis ua haujlwm kom tau txais qhov kev pabcuam nruab nrab ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm luam tawm uas muaj qee yam khoom. Txoj kev no yog lub npe hu ua ib txoj hauv kev los kwv yees kev ntseeg tau los ntawm kev siv thiab cov ntaub ntawv normative. Txawm hais tias Mil-Hdbk-217F tau dhau los ua dhau los, txoj kev siv tseem siv niaj hnub no. Cov kev txwv thiab qhov tsis raug ntawm txoj kev no tau raug sau tseg zoo [42,50], ua rau kev txhim kho peb chav kawm ntawm lwm txoj hauv kev: khoos phis tawj qauv ntawm lub cev tsis ua haujlwm (PoF), cov ntaub ntawv kev sim, thiab cov ntaub ntawv xeem.
PoF txoj hauv kev kwv yees kev ntseeg siab analytically yam tsis muaj kev cia siab rau cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg yav dhau los. Txhua txoj hauv kev PoF muaj ob qho tib si ntawm cov txheej txheem classical uas tau piav qhia hauv Steinberg [62]: ua ntej, cov lus teb vibration ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm Circuit Board rau ib qho kev vibration stimulus yog nrhiav, ces cov txheej txheem tsis ua hauj lwm ntawm tus kheej cov khoom tom qab kev co raug kuaj. Ib qho tseem ceeb ua ntej hauv PoF txoj hauv kev tau siv cov khoom faib (nruab nrab) pawg thawj coj saib kom sai tsim cov qauv lej ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm Circuit Board [54], uas tau txo qis qhov nyuaj thiab lub sijhawm siv los ntsuas qhov kev vibration ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm. Circuit Board (saib Tshooj 8.1.3). Kev txhim kho tsis ntev los no hauv PoF cov txheej txheem tau txhim kho qhov tsis ua tiav kev kwv yees rau saum npoo mount tshuab (SMT) cov khoom siv soldered; Txawm li cas los xij, nrog rau kev zam ntawm Barkers txoj kev [59], cov txheej txheem tshiab no tsuas yog siv tau rau cov kev sib txuas tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom thiab cov ntawv luam tawm. Muaj ob peb txoj hauv kev muaj rau cov khoom loj xws li transformers lossis loj capacitors.
Kev sim cov ntaub ntawv txoj kev txhim kho qhov zoo thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm cov qauv siv nyob rau hauv kev cia siab rau txoj kev kwv yees raws li cov ntaub ntawv siv. Thawj txoj kev raws li kev sim cov ntaub ntawv rau kev kwv yees qhov kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau piav qhia hauv 1999 daim ntawv siv HIRAP (Honeywell In-service Reliability Assessment Program) txoj kev, uas tau tsim los ntawm Honeywell, Inc. [20]. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sim cov ntaub ntawv muaj ntau qhov zoo dua cov txheej txheem rau kev kwv yees kev ntseeg tau siv cov ntaub ntawv siv thiab cov ntaub ntawv normative. Tsis ntev los no, ntau txoj kev zoo sib xws tau tshwm sim (REMM thiab TRACS [17], kuj FIDES [16]). Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sim cov ntaub ntawv, nrog rau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kwv yees kev ntseeg siab uas siv cov ntaub ntawv siv thiab cov ntaub ntawv normative, tsis tso cai rau peb txaus siab coj mus rau hauv tus account lub layout ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm thiab kev khiav hauj lwm ib puag ncig ntawm nws lub lag luam hauv kev ntsuam xyuas kev ntseeg tau. Qhov kev tsis txaus no tuaj yeem raug kho los ntawm kev siv cov ntaub ntawv tsis ua haujlwm los ntawm cov laug cam uas zoo sib xws hauv kev tsim, lossis los ntawm cov laug cam uas tau raug cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm zoo sib xws.
Kev sim cov ntaub ntawv txoj hauv kev nyob ntawm qhov muaj cov ntaub ntawv dav dav uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv sib tsoo lub sijhawm. Txhua yam tsis ua hauj lwm hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yuav tsum raug txheeb xyuas kom raug thiab nws lub hauv paus ua rau txiav txim siab. Txoj kev ntsuam xyuas kev ntseeg siab no yog tsim rau cov tuam txhab uas tsim cov khoom siv tib yam hauv cov khoom loj txaus kom muaj ntau qhov kev ua tsis tiav tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntsuas kev ntseeg tau.
Cov txheej txheem rau kev sim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob rau kev ntseeg tau tau siv txij li nruab nrab xyoo 1970s thiab feem ntau muab faib ua cov kev ntsuas nrawm thiab tsis nrawm. Txoj hauv kev yooj yim yog ua cov kev sim kho vajtse uas tsim kom muaj qhov chaw ua haujlwm tau zoo raws li qhov ua tau. Kev ntsuam xyuas tau ua tiav kom txog thaum muaj qhov ua tsis tiav, tso cai rau MTBF (Lub Sijhawm Nruab Nrab Nruab Nrab Tsis Ua Haujlwm) raug kwv yees. Yog tias MTBF tau kwv yees ntev heev, lub sijhawm xeem tuaj yeem raug txo los ntawm kev ntsuas nrawm, uas yog ua tiav los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm ib puag ncig thiab siv cov qauv paub los txheeb xyuas qhov tsis ua haujlwm hauv kev ntsuas nrawm rau qhov tsis ua tiav qhov xav tau hauv kev ua haujlwm. Qhov kev ntsuam xyuas no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov khoom uas muaj kev pheej hmoo siab tsis ua haujlwm vim nws muab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev ntseeg siab, txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav siv tsis tau rau kev tsim kho vaj huam sib luag vim yog lub sijhawm ntev ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb.
Kev tshuaj xyuas sai ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau tshaj tawm hauv xyoo 1990 qhia tias qhov no yog lub sijhawm uas cov ntaub ntawv sim, cov ntaub ntawv xeem, thiab PoF txoj kev sib tw nrog ib leeg los hloov cov txheej txheem dhau los rau kev kwv yees kev ntseeg tau los ntawm cov ntawv siv. Txawm li cas los xij, txhua txoj kev muaj nws qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo, thiab thaum siv kom raug, ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, IEEE tsis ntev los no tau tshaj tawm tus qauv [26] uas teev tag nrho cov kev kwv yees kev ntseeg tau siv niaj hnub no. Lub hom phiaj ntawm IEEE yog los npaj cov lus qhia uas yuav muab cov engineers paub txog txhua txoj hauv kev muaj thiab qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm txhua txoj hauv kev. Txawm hais tias IEEE txoj hauv kev tseem yog qhov pib ntawm kev hloov pauv ntev, nws zoo li muaj nws tus kheej zoo, raws li AIAA (American Institute of Aeronautics thiab Astronautics) ua raws nws nrog cov lus qhia hu ua S-102, uas zoo ib yam li IEEE tab sis kuj yuav siv sij hawm rau hauv tus account qhov zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm txhua txoj kev [27]. Cov lus qhia no tsuas yog tsim los ua ke cov txheej txheem uas nthuav dav thoob plaws ntiaj teb cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm ntawm cov ncauj lus no.
