- Cov neeg ruam no tau tso lub thawv porcelain nrog "jelly" nyob rau hauv ib chav tshwj xeeb, tsis tshua muaj kev sib cais ... Qhov ntawd yog, lawv xav tias lub chamber tau cais tawm heev, tab sis thaum lawv qhib lub thawv nrog cov khoom siv, "jelly" tau dhau los ntawm cov hlau. thiab yas, zoo li dej los ntawm ib tug blotter, thiab khiav tawm sab nraud, thiab txhua yam nws tau los rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog dua tig mus rau hauv "jelly." Peb caug-tsib tus neeg raug tua, ntau tshaj li ib puas tus neeg raug mob, thiab tag nrho lub tsev kuaj sim siv tsis tau kiag li. Koj puas tau mus? Lub tsev zoo kawg nkaus! Thiab tam sim no cov "jelly" tau ntws mus rau hauv qab daus thiab hauv pem teb hauv qab ... Ntawm no yog lub prelude hu rau.
- A. Strugatsky, B. Strugatsky "Txoj Kev Picnic"
Nyob zoo %%username%!
liam qhov tseeb tias kuv tseem sau ib yam dab tsi . Nws muab lub tswv yim rau kuv.
Tsuas yog tom qab qee qhov kev xav, kuv txiav txim siab tias kev mus ncig luv luv rau hauv cov tshuaj caustic yuav ua tau sai. Tej zaum ib tug neeg yuav txaus siab. Thiab rau qee qhov nws muaj txiaj ntsig.
Peb mus.
Cia peb txhais cov ntsiab lus tam sim ntawd.
Corrosive - 1. Tshuaj corrosive. 2. Ntsej muag, ua rau khaus, mob. 3. Sargent, caustic.
Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus. - M.: Rus.yaz., 1990. - 921 p.
Yog li, peb tam sim muab ob lub ntsiab lus kawg ntawm lo lus. Peb kuj muab pov tseg "caustic" lachrymators - uas tsis yog caustic ntau npaum li lawv ua lacrimation, thiab sternites - uas ua rau hnoos. Yog lawm, hauv qab no yuav muaj cov khoom uas muaj cov khoom no, tab sis lawv yog qhov tseem ceeb! - yeej corrode cov ntaub ntawv, thiab tej zaum nqaij.
Peb yuav tsis xav txog cov tshuaj uas yog caustic nkaus xwb rau tib neeg thiab cov zoo li - vim yog kev puas tsuaj tshwj xeeb ntawm cov cell membranes. Yog li ntawd, mustard gases yuav nyob twj ywm tsis siv.
Peb yuav txiav txim siab cov ntsiab lus uas yog kua hauv chav tsev. Yog li ntawd, peb yuav tsis xav txog cov kua oxygen thiab nitrogen, nrog rau cov pa roj xws li fluorine, txawm tias lawv tuaj yeem suav tias yog caustic, yog.
Raws li ib txwm muaj, qhov kev pom yuav yog qhov tseeb, raws li kev paub ntawm tus kheej. Thiab yog - nws yog qhov ua tau heev uas kuv yuav tsis nco qab ib tus neeg - sau cov lus, % username%, hauv peb hnub txij li hnub tshaj tawm kuv yuav ntxiv cov ntawv nrog qhov tsis nco qab txij thaum pib!
Thiab yog - Kuv tsis muaj sijhawm thiab lub zog los tsim kom muaj "kev sib tw ntaus", yog li nws yuav yog lub hodgepodge. Thiab nrog rau tag nrho cov kev zam, nws tig tawm los ua luv luv.
Caustic alkalis
Tshwj xeeb, alkali hlau hydroxides: lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, francium, thallium (I) hydroxide thiab barium hydroxide. Tab sis:
- Lithium, cesium, rubidium thiab barium raug muab pov tseg - kim thiab tsawg
- Yog tias koj, % username%, tuaj hla francium hydroxide, ces qhov kawg uas koj yuav txhawj txog yog causticity - nws yog radioactive heev.
- Nws zoo ib yam nrog thallium - nws yog tshuaj lom heev.
Yog li ntawd, sodium thiab potassium tseem nyob. Tab sis cia peb ua siab ncaj - cov khoom ntawm tag nrho cov caustic alkalis zoo sib xws.
Sodium hydroxide - lub npe hu ua caustic soda - paub rau txhua tus. Potassium hydroxide ua cov khoom noj ntxiv E525 ib yam nkaus. Ob leeg zoo sib xws hauv cov khoom: lawv yog cov hygroscopic heev, uas yog, lawv nyiam dej thiab "kua" hauv huab cua. Lawv yaj zoo nyob rau hauv dej thiab tso ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm tshav kub.
