Yav dhau los ib feem ntawm peb zaj dab neeg nyob rau hauv lub lem ntawm lub 80s thiab 90s. Txog lub sijhawm no, cov kws qhia ntawv tau txias me ntsis rau hauv computer. Nws tau ntseeg tias tsuas yog programmers tiag tiag xav tau lawv. Qhov kev xav no feem ntau yog vim qhov tseeb tias cov khoos phis tawj ntawm tus kheej ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov neeg siv kev paub dhau los, thiab cov kws qhia ntawv tsis muaj kev txawj txaus los hloov kho thiab siv lawv hauv cov txheej txheem kev kawm.
Thaum lub peev xwm ntawm PCs tau nthuav tawm tag nrho, thiab lawv tau pom meej dua, yooj yim dua thiab txaus nyiam rau cov neeg zoo tib yam, qhov xwm txheej pib hloov pauv, suav nrog hauv kev kawm software.
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"Iron" usability
Qhov no yog thawj Apple qauv nrog lub tsheb npav peripheral SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface, pronounced "skazi"), ua tsaug rau ntau yam khoom siv tuaj yeem txuas nrog lub computer: los ntawm hard drives thiab drives rau scanners thiab printers. Xws li cov chaw nres nkoj tuaj yeem pom ntawm txhua lub khoos phis tawj Apple mus txog rau iMac, uas tau tso tawm xyoo 1998.
Lub tswv yim ntawm kev nthuav dav cov neeg siv kev paub yog qhov tseem ceeb rau Macintosh Plus. Tom qab ntawd lub tuam txhab muab nyiaj cheb rau cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm tus qauv tshwj xeeb - Macintosh Plus Ed, thiab Steve Jobs nquag muab khoom siv rau cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab tsev kawm qib siab, thiab tib lub sijhawm - cov txiaj ntsig se rau cov tuam txhab IT uas koom nrog cov haujlwm zoo li no.
Ib xyoos tom qab Macintosh Plus, Apple tso nws thawj lub khoos phis tawj nrog cov xim puv xim, Macintosh II. Cov kws tshaj lij Michael Dhuey thiab Brian Berkeley tau pib ua haujlwm ntawm tus qauv no zais cia los ntawm Txoj Haujlwm. Nws tau categorically tawm tsam cov xim Macintoshes, tsis xav kom poob qhov elegance ntawm daim duab monochrome. Yog li ntawd, qhov project tau txais kev txhawb nqa tag nrho tsuas yog nrog kev hloov pauv hauv lub tuam txhab kev tswj hwm thiab ua rau tag nrho PC ua lag luam.
Nws nyiam tsis tsuas yog nws 13-nti xim npo thiab kev txhawb nqa rau 16,7 lab xim, tab sis kuj nws cov qauv tsim qauv, txhim kho SCSI interface thiab lub tsheb npav tshiab NuBus, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm hloov cov txheej txheem kho vajtse (los ntawm txoj kev, Steve yog tawm tsam qhov no thiab).
Yees duab: /PD
Txawm hais tias tus nqi ntawm ntau txhiab daus las, khoos phis tawj tau los ze rau cov neeg siv khoom txhua xyoo, yam tsawg kawg ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab muaj peev xwm. Txhua yam uas tseem tshuav ua yog los tsim cov kev pab cuam uas yuav khiav ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv zoo nkauj no.