4. Kev ua tsis tiav los ntawm kev vibration
Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau tsom mus rau qhov kev vibration tsis sib xws raws li PCB load, tab sis cov kev tshawb fawb hauv qab no tshwj xeeb saib ntawm qhov cuam tshuam txog kev ua tsis tiav. Cov txheej txheem zoo li no yuav tsis tau tham tag nrho ntawm no vim lawv poob rau hauv kev faib tawm ntawm PoF txoj kev thiab tau tham hauv ntu 8.1 thiab 8.2 ntawm kab lus no. Heen et al. [24] tau tsim ib lub rooj tsavxwm kuaj los kuaj kev ncaj ncees ntawm BGA solder pob qij txha thaum raug poob siab. Lau et al. [36] tau piav qhia txog kev ntseeg tau ntawm PLCC, PQFP thiab QFP cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub dav hlau thiab tawm ntawm lub dav hlau. Pitarresi et al. [53,55] saib qhov ua tsis tiav ntawm lub khoos phis tawj motherboard vim kev poob siab thiab muab kev tshuaj xyuas zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv piav qhia cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv qab kev poob siab. Steinberg [62] muab tag nrho tshooj ntawm kev tsim thiab kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob cuam tshuam, suav nrog ob qho tib si yuav ua li cas los kwv yees qhov kev poob siab ib puag ncig thiab yuav ua li cas txhawm rau ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Sukhir [64,65] tau piav qhia txog qhov yuam kev hauv kev suav cov kab lus ntawm cov lus teb ntawm lub rooj tsav xwm luam tawm rau qhov cuam tshuam rau cov khoom siv rau lub rooj tsavxwm. Yog li, cov ntaub ntawv siv thiab kev sim cov ntaub ntawv yuav xav txog kev cuam tshuam txog cov khoom siv tsis ua haujlwm, tab sis cov txheej txheem no piav qhia txog "kev cuam tshuam" tsis ua tiav implicitly.
5. Cov txheej txheem siv
Ntawm txhua txoj hauv kev uas tau piav qhia hauv phau ntawv qhia, peb yuav txwv peb tus kheej tsuas yog ob qho uas xav txog kev vibration tsis ua haujlwm: Mil-Hdbk-217 thiab CNET [9]. Mil-Hdbk-217 tau txais raws li tus qauv los ntawm cov tuam txhab feem ntau. Zoo li txhua txoj hauv kev siv phau ntawv thiab siv, lawv yog raws li cov txheej txheem empirical uas lub hom phiaj los kwv yees cov kev ntseeg tau los ntawm kev sim lossis cov ntaub ntawv kuaj. Cov txheej txheem tau piav qhia hauv cov ntaub ntawv siv yog qhov yooj yim rau kev siv, txij li lawv tsis tas yuav tsum muaj kev ua lej ua lej thiab siv tsuas yog hom ntawm ntu, tus lej ntawm qhov chaw, kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm thiab lwm yam khoom siv tau yooj yim. Cov ntaub ntawv tawm tswv yim ces nkag mus rau hauv tus qauv los xam lub sijhawm ntawm kev ua tsis tiav, MTBF. Txawm hais tias nws qhov zoo, Mil-Hdbk-217 tau dhau los ua neeg tsawg thiab tsawg dua [12, 17,42,50,51]. Cia peb xav txog cov npe tsis tiav ntawm kev txwv ntawm nws qhov kev siv tau.
- Cov ntaub ntawv no tau dhau los lawm, tau hloov kho tshiab kawg hauv xyoo 1995 thiab tsis cuam tshuam rau cov khoom tshiab, tsis muaj lub caij nyoog ntawm cov qauv uas tau hloov kho raws li Pawg Thawj Saib Xyuas Kev Txhim Kho Kev Tiv Thaiv tau txiav txim siab cia txoj kev "tuag ib qho kev tuag" [ 26] ib.
- Cov txheej txheem tsis muab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog hom tsis ua haujlwm, yog li PCB layout tsis tuaj yeem txhim kho lossis ua kom zoo dua.
- Cov qauv xav tias kev ua tsis tiav yog tsim kev ywj pheej, tsis quav ntsej txog cov txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom hauv PCB, txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem kev teeb tsa tau paub tias muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau qhov ua tsis tiav. [50].
- Cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia muaj ntau qhov tsis raug, cov ntaub ntawv yog siv los ntawm cov khoom siv thawj zaug nrog qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov tsis ua haujlwm vim yog cov ntaub ntawv tsis raug ntawm lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, kho, thiab lwm yam, uas txo qhov kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov txiaj ntsig kev ntseeg siab [51].
Tag nrho cov kev tsis txaus ntseeg no qhia tau hais tias kev siv cov txheej txheem siv yuav tsum zam, txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv qhov txwv ntawm kev lees paub ntawm cov txheej txheem no, ntau qhov kev xav tau ntawm cov kev qhia tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau ua. Yog li ntawd, cov txheej txheem siv yuav tsum tsuas yog siv thaum tsim nyog, i.e. nyob rau theem pib ntawm kev tsim [46] Hmoov tsis zoo, txawm tias qhov kev siv no yuav tsum tau mus nrog qee qhov ceev faj, vim tias cov hom kev no tsis tau hloov kho txij li xyoo 1995. Yog li ntawd, cov txheej txheem siv tau yog qhov tsis zoo rau kev kwv yees ntawm kev ntseeg tau ntawm kev siv tshuab thiab yuav tsum tau siv ceev faj.
6. Ntsuas cov ntaub ntawv txoj kev
Cov ntaub ntawv xeem cov txheej txheem yog cov kev ntseeg tau yooj yim tshaj plaws kev kwv yees muaj. Ib qho qauv ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm Circuit board tsim yog raug rau ib puag ncig kev co rov ua dua tshiab ntawm lub rooj zaum kuaj. Tom ntej no, qhov kev puas tsuaj tsis zoo (MTTF, kev poob siab spectrum) raug tshuaj xyuas, tom qab ntawd qhov no yog siv los suav cov ntsuas kev ntseeg tau [26]. Txoj kev xeem cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau siv coj mus rau hauv tus account nws qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo.
Lub ntsiab kom zoo dua ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xeem txoj kev yog qhov tseeb thiab kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov txiaj ntsig, yog li rau cov khoom siv uas muaj kev pheej hmoo siab tsis ua haujlwm, theem kawg ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim yuav tsum ib txwm suav nrog kev ntsuas kev vibration. Qhov tsis zoo yog lub sijhawm ntev uas yuav tsum tau tsim, txhim kho thiab thauj cov khoom kuaj, uas ua rau cov qauv tsis tsim nyog rau kev tsim kho cov khoom siv nrog qhov ua tsis tau zoo. Rau cov txheej txheem tsim cov khoom siv rov ua dua, yuav tsum xav txog txoj hauv kev sai dua. Load exposure lub sij hawm yuav raug txo los ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas ceev yog tias cov qauv txhim khu kev qha muaj rau kev suav tom qab ntawm lub neej kev pab cuam tiag tiag [70,71]. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ntsuas nrawm nrawm dua yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev ua qauv thermal tsis ua haujlwm ntau dua li kev vibration tsis ua haujlwm. Qhov no yog vim nws siv sij hawm tsawg dua los ntsuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm thermal loads ntawm cov khoom siv dua li kuaj cov teebmeem ntawm kev vibration loads. Cov nyhuv ntawm kev co tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv cov khoom tsuas yog tom qab lub sijhawm ntev.
Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov kev sim no feem ntau tsis siv rau kev vibration tsis ua haujlwm tshwj tsis yog tias muaj qhov xwm txheej extenuating, xws li tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob ua rau lub sij hawm ntev heev rau kev ua tsis tiav. Piv txwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj txoj kev tuaj yeem pom hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Hart [23], Hin et al. [24], Li [37], Lau et al. [36], Shetty et al. [57], Liguore and Followell [40], Estes et al. [15], Wang EJ et al. [67], Jih and Jung [30]. Kev pom zoo dav dav ntawm txoj hauv kev tau muab hauv IEEE [26].
7. Kev sim cov ntaub ntawv txoj kev
Txoj kev sim cov ntaub ntawv yog raws li cov ntaub ntawv tsis ua haujlwm los ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm zoo sib xws uas tau raug sim raws li kev ua haujlwm tau teev tseg. Cov txheej txheem tsuas yog raug rau cov ntawv luam tawm Circuit Board uas yuav muaj cov khoom sib xws. Txoj kev sim cov ntaub ntawv muaj ob yam tseem ceeb: tsim cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev ua tsis tiav ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab siv cov txheej txheem raws li kev tsim qauv. Txhawm rau tsim cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog, yuav tsum muaj cov ntaub ntawv tsis raug cuam tshuam uas tau sau los ntawm cov qauv zoo sib xws; qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev ua tsis tiav ntawm cov cuab yeej zoo sib xws yuav tsum muaj. Cov khoom siv tsis raug kuj yuav tsum tau txheeb xyuas thiab txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg kom zoo, nws tsis txaus los hais tias qhov muab PCB tsim ua tsis tiav tom qab qee lub sijhawm, qhov chaw, hom tsis ua haujlwm thiab qhov ua rau tsis ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab. Tshwj tsis yog tias tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tsis ua tiav dhau los tau raug tshuaj xyuas kom zoo, lub sijhawm ntev ntawm kev sau cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej kev sim cov ntaub ntawv siv tau.
Ib qho kev ua haujlwm tau zoo rau qhov kev txwv no yog los siv Kev Ntsuas Kev Ntsuas Kev Ua Neej Zoo Tshaj Plaws (HALT) rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv tsis ua haujlwm sai, txawm hais tias kev tsim kho ib puag ncig yog qhov nyuaj tab sis tseem ceeb [27]. Cov lus piav qhia ntawm theem thib ob ntawm kev siv cov kev sim cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem nyeem hauv [27], uas qhia tau hais tias yuav ua li cas kwv yees MTBF rau kev tsim qauv yog tias tus qauv tsim nyob rau hauv kev sim tau txais los ntawm kev hloov kho lub rooj tsavxwm uas twb muaj lawm uas cov ntaub ntawv tsis ua tiav tiav lawm. . Lwm qhov kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sim tau piav qhia los ntawm ntau tus kws sau ntawv hauv [11,17,20,26].
8. Khoos phis tawj simulation ntawm kev ua tsis tiav (PoF)
Khoos phis tawj qauv cov txheej txheem rau cov xwm txheej tsis ua haujlwm, tseem hu ua cov qauv kev ntxhov siab thiab kev puas tsuaj lossis cov qauv PoF, tau ua tiav hauv ob kauj ruam kev ntseeg tau ntawm kev twv ua ntej. Thawj theem suav nrog kev tshawb nrhiav cov lus teb ntawm lub rooj tsav xwm luam tawm mus rau lub zog dynamic load rau nws; nyob rau theem ob, tus qauv cov lus teb yog xam los xyuas kom meej ib qho kev ntseeg tau qhia. Feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv feem ntau mob siab rau ob qho tib si ntawm txoj kev kwv yees cov lus teb thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev nrhiav kev ua tsis tiav. Ob txoj kev no tau nkag siab zoo tshaj plaws thaum piav qhia ntawm nws tus kheej, yog li qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no yuav xav txog ob kauj ruam no cais.
Nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov theem ntawm kev kwv yees cov lus teb thiab kev tshawb nrhiav cov txheej txheem tsis ua haujlwm, cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyob rau hauv thawj theem thiab siv nyob rau hauv qhov thib ob yog pauv mus rau tus qauv. Cov lus teb kuj sib txawv tau hloov zuj zus los ntawm kev siv cov tswv yim acceleration ntawm lub chassis [15,36,37,67], los ntawm qhov tseeb acceleration tau ntsib los ntawm cov tivthaiv rau account rau qhov sib txawv vibrational teb ntawm txawv PCB layouts [40], thiab thaum kawg xav txog. Kev mus ncig hauv zos [62] lossis lub sijhawm khoov hauv zos [59] tau ntsib los ntawm PCB hauv zos rau cov khoom siv.
Nws tau raug sau tseg tias kev ua tsis tiav yog qhov ua haujlwm ntawm kev teeb tsa ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm lub rooj tsav xwm luam tawm [21,38], yog li cov qauv uas suav nrog cov lus teb vibration hauv zos feem ntau yuav raug. Qhov kev xaiv ntawm qhov parameter (loj acceleration, local deflection lossis dabtsi yog khoov lub sijhawm) yog qhov kev txiav txim siab rau qhov tsis ua haujlwm nyob ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb.
Yog tias siv cov khoom siv SMT, qhov curvature lossis dabtsi yog khoov lub sijhawm yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev ua tsis tiav; rau cov khoom hnyav, cov kev nrawm hauv zos feem ntau yog siv los ua cov txheej txheem tsis ua haujlwm. Hmoov tsis zoo, tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb tau ua los qhia tias hom qauv twg yog qhov tsim nyog tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv ib pawg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tawm tswv yim.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum xav txog qhov tsim nyog ntawm txhua txoj kev PoF siv, vim tias nws tsis yog qhov siv tau los siv txhua txoj kev PoF, kev tshuaj xyuas lossis FE, uas tsis tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kuaj xyuas. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau siv txhua tus qauv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv qhov ntawm nws qhov kev siv tau, uas hmoov tsis txwv qhov kev siv ntawm feem ntau cov qauv PoF tam sim no siv rau hauv cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb thiab txwv. Cov piv txwv zoo ntawm kev sib tham ntawm PoF txoj kev tau piav qhia los ntawm ntau tus kws sau ntawv [17,19,26,49].
8.1. Teb Kev kwv yees
Kev twv ua ntej teb yog siv cov geometry thiab cov khoom siv ntawm cov qauv los xam cov lus teb uas yuav tsum tau muaj. Cov kauj ruam no yuav tsum tau ntes tsuas yog tag nrho cov lus teb ntawm PCB hauv qab thiab tsis yog cov lus teb ntawm tus kheej cov khoom. Muaj peb yam tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev kwv yees cov lus teb: analytical, ncauj lus kom ntxaws FE qauv thiab simplified FE qauv, piav qhia hauv qab no. Cov txheej txheem no tsom mus rau kev sib koom ua ke ntawm qhov tawv nqaij thiab qhov loj ntawm cov khoom ntxiv, tab sis nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tsis txhob poob qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua qauv kom raug qhov kev sib hloov ntawm ntug ntawm PCB raws li qhov no muaj feem xyuam rau cov qauv raug (qhov no yog tham hauv Nqe 8.1.4). Fig. 1. Piv txwv ntawm cov qauv ncauj lus kom ntxaws ntawm lub rooj tsav xwm luam tawm [53].