"Kev sib kis" hauv huab cua yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cov ntsiab lus ntawm alkalis. Yog li ntawd, yog tias koj muab ib daim ntawm caustic alkali rau ntawm daim ntawv, tawv, ib co hlau (zoo tib yam txhuas) - ces tom qab ib pliag koj yuav pom tias cov khoom tau noj zoo! Dab tsi tau qhia hauv "Kev Sib Tw Sib Tw" yog qhov zoo ib yam li qhov tseeb: qhov tseeb, hws ob txhais tes - thiab alkali - yuav mob! Tus kheej, kuv pom nws mob ntau dua li hydrochloric acid (ntxiv rau qhov hauv qab).
Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias koj txhais tes qhuav heev, feem ntau koj yuav tsis hnov ββββdab tsi hauv cov alkali qhuav.
Caustic alkalis yog qhov zoo heev ntawm kev zom cov rog rau hauv glycerin thiab ntsev ntawm fatty acids - qhov no yog li cas xab npum ua (nyob zoo, "Sib ntaus sib tua!") me ntsis ntev, tab sis ib yam li zoo, cov proteins tau tawg - uas yog, hauv paus ntsiab lus. , alkalis yaj cov nqaij, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj zog daws - thiab thaum rhuab . Qhov tsis zoo hauv kev sib piv nrog tib lub perchloric acid (ntxiv rau qhov hauv qab no) yog tias tag nrho cov alkalis kos cov pa roj carbon dioxide los ntawm cov cua, thiab yog li ntawd lub zog yuav maj mam txo. Tsis tas li ntawd, alkalis kuj hnov ββββmob nrog iav Cheebtsam - lub iav ua pos huab, txawm hais tias kom yaj tag nrho - ntawm no, ntawm chav kawm, koj yuav tsum sim.
Tetraalkylammonium hydroxides qee zaum raug cais raws li caustic alkalis, piv txwv li
Tetramethylammonium hydroxide
Qhov tseeb, cov tshuaj no ua ke cov khoom ntawm cationic surfactants (zoo, nws zoo li cov xab npum zoo tib yam - tsuas yog cationic: ntawm no cov khoom nquag yog diphilic particle - nrog tus nqi "+", thiab hauv xab npum - nrog tus nqi "-") thiab kuj yog ib qho yooj yim heev. Yog tias nws tau ntawm koj txhais tes, koj tuaj yeem muab nws tso rau hauv dej thiab ntxuav nws zoo li xab npum; yog tias koj sov koj cov plaub hau, tawv nqaij lossis rau tes hauv cov tshuaj aqueous, lawv yuav yaj. Qhov "causticity" tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm sodium thiab potassium hydroxides yog li ntawd.
Sulfuric acid
H2SO 4
Qhov nrov tshaj plaws, tej zaum, hauv txhua zaj dab neeg. Tsis yog feem ntau caustic, tab sis kuj tsis kaj siab: concentrated sulfuric acid (uas yog 98%) yog ib tug oily kua uas hlub dej heev, thiab yog li ntawd coj nws mus deb ntawm txhua leej txhua tus. Los ntawm kev noj dej kom deb ntawm cellulose thiab qab zib, nws chars lawv. Nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev, nws yuav zoo siab coj cov dej tawm ntawm koj, % username%, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj ncuav nws rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij mos ntawm koj lub ntsej muag lossis rau hauv koj lub qhov muag (zoo, qhov tseeb, txhua yam yuav nkag mus rau hauv koj lub qhov muag nrog kev lom zem) . Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov neeg zoo sib tov sulfuric acid nrog roj kom nws nyuaj rau ntxuav tawm thiab zoo absorbed rau hauv daim tawv nqaij.
Los ntawm txoj kev, los ntawm kev noj hauv dej, sulfuric acid heats li, uas ua rau daim duab ntau muaj kua. Yog li ntawd, ntxuav nws nrog dej yog ib lub tswv yim phem heev. Nws yog qhov zoo dua los siv roj (ntxuav, tsis rub, thiab tom qab ntawd yaug nrog dej). Zoo, los yog dej ntws loj kom txias tam sim ntawd.
"Thawj dej, thiab tom qab ntawd kua qaub - txwv tsis pub muaj teeb meem loj yuav tshwm sim!" - qhov no yog tshwj xeeb txog sulfuric acid, txawm hais tias qee qhov laj thawj txhua tus xav tias nws yog ib qho kua qaub.