Cov xibfwb qhia ntawv virtual
Cov khoos phis tawj tshiab tau ua rau muaj kev sib tham txog teeb meem hauv kev kawm tag nrho. Qee tus tau tham txog qhov ua tsis tau kom ncav cuag txhua tus tub ntxhais kawm hauv chav kawm uas muaj neeg coob. Lwm tus tau suav tias nws siv sijhawm ntau npaum li cas los ua thiab kuaj xyuas cov ntawv xeem. Tseem muaj lwm tus thuam cov phau ntawv thiab phau ntawv, kev hloov kho uas raug nqi zoo nkauj thiab siv ntau xyoo.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, "tus kws qhia ntawv hluav taws xob" tuaj yeem ua haujlwm nrog ntau txhiab tus tub ntxhais kawm ib zaug, thiab lawv txhua tus yuav tau txais 100% ntawm nws qhov kev xav. Kev ntsuam xyuas tuaj yeem raug tsim tawm, thiab qhov kev cob qhia tuaj yeem hloov kho ntawm qhov kov ntawm lub pob. Tsis txhob hais txog qhov tseeb tias txoj hauv kev no nws tuaj yeem nthuav tawm cov khoom siv yam tsis muaj kev ntsuam xyuas thiab ntxiv, ib txwm nyob hauv daim ntawv thiab ntim uas tau pom zoo los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij hauv zej zog.
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Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 90s, cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv tau muab kev kawm software ntawm ib tug tshiab tiam - lawv pib kawm algebra nrog ΠΈ (PAT), thiab physics - nrog . Qhov software no tau muab lub sijhawm tsis yog rau kev ntsuas kev paub, tab sis kuj tseem muaj kev pabcuam hauv kev paub txog cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kawm. Tab sis kev hloov cov khoom lag luam rau cov txheej txheem kev kawm tsis yooj yim li - cov software tshiab txawv ntawm nws cov txheej txheem ua ntej thiab xav tau cov kev qhia sib txawv - cov neeg tsim khoom xav kom cov menyuam kawm ntawv tsis txhob nkim cov khoom, tab sis kom nkag siab.
"Tag nrho cov tub ntxhais kawm theem siab siv lej hauv kev ua lej hauv lub neej niaj hnub, tab sis ob peb tus neeg koom nrog lawv cov kev paub dhau los ntawm "tsev kawm ntawv" lej," tus tsim ntawm PAT xav. "Hauv peb cov chav kawm [virtual], lawv ua haujlwm ntawm cov phiaj xwm me me, piv txwv li, piv rau kev loj hlob ntawm hav zoov ntau lub sijhawm. Txoj hauj lwm no yuam kom lawv ua qhov kev twv ua ntej raws li cov ntaub ntawv uas twb muaj lawm, qhia lawv los txheeb xyuas kev sib raug zoo ntawm pawg, thiab piav qhia txhua yam tshwm sim hauv cov lus ntawm lej. "
Cov software tsim tawm tau xa mus rau cov lus pom zoo ntawm National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, uas xyoo 1989 pom zoo kom tsis txhob tsim txom cov menyuam kawm ntawv nrog cov teeb meem hypothetical, tab sis los tsim ib txoj hauv kev los kawm txog kev kawm. Cov kws tshaj lij hauv kev kawm tau thuam cov kev tsim kho tshiab no, tab sis los ntawm 1995 cov kev tshawb fawb sib piv tau ua pov thawj qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev sib koom ua ke cov dej num - cov chav kawm nrog cov software tshiab tau nce cov tub ntxhais kawm kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev xeem zaum kawg los ntawm 15%.
Tab sis qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb tsis yog hais txog yuav qhia dab tsi, tab sis yuav ua li cas cov programmers thaum ntxov 90s tuaj yeem tsim kev sib tham ntawm cov kws qhia hluav taws xob thiab lawv cov tub ntxhais kawm?
Tib neeg kev sib tham
Qhov no tau dhau los ua tau thaum cov kws tshawb fawb tau rhuav tshem cov tshuab ntawm tib neeg kev sib tham rau hauv lub zog. Nyob rau hauv lawv tej hauj lwm, developers hais (Jim Minstrell), uas tau tsim cov qauv kev qhia, kev ua tiav hauv kev paub txog kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev kawm psychology. Cov kev tshawb pom no tau tso cai rau lawv tsim cov tshuab uas, ntau xyoo ua ntej chatbots ntse, tuaj yeem txhawb nqa "kev sib tham" - muab cov lus tawm tswv yim ua ib feem ntawm txoj kev kawm.