8.1.1. Analytical teb kwv yees
Steinberg [62] muab tib txoj kev tsom xam rau kev suav cov lus teb vibration ntawm lub rooj tsav xwm luam tawm. Steinberg hais tias qhov amplitude ntawm oscillation ntawm resonance ntawm ib lub tshuab hluav taws xob yog sib npaug rau ob npaug ntawm lub hauv paus square ntawm resonant zaus; nqe lus no yog raws li cov ntaub ntawv tsis muaj thiab tsis tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tau. Qhov no tso cai rau lub dynamic deflection ntawm resonance yuav tsum tau analytically xam, uas yuav siv tau los xam cov dynamic load los ntawm ib tug hnyav tivthaiv los yog curvature ntawm lub board Circuit Court board. Txoj kev no tsis ncaj qha tsim cov lus teb PCB hauv zos thiab tsuas yog ua tau raws li cov txheej txheem deflection-based tsis ua haujlwm tau piav qhia los ntawm Steinberg.
Qhov kev siv tau ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev hloov pauv kev faib tawm raws li kev ntsuas amplitude yog questionable txij li Pitarresi li al. [53] ntsuas qhov tseem ceeb attenuation ntawm 2% rau lub computer motherboard, thaum siv Steinberg qhov kev xav yuav muab 3,5% (raws li lub ntuj zaus 54. Hz), uas yuav ua rau muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg loj ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm cov lus teb rau kev vibration.
8.1.2. Paub meej FE qauv
Qee tus kws sau ntawv qhia txog kev siv cov qauv FE kom ntxaws los xam cov lus teb ntawm kev vibration ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm luam tawm [30,37,53, 57,58] (Daim duab 1-3 qhia cov piv txwv nrog cov ntsiab lus nce ntxiv), txawm li cas los xij, kev siv cov no txoj kev tsis pom zoo rau cov khoom lag luam (tshwj tsis yog tias tsuas yog qhov kev kwv yees tseeb ntawm cov lus teb hauv zos tsis tsim nyog kiag li) txij li lub sijhawm yuav tsum tau tsim thiab daws cov qauv no ntau dhau. Cov qauv yooj yim tsim cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog tau nrawm dua thiab tus nqi qis dua. Lub sij hawm yuav tsum tau tsim thiab daws cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws FE qauv tuaj yeem raug txo los ntawm kev siv JEDEC 4 lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav tsis tu ncua luam tawm hauv [33-35], cov caij nplooj ntoos hlav no tuaj yeem siv rau qhov chaw FE cov qauv ntawm txhua lub xaim. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov txheej txheem substructure (qee zaum hu ua superelement method) tuaj yeem siv los txo cov sij hawm suav uas yuav tsum tau daws cov qauv kom ntxaws. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws FE qauv feem ntau plooj cov kab ntawm cov lus teb kwv yees thiab cov txheej txheem tsis ua hauj lwm, yog li cov hauj lwm hais txog ntawm no kuj yuav poob rau hauv cov npe ntawm cov hauj lwm uas muaj cov txheej txheem tsis ua hauj lwm.
8.1.3 ib. Distributed FE Models
Cov qauv yooj yim FE txo cov qauv tsim thiab lub sijhawm daws teeb meem. Cov khoom xyaw ntxiv thiab nws qhov tawv nqaij tuaj yeem sawv cev los ntawm tsuas yog simulating ib qho PCB khoob uas muaj qhov hnyav ntxiv thiab nruj, qhov twg qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov loj thiab qhov tawv nqaij yog suav nrog hauv zos nce PCB's Young's modulus.
Fig. 2. Piv txwv ntawm cov qauv ncauj lus kom ntxaws ntawm QFP tivthaiv siv symmetry kom yooj yim rau kev ua qauv thiab txo lub sij hawm daws [36]. Fig. 3. Piv txwv ntawm cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws FE qauv ntawm J-lead [6].
Qhov kev ua kom tawv nqaij tuaj yeem suav tau los ntawm lub cev txiav tawm cov tswv cuab txuas nrog thiab siv txoj kev sim khoov [52]. Pitarresi et al. [52,54] tshuaj xyuas qhov ua kom yooj yim ntawm cov khoom siv ntxiv thiab qhov tawv nqaij uas muab los ntawm cov khoom txuas nrog lub rooj tsav xwm luam tawm.
Thawj daim ntawv tshuaj xyuas ib rooj plaub ntawm cov qauv FE yooj yim ntawm lub rooj tsav xwm luam tawm, txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv sim. Lub ntsiab ntawm qhov kev txaus siab ntawm daim ntawv no yog qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov khoom faib, nrog rau qhov caveat tias qhov tseeb ntawm torsional txhav yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau tus qauv raug.
Qhov thib ob tsab xov xwm saib ntawm tsib qhov sib txawv ntawm PCBs, txhua tus qauv nrog ntau theem sib txawv ntawm qhov yooj yim ntawm nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Cov qauv no muab piv nrog cov ntaub ntawv sim. Kab lus no xaus nrog qee cov lus qhia kev soj ntsuam ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov hnyav thiab qhov tseeb ntawm tus qauv. Ob daim ntawv no tsuas yog siv ntau zaus thiab MECs (modal assurance standards) los txiav txim qhov sib raug ntawm ob tus qauv. Hmoov tsis zoo, qhov yuam kev hauv lub ntuj zaus tsis tuaj yeem muab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov yuam kev hauv zos acceleration lossis dabtsi yog khoov lub sijhawm, thiab MKO tsuas tuaj yeem muab tag nrho cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm ob hom ntuj, tab sis tsis tuaj yeem siv los xam qhov feem pua ntawm qhov yuam kev ntawm acceleration lossis curvature. Siv kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev txheeb xyuas tus lej thiab lub computer simulation, Cifuentes [10] ua rau plaub qhov kev soj ntsuam hauv qab no.
- Simulated hom yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg yog 90% vibrating mass rau qhov tseeb.
- Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub uas lub rooj tsavxwm qhov kev sib txawv yog piv rau nws cov thickness, kev tsom xam nonlinear yuav tsim nyog tshaj li kev txheeb xyuas kab.
- Qhov yuam kev me me hauv qhov chaw tso khoom tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov yuam kev loj hauv cov lus teb.
- Kev ntsuas qhov tseeb yog qhov tseeb dua rau qhov ua yuam kev hauv huab hwm coj ntau dua li qhov nruj.
8.1.4 ib. Ciam teb tej yam kev mob
PCB ntug rotation stiffness coefficient muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj rau qhov tseeb ntawm cov lus teb [59], thiab nyob ntawm qhov kev teeb tsa tshwj xeeb yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj qhov ntxiv cov khoom hnyav thiab qhov tawv nqaij. Kev ua qauv ntawm kev sib hloov ntawm ntug kev nruj li xoom (qhov tseem ceeb tsuas yog qhov kev txhawb nqa) feem ntau ua rau cov txiaj ntsig zoo, thaum ua qauv raws li nruj nreem kaw feem ntau underestimates cov txiaj ntsig, txij li txawm tias qhov nruj PCB clamping mechanisms tsis tuaj yeem ua kom tag nrho cov ntug clamped. Barker thiab Chen [5] validate lub analytical txoj kev xav nrog kev sim tau los qhia seb ntug rotational rigidity cuam tshuam lub ntuj zaus ntawm ib tug PCB. Qhov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb ntawm txoj haujlwm no yog kev sib raug zoo ntawm ntug rotation stiffness thiab natural frequencies, raws li kev xav. Qhov no kuj txhais tau hais tias qhov yuam kev loj hauv kev ua qauv ntawm ntug rotational txhav yuav ua rau muaj qhov yuam kev loj hauv cov lus teb kwv yees. Txawm hais tias txoj haujlwm no tau txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv ib qho xwm txheej, nws muaj feem xyuam rau kev ua qauv ntawm txhua hom kev ciam teb mechanisms. Siv cov ntaub ntawv sim los ntawm Lim et al. [41] muab ib qho piv txwv ntawm yuav ua li cas cov ntug rotational txhav yuav raug xam los siv FE hauv PCB qauv; qhov no yog ua tiav siv ib txoj kev yoog los ntawm Barker thiab Chen [5]. Txoj hauj lwm no tseem qhia tau hais tias yuav ua li cas los txiav txim siab qhov chaw zoo tshaj plaws ntawm txhua qhov taw tes hauv cov qauv kom ua kom muaj ntau zaus ntawm ntuj. Cov hauj lwm uas tshwj xeeb txiav txim siab txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev hloov kho ciam teb kom txo qis kev vibration teb kuj muaj nyob ntawm Guo thiab Zhao [21]; Aglietti [2]; Aglietti thiab Schwingshackl [3], Lim et al. [41].