Ua tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing, sulfuric acid oxidizes saum npoo ntawm hlau rau oxides. Thiab txij li thaum kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm oxides nrog cov kua qaub tshwm sim nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov dej ua ib qho catalyst - thiab sulfuric acid tsis tso dej - ib qho kev cuam tshuam hu ua passivation tshwm sim: ib zaj duab xis tuab, insoluble thiab impenetrable ntawm hlau oxide tiv thaiv nws los ntawm kev tawg ntxiv.
Raws li cov txheej txheem no, cov concentrated sulfuric acid raug xa mus rau qhov deb ntawm cov hlau thiab txhuas. Nws yog noteworthy tias yog cov kua qaub diluted, dej tshwm, thiab nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom xa - cov hlau yaj.
Los ntawm txoj kev, sulfur oxide SO3 dissolves nyob rau hauv sulfuric acid thiab tsim oleum - uas yog tej zaum yuam kev sau li H2S2O7, tab sis qhov no tsis yog tag nrho. Oleum muaj ntau dua attraction rau dej.
Kuv tus kheej txoj kev xav thaum sulfuric acid tau txais ntawm kuv txhais tes: nws sov me ntsis, ces nws kub hnyiab me ntsis - Kuv ntxuav nws hauv qab kais, tsis muaj teeb meem loj. Tsis txhob ntseeg cov yeeb yaj kiab, tab sis kuv tsis pom zoo muab tso rau ntawm koj lub ntsej muag.
Organics feem ntau siv chromium los yog "chromic sib tov" - qhov no yog poov tshuaj dichromate yaj nyob rau hauv sulfuric acid. Qhov tseem ceeb qhov no yog ib qho kev daws ntawm chromic acid, nws yog qhov zoo rau ntxuav tais diav los ntawm cov organic residues. Yog tias nws tau txais ntawm koj txhais tes, nws kuj hlawv, tab sis qhov tseem ceeb nws yog sulfuric acid ntxiv rau cov tshuaj lom hexavalent chromium. Koj yuav tsis pom qhov hauv koj txhais tes, tsuas yog tej zaum ntawm koj cov khaub ncaws.
Tus sau ntawm cov kab no paub ib tug neeg ruam uas siv poov tshuaj permanganate es tsis txhob poov tshuaj dichromate. Thaum sib cuag nrog cov organic teeb meem, nws stung me ntsis. Cov tam sim no shit lawv tus kheej thiab dim nrog kev ntshai me ntsis.
Hydrochloric acid
HCI
Tsis muaj qhov siab tshaj 38% hauv dej. Ib qho ntawm cov acids nrov tshaj plaws rau kev sib cais - nyob rau hauv qhov no nws yog txias dua lwm tus, vim hais tias technologically nws muaj peev xwm ua tau ntshiab heev, thiab ntxiv rau kev ua raws li ib tug acid, nws kuj tsim complex chlorides uas ua rau kom solubility. Los ntawm txoj kev, nws yog vim li no tias insoluble silver chloride yog soluble heev nyob rau hauv concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Qhov no, thaum nws los rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog daim tawv nqaij, kub hnyiab me ntsis ntxiv, subjectively - nws kuj khaus, thiab kuj stinks: yog hais tias koj ua hauj lwm ntau nrog concentrated hydrochloric acid nyob rau hauv ib lub chaw soj nstuam nrog ib tug tsis zoo pa hood, koj tus kws kho hniav yuav ua tsaug rau koj. : koj yuav ua kom nws nplua nuj nyob rau hauv filling. Los ntawm txoj kev, zom cov pos hniav pab. Tab sis tsis ntau. Zoo dua - lub hood.
Txij li nws tsis yog oily thiab tsis kub ntau nrog dej, nws tsuas yog caustic rau hlau, thiab tsis yog rau txhua tus. Los ntawm txoj kev, hlau nyob rau hauv concentrated hydrochloric acid yog passivated thiab hais tias "tsis muaj!" Qhov no yog qhov lawv siv thaum thauj.
Nitric acid
HNO 3
Nws kuj nrov heev, rau qee qhov lawv ntshai nws ib yam nkaus - tab sis tsis muaj dab tsi. Concentrated - qhov no yog ib qho txog li 70% - nws yog qhov nrov tshaj plaws, siab dua - nws yog "kev haus luam yeeb", feem ntau tsis muaj leej twg xav tau. Tseem muaj ib qho tsis muaj dej - thiab nws kuj tawg.
