Qhov teeb meem 8 ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm "Xov tooj cua Amateur" rau xyoo 1924 tau mob siab rau Losev's "kristadin". Lo lus "cristadine" tau tsim los ntawm cov lus "crystal" thiab "heterodyne", thiab "crystadine effect" yog tias thaum muaj kev tsis zoo rau cov zincite (ZnO) siv lead ua, cov siv lead ua tau pib ua kom tsis muaj zog oscillations.
Cov nyhuv tsis muaj lub hauv paus theoretical. Losev nws tus kheej ntseeg hais tias cov nyhuv yog vim muaj lub microscopic "voltaic arc" ntawm qhov chaw ntawm kev sib cuag ntawm zincite siv lead ua nrog cov hlau hlau.
Qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm "crystadine effect" qhib qhov kev cia siab zoo siab hauv xov tooj cua engineering ...
... tab sis nws tig tawm li ib txwm ...
Nyob rau hauv 1922, Losev qhia tau hais tias cov kev tshwm sim ntawm nws kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev siv ib tug crystal detector raws li ib tug generator ntawm nruam oscillations. Cov ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm lub ncauj lus ntawm tsab ntawv tshaj tawm muaj cov duab kos duab ntawm kev sim ntsuas thiab cov cuab yeej ua lej rau kev ua cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb. Cia kuv ceeb toom rau koj tias Oleg tseem tsis tau muaj 19 xyoo nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd.
Daim duab qhia tau hais tias qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob rau "cristadine" thiab nws "N-shaped" tam sim no-voltage yam ntxwv, feem ntau ntawm qhov diodes. Tias Oleg Vladimirovich Losev yog thawj zaug siv cov nyhuv qhov hauv semiconductors hauv kev xyaum ua kom pom tseeb tsuas yog tom qab tsov rog. Nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias qhov diodes tau siv dav hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob niaj hnub no, tab sis ntau cov kev daws teeb meem raws li lawv ua haujlwm tau zoo hauv microwaves.
Tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam tshiab hauv xov tooj cua hluav taws xob: tag nrho cov kev lag luam lub zog tau mob siab rau kev txhim kho xov tooj cua raj. Xov tooj cua tubs ntse hloov tshuab hluav taws xob thiab arc qhov khoob ntawm cov khoom siv xov tooj cua. Tube xov tooj cua tau ua haujlwm ntau thiab tsis tu ncua thiab pheej yig dua. Yog li ntawd, cov kws tshaj lij xov tooj cua tshaj lij tom qab ntawd suav tias "cristadin" raws li kev xav paub: tus txais heterodyne yam tsis muaj teeb, wow!
Rau cov kws tshaj lij hauv xov tooj cua, tus qauv tsim ntawm "cristadine" tau dhau los ua qhov nyuaj: lub roj teeb yuav tsum tau muab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis zoo rau cov siv lead ua, lub potentiometer yuav tsum tau ua los kho qhov tsis ncaj ncees, thiab lwm qhov inductor yuav tsum tau tshawb nrhiav. rau qhov tsim cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov siv lead ua.
NRL nkag siab txog cov teeb meem ntawm xov tooj cua amateurs zoo heev, yog li lawv tau luam tawm ib daim ntawv qhia uas tsim "cristadine" thiab tus tsim ntawm Shaposhnikov txais tau luam tawm ua ke. Xov tooj cua amateurs thawj zaug ua Shaposhnikov receiver, thiab tom qab ntawd ntxiv nws nrog "cristadine" raws li lub xov tooj cua teeb liab amplifier lossis hauv zos oscillator.
Ib qho kev xav ntawm me ntsis
Thaum lub sij hawm tshaj tawm ntawm "cristadine" tsim, txhua hom xov tooj cua receivers twb muaj lawm:
1. Nthuav xov tooj cua receivers, nrog rau cov amplification receivers ncaj qha.
2. Heterodyne xov tooj cua receivers (tseem hu ua direct conversion receivers).
3. Superheterodyne xov tooj cua receivers.
4. Regenerative xov tooj cua receivers, incl. "autodynes" thiab "synchrodynes".
Qhov yooj yim tshaj ntawm xov tooj cua receivers yog thiab tseem yog ib tug detector:
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tshuab ntes tau yog qhov yooj yim heev: thaum raug tus neeg nqa khoom tsis zoo ib nrab-yoj cais ntawm Circuit Court L1C1, qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm tus ntes VD1 tseem siab, thiab thaum pom qhov zoo, nws txo qis, piv txwv li. detector VD1 "qhib". Thaum tau txais amplitude-modulated signals (AM) nrog lub ntes VD1 "qhib," lub kaw lus capacitor C2 raug them, uas yog tawm los ntawm lub mloog pob ntseg BF tom qab lub ntes tau "kaw."