8.1.5 ib. Kev poob siab thiab kev vibration cuam tshuam kwv yees
Pitarresi et al. [53-55] siv cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws FE qauv ntawm PCB los kwv yees qhov kev poob siab thiab kev vibration ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm nrog cov khoom sawv cev ua 3D blocks. Cov qauv no tau siv qhov kev sim txiav txim siab tas li damping piv los txhim kho qhov kev kwv yees ntawm cov lus teb ntawm resonance. Impact response spectrum (SRS) thiab lub sij hawm-sweeping txoj kev tau muab piv rau qhov cuam tshuam cov lus twv kwv yees, nrog rau ob txoj kev yog kev lag luam tawm ntawm qhov tseeb thiab lub sij hawm daws teeb meem.
8.2. Cov txheej txheem tsis lees paub
Cov txheej txheem ua tsis tiav siv qhov ntsuas ntawm PCB cov lus teb thiab siv nws los ua qhov ntsuas qhov tsis ua haujlwm, qhov twg qhov ntsuas tsis ua haujlwm yuav yog lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm kev ua tsis tiav (MTBF), mus rau qhov tsis ua haujlwm, qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis ua haujlwm, lossis lwm yam kev ntseeg siab (saib IEEE [26]; Jensen[28] 47]; O'Connor [XNUMX] rau kev sib tham txog kev ntsuas tsis ua haujlwm). Muaj ntau ntau txoj hauv kev los tsim cov ntaub ntawv no tuaj yeem yooj yim muab faib ua cov txheej txheem analytical thiab empirical. Cov txheej txheem empirical tsim cov ntaub ntawv tsis ua haujlwm los ntawm kev thauj cov qauv kuaj ntawm cov khoom mus rau qhov xav tau dynamic load. Hmoov tsis zoo, vim muaj ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tawm tswv yim (cov khoom siv, PCB thicknesses thiab loads) uas muaj peev xwm ua tau hauv kev xyaum, cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm tsis zoo li yuav siv tau ncaj qha vim cov ntaub ntawv tsuas yog siv tau tshwj xeeb heev. Txoj kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tsis raug kev txom nyem los ntawm qhov tsis zoo li no thiab muaj kev siv dav dua.
8.2.1. Cov txheej txheem ua tsis tiav
Raws li tau hais ua ntej, qhov kev txwv ntawm feem ntau cov qauv qhia pom yog tias lawv tsuas yog siv tau rau kev teeb tsa uas muaj tib lub PCB tuab, cov khoom zoo sib xws, thiab cov khoom nkag, uas tsis zoo li. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov laj thawj hauv qab no: nws muab cov piv txwv zoo ntawm kev ua tsis tiav kev xeem, qhia txog cov kev xaiv sib txawv rau kev ntsuas tsis ua haujlwm, thiab muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb hais txog kev ua tsis tiav. Li [37] tsim ib qho qauv piv txwv los kwv yees qhov kev ntseeg tau ntawm 272-pin BGA thiab 160-pin QFP pob. Kev qaug zog kev puas tsuaj nyob rau hauv cov conductors thiab nyob rau hauv lub pob lub cev raug soj ntsuam, thiab cov kev sim tau pom zoo nrog kev nyuaj siab-raws li kev puas tsuaj tsom xam suav nrog cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws FE qauv (saib Li thiab Poglitsch [38,39]). Cov txheej txheem tsim kev puas tsuaj rau ib theem ntawm kev co acceleration ntawm kev co input teeb liab.
Lau et al. [36] txheeb xyuas qhov kev ntseeg tau ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb hauv kev poob siab thiab kev vibration loading siv Weibull cov txheeb cais. Liguore thiab Followell [40] tau tshuaj xyuas qhov ua tsis tiav ntawm LLCC thiab J-lead Cheebtsam los ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm lub zos acceleration thoob plaws kev pabcuam. Hauv zos acceleration yog siv los ntawm chassis input acceleration, thiab cov nyhuv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ntawm qhov ntsuas tau raug soj ntsuam. Tsab ntawv no tseem ua rau kev siv rau kev tshawb fawb txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm PCB thickness ntawm cov khoom siv kev ntseeg siab.
Guo thiab Zhao [21] sib piv cov kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov khoom thaum lub zos torsional curvature yog siv los ua lub nra, sib piv rau yav dhau los cov kev tshawb fawb uas siv acceleration. Kev puas tsuaj qaug zog yog simulated, ces tus qauv FE yog piv nrog cov txiaj ntsig kev sim. Tsab xov xwm tseem tham txog kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem kev teeb tsa los txhim kho kev ntseeg tau.
Ham thiab Lee [22] nthuav qhia cov ntaub ntawv xeem cov txheej txheem rau qhov teeb meem ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov hlau lead kev nyuaj siab nyob rau hauv cyclic torsional loading. Estes et al. [15] tau txiav txim siab qhov teeb meem tsis ua hauj lwm ntawm gullwing Cheebtsam (GOST IEC 61188-5-5-2013) nrog rau kev siv input acceleration thiab thermal load. Cov khoom siv tau kawm yog chip pob hom CQFP 352, 208, 196, 84 thiab 28, nrog rau FP 42 thiab 10. Cov kab lus no tau mob siab rau qhov tsis ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob vim qhov hloov pauv hauv lub orbit ntawm lub ntiaj teb geostationary satellite, lub sijhawm. nruab nrab ntawm kev ua tsis tiav yog muab nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm xyoo ntawm kev ya davhlau ntawm geostationary lossis qis lub ntiaj teb orbits. Nws tau raug sau tseg tias tsis ua haujlwm ntawm gullwing xov hlau muaj feem ntau ntawm qhov chaw sib cuag nrog lub pob lub cev dua li ntawm qhov sib koom ua ke.
Jih thiab Jung [30] xav txog cov khoom siv tsis ua haujlwm los ntawm kev tsim khoom tsis xws luag hauv kev sib koom ua ke. Qhov no yog ua los ntawm kev tsim cov qauv FE kom ntxaws heev ntawm PCB thiab nrhiav lub zog spectral ntom ntom (PSD) rau qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tsim cov kab nrib pleb ntev. Ligyore, Followell [40] thiab Shetty, Reinikainen [58] qhia tias cov txheej txheem empirical tsim cov ntaub ntawv tsis raug thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws rau cov kev sib txuas tshwj xeeb. Cov txheej txheem no yog siv yog tias qee cov ntaub ntawv tawm tswv yim (board thickness, tivthaiv hom, curvature range) tuaj yeem tuav tas li thoob plaws hauv kev tsim, lossis yog tias tus neeg siv tuaj yeem them taus ua qhov kev sim tiag tiag ntawm hom no.