Yog li, hauv Tus kws qhia physics e-tus kws qhia ntawv AutoTutor hais tias nws tuaj yeem "muab cov lus pom zoo, tsis zoo thiab nruab nrab, thawb tus menyuam kawm ntawv kom cov lus teb ntau dua, pab nrog rov qab cov lus raug, muab cov lus qhia thiab ntxiv, kho, teb cov lus nug thiab sau cov ntsiab lus."
"AutoTutor muaj ntau cov lus nug uas tuaj yeem teb tau hauv tsib mus rau xya kab lus," hais tias tus tsim ntawm ib lub tshuab rau kev qhia physics. - Cov neeg siv thawj zaug teb nrog ib lo lus lossis ob peb kab lus. Program , adapting qhov teeb meem nqe lus. Yog li ntawd, muaj 50-200 kab ntawm kev sib tham ib lo lus nug. "
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Cov neeg tsim tawm ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem kev kawm tsis yog tsuas yog muab kev paub txog cov ntaub ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv - zoo li cov kws qhia ntawv "tiag tiag", cov txheej txheem no tau sawv cev rau qib kev paub ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm. Lawv "tau nkag siab" thaum tus neeg siv tau xav hauv qhov tsis ncaj ncees lawm lossis yog ib kauj ruam deb ntawm cov lus teb raug.
"Cov xib fwb paub xaiv txoj kev zoo rau lawv cov neeg tuaj saib thiab nrhiav kev piav qhia yog tias lawv pom tias cov neeg mloog tau mus txog qhov kawg," DIAGNOSER developers. "Nws yog lub peev xwm no uas qhia txog Minstrel nam method (facet-based instruction). Nws xav tias cov tub ntxhais kawm cov lus teb yog nyob ntawm lawv qhov kev nkag siab tob txog ib qho kev kawm. Tus kws qhia ntawv yuav tsum tawm tswv yim kom raug lossis tshem tawm qhov tsis ncaj ncees los ntawm kev tawm tsam lossis kev tawm tsam ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb. "
Ntau qhov kev pab cuam no (DIAGNOSER, Atlas, AutoTutor) tseem ua haujlwm, tau dhau los ntawm ntau tiam neeg ntawm evolution. Lwm tus tau yug los nyob rau hauv cov npe tshiab - piv txwv li, los ntawm PAT tag nrho cov khoom siv kev kawm rau cov tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab thiab theem siab, tsev kawm qib siab thiab tsev kawm qib siab. Cov lus nug tshwm sim: yog vim li cas tseem tsis tau cov kev daws teeb meem zoo no hloov cov kws qhia?
Qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb yog, ntawm chav kawm, nyiaj thiab qhov nyuaj ntawm kev npaj mus sij hawm ntev nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev koom ua ke xws li software rau hauv cov txheej txheem kev kawm (siv rau hauv lub neej voj voog ntawm cov kev pab cuam lawv tus kheej). Yog li ntawd, cov kws qhia hluav taws xob thiab cov kws qhia ntawv niaj hnub no tseem yog qhov nthuav ntxiv uas cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov tsev kawm qib siab tuaj yeem nthuav tawm. Ntawm qhov tod tes, kev txhim kho ntawm 90s lig thiab thaum ntxov 2000s tsis tuaj yeem ploj mus. Nrog rau cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis thiab kev cia siab tias Internet qhib, cov txheej txheem kev kawm tsuas tuaj yeem loj hlob.
Nyob rau xyoo tom ntej, cov chav kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv poob lawv cov phab ntsa, thiab cov menyuam kawm ntawv thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm (yuav luag) tau tshem tawm cov lus qhuab qhia tho txawv. Peb yuav qhia koj li cas qhov no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug tshiab habratopic.
Peb muaj nyob rau ntawm Habre:
Tau qhov twg los: www.hab.com