Cov duab qhia txog cov txheej txheem demodulation ntawm AM teeb liab hauv cov khoom ntes.
Qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub xov tooj cua detector yog pom tseeb los ntawm cov lus piav qhia ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm nws txoj haujlwm: nws tsis muaj peev xwm txais tau lub teeb liab uas nws lub hwj chim tsis txaus rau "qhib" lub ntes.
Txhawm rau kom rhiab heev, "tus kheej-induction" coils, qhov txhab "tig tig" ntawm lub tes tsho loj-inch cardboard nrog tuab tooj liab hlau, tau nquag siv nyob rau hauv cov tswv yim resonant circuits ntawm detector receivers. Xws li inductors muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws, i.e. qhov piv ntawm reactance rau active kuj. Qhov no ua rau nws ua tau, thaum kho lub voj voog rau resonance, nce EMF ntawm cov xov tooj cua tau txais.
Lwm txoj hauv kev los ua kom qhov rhiab heev ntawm lub xov tooj cua detector yog siv lub oscillator hauv zos: lub teeb liab los ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob hloov mus rau cov neeg nqa khoom zaus yog "sib xyaw" rau hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm lub receiver. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub detector yog "qhib" tsis yog los ntawm ib tug tsis muaj zog carrier teeb liab, tab sis los ntawm ib tug haib teeb liab los ntawm lub generator. Kev txais tos Heterodyne tau tshawb pom txawm tias ua ntej kev tsim cov raj xov tooj cua thiab cov khoom siv lead ua thiab tseem siv niaj hnub no.
Lub "Kristadin" siv los ua lub hauv paus oscillator yog qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab los ntawm tsab ntawv "a"; tsab ntawv "b" txhais tau hais tias ib tug pa detector receiver.
Ib qho tsis zoo ntawm kev txais tos heterodyne yog qhov xuav uas tshwm sim vim "frequency beats" ntawm lub zos oscillator thiab cov cab kuj. Qhov no "qhov tsis zoo," los ntawm txoj kev, tau nquag siv rau kev txais "los ntawm pob ntseg" radiotelegraph (CW), thaum lub receiver lub zos oscillator raug kho nyob rau hauv zaus los ntawm 600 - 800 Hz los ntawm lub transmitter zaus thiab thaum tus yuam sij raug nias, lub suab nrov. teeb liab tshwm hauv cov xov tooj.
Lwm qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev txais tos heterodyne yog qhov pom ntawm lub sijhawm "attenuation" ntawm lub teeb liab thaum lub frequencies sib phim, tab sis cov theem ntawm cov oscillator hauv zos thiab cov khoom thauj tsis sib xws. Cov xov tooj cua regenerative tube receivers (Reinartz receivers) uas kav zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-20s tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo no. Nws tsis yooj yim nrog lawv, tab sis qhov ntawd yog lwm zaj dab neeg ...
Hais txog "superheterodynes" nws yuav tsum tau hais tias lawv cov khoom tsim tau los ua kev lag luam tsuas yog nyob rau nruab nrab-30s. Tam sim no, "superheterodynes" tseem siv dav (tsis zoo li "regenerators" thiab "detectors"), tab sis tau nquag hloov los ntawm heterodyne li nrog software teeb liab ua (SDR).
Leej twg yog Mr Lossev?
Zaj dab neeg ntawm Oleg Losev qhov tshwm sim ntawm Nizhny Novgorod lub chaw soj nstuam xov tooj cua pib hauv Tver, qhov twg, tom qab mloog cov lus qhuab qhia los ntawm lub taub hau ntawm Tver tau txais xov tooj cua, Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm Tus Thawj Tub Rog Leshchinsky, tus tub hluas tig rau hauv xov tooj cua.