8.2.2. Kev ntsuas tsis ua haujlwm analytical
SMT qauv ntawm kaum pob qij txha
Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb saib SMT kaum tus pin tsis ua haujlwm qhia tias qhov no yog qhov ua rau tsis ua haujlwm. Cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Sidharth thiab Barker [59] ua tiav cov ntaub ntawv ua ntej los ntawm kev nthuav qhia tus qauv rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm SMT ces kaum coj thiab voj hlau lead Cheebtsam. Cov qauv npaj muaj qhov yuam kev tsawg dua 7% piv rau cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws FE qauv rau rau qhov xwm txheej phem tshaj plaws. Tus qauv yog raws li cov qauv yav dhau los uas tau luam tawm los ntawm Barker thiab Sidharth [4], qhov twg qhov deflection ntawm ib feem txuas nrog rau lub sijhawm khoov tau ua qauv. Daim ntawv los ntawm Sukhir [63] tshuaj ntsuam xyuas cov kev ntxhov siab uas xav tau hauv pob khoom siv vim yog siv lub sijhawm khoov hauv zos. Barker thiab Sidharth [4] tsim los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Sukhir [63], Barker li al. [4], uas txiav txim siab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua haujlwm nruj. Thaum kawg, Barker et al. [7] siv cov qauv FE kom ntxaws los kawm txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hlau lead hauv lub neej qaug zog.
Nws yog qhov tsim nyog ntawm no hais txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm JEDEC cov hlau lead caij nplooj ntoos hlav, uas yooj yim heev rau kev tsim cov qauv ntawm cov khoom siv lead ua [33-35]. Lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav tsis tu ncua tuaj yeem siv los hloov cov qauv ntxaws ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov hlau lead; lub sijhawm yuav tsum tau tsim thiab daws cov qauv FE yuav raug txo qis hauv cov qauv. Kev siv cov khoom tsis tu ncua hauv cov qauv FE yuav tiv thaiv kev suav ncaj qha ntawm cov hlau lead hauv zos. Hloov chaw, tag nrho cov hlau lead deformation yuav raug muab, uas yuav tsum tau muaj feem xyuam nrog kev ntxhov siab hauv zos lossis cov txheej txheem ua tsis tiav raws li lub neej voj voog ntawm cov khoom.
Cov ntaub ntawv qaug zog
Feem ntau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov tsis ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv rau cov khoom siv thiab cov khoom siv feem ntau yog cuam tshuam nrog thermal tsis ua haujlwm, thiab cov ntaub ntawv me me muaj feem xyuam rau kev qaug zog tsis ua haujlwm. Ib qho kev siv loj hauv cheeb tsam no yog muab los ntawm Sandor [56], uas muab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev qaug zog thiab tsis ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlau nplaum. Steinberg [62] txiav txim siab qhov ua tsis tiav ntawm cov qauv solder. Cov ntaub ntawv qaug zog rau cov qauv solders thiab cov xov hlau muaj nyob hauv Yamada daim ntawv [69].
Fig. 4. Txoj hauj lwm tsis ua hauj lwm ib txwm los ntawm phau ntawv qhia rau QFP cov khoom nyob ze rau lub cev pob.
Kev ua qauv tsis zoo cuam tshuam nrog solder debonding yog qhov nyuaj vim qhov txawv txav ntawm cov khoom siv no. Txoj kev daws teeb meem rau lo lus nug no yog nyob ntawm cov khoom uas yuav tsum tau sim. Nws paub tias rau QFP cov pob no feem ntau tsis suav nrog, thiab kev ntseeg tau raug ntsuas los ntawm kev siv cov ntaub ntawv siv. Tab sis yog hais tias lub soldering ntawm loj BGA thiab PGA Cheebtsam yog xam, ces coj kev sib txuas, vim hais tias ntawm lawv cov khoom txawv txawv, tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov tsis ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom. Yog li, rau cov pob QFP, cov khoom ua rau qaug zog yog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Rau BGA, cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev ua haujlwm ntev ntawm cov pob qij txha raug rau cov yas deformation instantaneous yog qhov tseem ceeb dua [14]. Rau cov khoom loj dua, Steinberg [62] muab cov ntaub ntawv sib koom ua ke rub tawm hluav taws xob.
Heavy Component Failure Models
Cov qauv tsis ua haujlwm nkaus xwb uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom hnyav tau nthuav tawm hauv ib daim ntawv los ntawm Steinberg [62], uas tshuaj xyuas qhov tensile lub zog ntawm cov khoom thiab muab piv txwv ntawm yuav ua li cas los xam qhov siab tshaj plaws kev ntxhov siab uas tuaj yeem siv rau kev sib txuas ua ke.
8.3. Cov lus xaus ntawm qhov siv tau ntawm PoF qauv
Cov lus xaus hauv qab no tau ua nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv hais txog PoF txoj hauv kev.
Cov lus teb hauv zos yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev kwv yees qhov tsis ua haujlwm. Raws li tau sau tseg hauv Li, Poglitsch [38], cov khoom ntawm cov npoo ntawm PCB tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev ua tsis tau zoo dua li cov nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm PCB vim qhov sib txawv hauv zos hauv kev khoov. Yog li ntawd, cov khoom sib txawv ntawm qhov chaw sib txawv ntawm PCB yuav muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tsis ua haujlwm.
Lub rooj tsav xwm hauv zos curvature yog suav hais tias yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj qhov tsis ua haujlwm tshaj li kev nrawm rau SMT cov khoom. Cov hauj lwm tsis ntev los no [38,57,62,67] qhia tias board curvature yog lub ntsiab tsis ua hauj lwm.
Ntau hom pob khoom, ob qho tib si ntawm tus lej pins thiab hom siv, yog qhov muaj kev ntseeg siab ntau dua li lwm tus, tsis hais qhov tshwj xeeb hauv cheeb tsam [15,36,38].
Qhov kub thiab txias tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov kev ntseeg tau ntawm cov khoom. Liguore thiab Followell [40] hais tias lub neej qaug zog yog siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias ntawm 0 ◦C txog 65 ◦C, nrog rau qhov pom ntawm qhov kub thiab txias qis dua -30 ◦C thiab siab dua 95 ◦C. Rau QFP Cheebtsam, qhov chaw uas cov hlau txuas rau lub pob (saib daim duab 4) yog suav tias yog qhov chaw ua txhaum loj tshaj qhov sib koom ua ke [15,22,38].
Board thickness muaj qhov cuam tshuam rau lub neej qaug zog ntawm SMT Cheebtsam, raws li BGA qaug zog lub neej tau pom tias yuav txo qis los ntawm kwv yees li 30-50 zaug yog tias lub thickness ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm tau nce los ntawm 0,85mm mus rau 1,6mm (thaum tswj xyuas qhov curvature tas li) [13] . Qhov yooj yim (ua raws) ntawm cov khoom ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov khoom siv lead ua peripheral [63], txawm li cas los xij, qhov no yog kev sib raug zoo uas tsis yog-linear, thiab cov kev sib txuas nruab nrab yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws.
8.4. Cov txheej txheem software
Lub Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering (CALCE) ntawm University of Maryland muab software rau kev suav cov kev vibration thiab kev poob siab ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm hauv Circuit Court. Lub software (lub npe hu ua CALCE PWA) muaj tus neeg siv interface uas ua kom yooj yim rau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev khiav FE qauv thiab tau txais cov lus teb rau hauv cov qauv kev co. Tsis muaj cov kev xav uas siv los tsim cov qauv FE, thiab cov txheej txheem tsis ua haujlwm tau siv los ntawm Steinberg [61] (txawm hais tias Barkers 'txoj kev [48] kuj tseem xav kom siv). Txhawm rau muab cov lus pom zoo dav dav rau kev txhim kho cov cuab yeej kev ntseeg siab, cov software piav qhia ua tau zoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog vim nws ib txhij coj mus rau hauv tus account thermally induced stresses thiab xav tau kev paub tshwj xeeb tsawg, tab sis qhov tseeb ntawm cov txheej txheem tsis ua hauj lwm hauv cov qauv tsis tau kuaj xyuas kev sim.
9. Cov txheej txheem ua kom muaj kev ntseeg tau ntawm cov cuab yeej siv
Tshooj lus no yuav tham txog kev hloov kho tom qab kev tsim kho uas txhim kho kev ntseeg tau ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Lawv poob rau hauv ob pawg: cov uas hloov cov ciam teb ntawm PCB, thiab cov uas nce damping.
Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov kho ntawm ciam teb yog txhawm rau txo qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm lub rooj tsav xwm luam tawm, qhov no tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev sib zog ntawm cov tav, kev txhawb nqa ntxiv lossis txo kev vibration ntawm cov khoom nruab nrab. Stiffeners tuaj yeem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo vim tias lawv nce ntau zaus, yog li txo qis kev hloov pauv hloov pauv [62], tib yam siv rau kev ntxiv kev txhawb nqa ntxiv [3], txawm hais tias qhov chaw ntawm kev txhawb nqa tuaj yeem ua kom zoo, raws li qhia hauv cov haujlwm ntawm JH Ong thiab Lim [ 40]. Hmoov tsis zoo, ribs thiab kev txhawb nqa feem ntau xav tau kev kho dua tshiab ntawm cov txheej txheem, yog li cov txheej txheem no yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws thaum ntxov hauv lub voj voog tsim. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev saib xyuas yuav tsum tau ua kom ntseeg tau tias kev hloov kho tsis hloov lub ntuj frequencies kom phim lub ntuj frequencies ntawm cov qauv txhawb nqa, vim qhov no yuav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam.
Ntxiv kev rwb thaiv tsev txhim kho cov khoom lag luam kev ntseeg tau los ntawm kev txo cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm qhov chaw dynamic hloov mus rau cov khoom siv thiab tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm passively lossis nquag.
Passive txoj kev yog feem ntau yooj yim thiab pheej yig dua rau kev siv, xws li kev siv cov cable insulators [66] lossis siv cov khoom pseudoelastic ntawm cov duab nco alloys (SMA) [32]. Txawm li cas los xij, nws paub tias cov kev sib cais tsis zoo tuaj yeem ua rau cov lus teb nce ntxiv.
Cov txheej txheem nquag muab damping zoo dua nyob rau hauv ntau qhov ntau zaus, feem ntau ntawm kev siv yooj yim thiab huab hwm coj, yog li lawv feem ntau yog npaj los txhim kho qhov tseeb ntawm cov cuab yeej precision heev es tsis txhob tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj. Active vibration rho tawm muaj xws li electromagnetic [60] thiab piezoelectric txoj kev [18,43]. Tsis zoo li ciam teb hloov txoj kev, damping hloov kho lub hom phiaj kom txo tau lub ncov resonant teb ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, thaum lub sij hawm lub ntuj frequencies yuav tsum tau hloov me ntsis.
Raws li nrog kev sib cais ntawm kev vibration, damping tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm passively los yog nquag, nrog cov qauv tsim simplifications zoo sib xws hauv qhov qub thiab ntau dua qhov nyuaj thiab damping tom kawg.
Passive txoj kev suav nrog, piv txwv li, txoj hauv kev yooj yim heev xws li cov khoom sib txuas, yog li ua kom cov damping ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm Circuit Board [62]. Ntau txoj hauv kev muaj xws li particle damping [68] thiab kev siv broadband dynamic absorbers [25].
Kev tswj kev vibration feem ntau yog ua tiav los ntawm kev siv cov khoom piezoceramic sib koom ua ke rau saum npoo ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm Circuit Board [1,45]. Kev siv cov txheej txheem hardening yog cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb thiab yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo xav txog kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm txoj kev. Kev siv cov tswv yim no rau cov khoom siv uas tsis paub tias muaj teeb meem kev ntseeg siab yuav tsis tas yuav nce tus nqi thiab qhov hnyav ntawm tus tsim. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias cov khoom lag luam nrog kev pom zoo tsim tsis tau thaum lub sijhawm kuaj, nws yuav ua tau sai dua thiab yooj yim dua los siv cov txheej txheem hardening dua li rov tsim cov khoom siv.
10. Muaj cib fim tsim txoj hauv kev
Tshooj lus no qhia txog cov hauv kev rau kev txhim kho kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, txawm tias tsis ntev los no kev nce qib hauv optoelectronics, nanotechnology, thiab ntim technologies yuav txwv tsis pub siv cov lus pom zoo no. Plaub txoj kev kwv yees kev ntseeg siab tseem ceeb yuav tsis siv thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom siv. Qhov tsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov txheej txheem zoo li no zoo nkauj dua yuav yog kev txhim kho cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tag nrho, tus nqi qis thiab kev sim thev naus laus zis, vim qhov no yuav tso cai rau cov qauv tsim los tsim thiab sim sai dua li tam sim no ua tau, nrog rau tib neeg kev siv zog tsawg.
Txoj kev PoF muaj ntau chav rau kev txhim kho. Qhov chaw tseem ceeb uas nws tuaj yeem txhim kho yog nyob rau hauv kev koom ua ke nrog tag nrho cov txheej txheem tsim. Kev tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yog ib qho txheej txheem uas coj tus tsim tawm los ze zog rau qhov ua tiav tsuas yog hauv kev koom tes nrog cov kws ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim hluav taws xob, kev tsim khoom thiab thermal engineering, thiab kev tsim qauv. Ib txoj hauv kev uas tau hais daws qee qhov teeb meem ib txhij yuav txo tus naj npawb ntawm cov qauv tsim thiab txuag lub sijhawm tseem ceeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum xav txog qhov sib txuas lus sib txuas lus. Lwm qhov chaw ntawm kev txhim kho hauv PoF txoj hauv kev yuav muab faib ua hom lus teb kev kwv yees thiab cov txheej txheem ua tsis tiav.
Kev kwv yees teb tau muaj ob txoj hauv kev mus rau pem hauv ntej: nrawm dua, cov qauv ntxaws dua, lossis txhim kho, cov qauv yooj yim. Nrog rau qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm cov khoom siv computer uas muaj zog zuj zus tuaj, lub sijhawm daws teeb meem rau cov qauv FE cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem ua luv luv, thaum tib lub sijhawm, ua tsaug rau cov software niaj hnub, cov khoom sib dhos lub sij hawm raug txo, uas thaum kawg txo tus nqi ntawm tib neeg cov peev txheej. Cov txheej txheem FE yooj yim kuj tuaj yeem txhim kho los ntawm cov txheej txheem rau kev tsim cov qauv FE, zoo ib yam li cov lus thov kom ntxaws FE txoj kev. Tsis siv neeg software (CALCE PWA) tam sim no muaj rau lub hom phiaj no, tab sis cov thev naus laus zis tsis muaj pov thawj zoo hauv kev xyaum thiab cov qauv kev xav tau ua tsis paub.