Tom qab kawm tiav ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv tiag tiag, tus tub hluas mus rau hauv Moscow Institute of Communications, tab sis qee zaus tuaj rau Nizhny Novgorod thiab sim mus ua haujlwm ntawm NRL, qhov chaw nws raug ntiav ua tus xa xov. Tsis muaj nyiaj txaus, nws yuav tsum tau pw hauv NRL ntawm kev tsaws, tab sis qhov no tsis yog qhov teeb meem rau Oleg. Nws ua kev tshawb fawb txog cov txheej txheem lub cev hauv cov khoom siv lead ua kua.
Cov npoj yaig ntseeg tias Prof. muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev tsim Oleg Losev ua tus kws tshawb fawb physicist. VC. Lebedinsky, uas nws tau ntsib rov qab rau hauv Tver. Tus xibfwb tau hu Losev thiab nyiam tham nrog nws txog cov ncauj lus tshawb fawb. Vladimir Konstantinovich yog invariably tus phooj ywg, tactful thiab muab ntau lub tswv yim disguised raws li cov lus nug.
Oleg Vladimirovich Losev mob siab rau nws tag nrho lub neej rau science. Kuv nyiam ua hauj lwm ib leeg. Tshaj tawm yam tsis muaj tus sau ua ke. Kuv tsis zoo siab hauv kuv txoj kev sib yuav. Nyob rau hauv 1928 nws tsiv mus rau Leningrad. Ua haujlwm ntawm CRL. Ua haujlwm nrog ak. Ioffe. Ua Ph.D. "raws li tag nrho ntawm kev ua haujlwm." Nws tuag nyob rau hauv 1942 nyob rau hauv besieged Leningrad.
Los ntawm kev sau "Nizhny Novgorod Pioneers ntawm Soviet Radio Engineering" txog Losev's "kristadin":
Oleg Vladimirovich txoj kev tshawb fawb, nyob rau hauv nws cov ntsiab lus, thaum xub thawj muaj ib tug technical thiab txawm amateur xov tooj cua xwm, tab sis nws yog los ntawm lawv uas nws tau txais lub ntiaj teb no koob meej, nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv ib tug zincite (mineral zinc oxide) ntes nrog ib tug hlau taub hau muaj peev xwm mus excite nruam oscillations. hauv xov tooj cua circuits. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no tau tsim lub hauv paus ntawm lub xov tooj cua tubeless nrog cov teeb liab amplification uas muaj cov khoom ntawm ib lub raj. Xyoo 1922, nws tau hu ua txawv teb chaws "cristadine" (crystalline heterodyne).
Tsis txwv nws tus kheej rau qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm qhov tshwm sim no thiab kev tsim kho ntawm tus neeg txais, tus sau tab tom tsim ib txoj hauv kev rau kev ua kom zoo dua qub zincite crystals thib ob (los ntawm melting lawv nyob rau hauv ib qho hluav taws xob arc), thiab tseem tab tom nrhiav ib txoj hauv kev yooj yim rau kev nrhiav. cov ntsiab lus nquag ntawm lub ntsej muag siv lead ua rau kov lub ntsis, uas ua kom lub zog ntawm oscillations.
Cov teeb meem uas tshwm sim tsis muaj ib qho kev daws teeb meem; Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los ua kev tshawb fawb hauv thaj chaw tseem tsis tau tsim kho ntawm physics; Amateur xov tooj cua tsis ua hauj lwm txhawb kev tshawb fawb physics. Nws tau siv tag nrho physics. Qhov kev piav qhia yooj yim tshaj plaws rau qhov tshwm sim oscillation tiam tshwm sim uas tau tshwm sim tom qab ntawd yog nws txoj kev sib txuas nrog cov thermal coefficient ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm zincite detector, uas, raws li qhov xav tau, tau hloov mus rau qhov tsis zoo.
Cov ntaub ntawv siv:
1. Losev O.V. Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm semiconductor technology. Xaiv tej hauj lwm - L.: Nauka, 1972
2. βRadio Amateurβ, 1924, No. 8
3. Ostroumov B.A. Nizhny Novgorod pioneers ntawm Soviet xov tooj cua tshuab - L.: Nauka, 1966
4.
5. Polyakov V.T. Xov tooj cua txais technology. Yooj yim txais ntawm AM signals - M.: DMK Xovxwm, 2001
Tau qhov twg los: www.hab.com