Kev suav ntawm qhov tsis paub tseeb uas muaj nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev simplification yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, tso cai rau kev ua txhaum cai rau kev ua txhaum cai.
Thaum kawg, cov ntaub ntawv los yog cov txheej txheem rau kev nthuav tawm qhov nruj ntxiv rau cov khoom sib txuas yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, qhov uas cov tawv tawv no tuaj yeem siv los txhim kho qhov tseeb ntawm cov qauv lus teb. Kev tsim cov txheej txheem tsis ua hauj lwm yog nyob ntawm qhov sib txawv me ntsis ntawm cov khoom zoo sib xws los ntawm cov tuam txhab sib txawv, nrog rau kev txhim kho ntawm cov khoom ntim tshiab, vim tias txhua txoj kev los yog cov ntaub ntawv rau kev txiav txim siab tsis ua hauj lwm yuav tsum suav rau qhov kev hloov pauv thiab kev hloov pauv.
Ib qho kev daws teeb meem yuav yog los tsim ib txoj hauv kev / software kom tau txais cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws FE qauv raws li cov khoom siv nkag xws li txhuas thiab ntim qhov ntev. Txoj kev no tuaj yeem ua tau rau feem ntau cov khoom sib xws xws li SMT lossis DIP cov khoom, tab sis tsis yog rau cov khoom tsis sib xws xws li transformers, chokes, lossis cov khoom siv.
Cov qauv FE tom qab tuaj yeem daws tau rau cov kev ntxhov siab thiab ua ke nrog cov ntaub ntawv tsis ua haujlwm (S-N cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv plasticity curve, fracture mechanics lossis zoo sib xws) los xam cov khoom siv lub neej, txawm hais tias cov ntaub ntawv tsis ua haujlwm yuav tsum yog cov khoom zoo. Cov txheej txheem FE yuav tsum muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov ntaub ntawv xeem tiag tiag, zoo dua li ntau qhov kev teeb tsa ntau li ntau tau.
Kev siv zog koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem no kuj yog qhov me me piv rau lwm txoj hauv kev kuaj xyuas ncaj qha, uas yuav tsum ua cov lej tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev ntsuam xyuas thoob plaws PCB thicknesses sib txawv, sib txawv load intensity thiab load cov lus qhia, txawm tias muaj ntau pua hom khoom sib txawv muaj rau ntau yam. hom boards. Hais txog kev sim sim yooj yim, tej zaum yuav muaj ib txoj hauv kev los txhim kho tus nqi ntawm txhua qhov kev xeem.
Yog tias muaj ib txoj hauv kev los suav cov txheeb ze ntawm kev ntxhov siab vim muaj kev hloov pauv hauv qee qhov sib txawv, xws li PCB thickness lossis txhuas qhov ntev, tom qab ntawd qhov kev hloov pauv hauv lub neej yuav raug kwv yees. Cov txheej txheem zoo li no tuaj yeem tsim los siv FE tsom xam lossis cov txheej txheem tshuaj ntsuam xyuas, thaum kawg ua rau cov qauv yooj yim rau kev suav cov txheej txheem tsis ua haujlwm los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsis ua haujlwm uas twb muaj lawm.
Thaum kawg, nws xav tias yuav tsim ib txoj hauv kev uas sib xyaw ua ke txhua yam khoom sib txawv muaj: FE tsom xam, cov ntaub ntawv xeem, kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas thiab kev txheeb cais los tsim cov ntaub ntawv tsis raug tshaj plaws uas muaj peev xwm nrog cov peev txheej tsawg. Txhua tus neeg lub ntsiab ntawm txoj kev PoF tuaj yeem txhim kho los ntawm kev qhia cov txheej txheem stochastic rau hauv cov txheej txheem los coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov theem tsim khoom. Qhov no yuav ua rau cov txiaj ntsig muaj tseeb dua, tej zaum yuav ua rau cov txheej txheem tsim cov khoom siv uas muaj zog dua rau qhov sib txawv thaum txo cov khoom degradation (xws li qhov hnyav thiab tus nqi).
Thaum kawg, cov kev txhim kho no tseem tuaj yeem tso cai rau kev soj ntsuam lub sijhawm ntawm cov khoom siv kev ntseeg siab thaum lub sijhawm tsim qauv, tam sim ntawd qhia cov kev xaiv muaj kev nyab xeeb dua, kev teeb tsa, lossis lwm cov lus pom zoo los txhim kho kev ntseeg siab thaum hais txog lwm yam teeb meem xws li electromagnetic cuam tshuam (EMI), thermal thiab industrial.
11. Xaus
Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no qhia txog qhov nyuaj ntawm kev kwv yees qhov kev ntseeg tau ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, taug qab qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm plaub hom kev tshuaj ntsuam (cov ntaub ntawv tswj hwm, cov ntaub ntawv sim, cov ntaub ntawv xeem thiab PoF), ua rau muaj kev sib txuas thiab sib piv ntawm cov hom kev siv no. Cov txheej txheem siv tau raug sau tseg tias yuav muaj txiaj ntsig tsuas yog rau kev tshawb fawb ua ntej, kev sim cov ntaub ntawv siv tsuas yog siv tau yog tias muaj cov ntaub ntawv dav thiab raug sijhawm, thiab cov ntaub ntawv xeem cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb heev rau kev tsim qauv tsim qauv tab sis tsis txaus rau kev tsim qauv.
Cov txheej txheem PoF tau tham txog ntau yam ntxiv dua li hauv kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv yav dhau los, faib cov kev tshawb fawb rau hauv pawg ntawm kev kwv yees thiab qhov tshwm sim tsis ua tiav. Nqe lus “Tshwj xeeb txog qhov lus teb” tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khoom sib faib, kev ua qauv ciam teb, thiab theem ntawm kev nthuav dav hauv FE qauv. Qhov kev xaiv ntawm cov lus teb kwv yees txoj kev pom tau tias yog kev lag luam tawm ntawm qhov raug thiab lub sijhawm los tsim thiab daws cov qauv FE, rov hais dua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov raug ntawm cov ciam teb. Tshooj "Cov Cai Tsis Txaus" tham txog cov txheej txheem ua tsis tiav thiab kev txheeb xyuas; rau SMT thev naus laus zis, kev tshuaj xyuas cov qauv thiab cov khoom hnyav tau muab.
Cov txheej txheem empirical tsuas yog siv tau rau cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb, txawm hais tias lawv muab cov piv txwv zoo ntawm cov kev ntsuas kev ntseeg siab, qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas muaj ntau qhov siv tau ntau dua tab sis nyuaj rau kev siv. Kev sib tham luv luv ntawm cov txheej txheem tsom xam tsis ua haujlwm raws li cov software tshwj xeeb tau muab. Thaum kawg, qhov cuam tshuam rau yav tom ntej ntawm kev cia siab rau kev kwv yees tau muab, xav txog cov lus qhia uas qhov kev cia siab rau kev kwv yees yuav hloov zuj zus.
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