Ua ib tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing, nws passivates ntau cov hlau uas dhau los ua cov yeeb yaj kiab tsis zoo thiab hais tias "nyob zoo" - cov no yog chromium, hlau, txhuas, cobalt, npib tsib xee thiab lwm yam.
Nws instantly reacts nrog daim tawv nqaij raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm xanthoprotein cov tshuaj tiv thaiv - yuav muaj ib tug daj chaw, uas txhais tau hais tias koj, % username%, tseem ua los ntawm cov protein! Tom qab qee lub sijhawm, daim tawv nqaij daj yuav tev tawm, zoo li hlawv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws stings tsawg dua ntsev, txawm hais tias nws stinks tsis phem - thiab lub sijhawm no nws muaj tshuaj lom ntau dua: ya nitrogen oxides tsis zoo rau lub cev.
Hauv chemistry, lawv siv lub npe hu ua "nitrating sib tov" - qhov nrov tshaj plaws muaj sulfuric thiab nitric acids. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv cov syntheses, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov khoom zoo siab - pyroxylin. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm causticity - tib chromium ntxiv rau cov tawv nqaij daj zoo nkauj.
Kuj tseem muaj "dej huab tais" - qhov no yog ib feem ntawm nitric acid rau peb feem hydrochloric acid. Siv los yaj qee cov hlau, feem ntau yog cov muaj nuj nqis. Txoj kev drip ntawm kev kuaj xyuas cov qauv ntawm cov khoom kub yog nyob ntawm qhov sib txawv thiab qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov dej - los ntawm txoj kev, nws yog ib qho nyuaj heev rau cov kws tshaj lij uas siv txoj kev no los dag nrog cov cuav. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm causticity rau daim tawv nqaij - tib yam "nitrating sib tov" ntxiv rau nws tsw zoo, tsis hnov ββtsw yuav tsis meej pem nrog lwm yam, nws kuj yog heev lom.
Kuj tseem muaj "rov qab aqua regia" - thaum qhov piv tau thim rov qab, tab sis qhov no yog qhov tshwj xeeb tsis tshua muaj.
Phosphoric acid
H3PO 4
Qhov tseeb, kuv muab cov mis rau orthophosphoric acid, feem ntau yog ib qho. Thiab tseem muaj metaphosphoric, polyphosphoric, ultraphosphoric - luv luv, uas txaus, tab sis nws tsis muaj teeb meem.
Concentrated orthophosphoric acid (85%) yog xws li syrup. Cov kua qaub nws tus kheej yog nruab nrab, feem ntau yog siv hauv kev lag luam khoom noj, los ntawm txoj kev - thaum koj tau txais cov hniav, qhov chaw ntawm cov hniav yog thawj etched nrog phosphoric acid.
Nws cov khoom corrosion yog li ntawd, tab sis muaj ib qho tsis kaj siab nuance: cov phoov no zoo absorbed. Yog li ntawd, yog hais tias nws drips rau tej yam, nws yuav absorbed, thiab ces nws yuav maj mam corrode. Thiab yog hais tias muaj ib tug stain los yog ib lub qhov los ntawm nitric thiab hydrochloric acid, ces los ntawm phosphorus khoom yuav poob sib nrug, qhov no yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj yeeb yuj ntawm nkawm khau, thaum lub qhov zoo li crumble mus txog rau thaum nws tig tawm txoj cai los ntawm.
Zoo, feem ntau nws nyuaj rau hu nws caustic.
Hydrofluoric acid
HF
Concentrated hydrofluoric acid yog hais txog 38%, txawm hais tias muaj qhov txawv txawv.
Cov kua qaub uas tsis muaj zog uas siv txoj kev hlub ntawm cov tshuaj fluoride ions los ua ib qho nyuaj nrog txhua tus uas nws tuaj yeem ua tau. Yog li ntawd, nws kuj ceeb tias dissolves dab tsi lwm tus, cov phooj ywg muaj zog ua tsis tau, thiab yog li ntawd feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam mixs rau dissolution. Thaum koj tau txais nws ntawm koj txhais tes, qhov kev xav yuav ntau dua los ntawm lwm cov khoom ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw, tab sis muaj qhov nuance.
Hydrofluoric acid dissolves SiO2. Qhov ntawd yog xuab zeb. Qhov ntawd yog iav. Ntawd yog, quartz. Thiab li ntawd. Tsis yog, yog tias koj txaws cov kua qaub no rau ntawm lub qhov rais, nws yuav tsis yaj, tab sis cov pos huab yuav nyob twj ywm. Txhawm rau yaj, koj yuav tsum tuav nws ntev, lossis zoo dua, ua kom sov. Thaum yaj, SiF4 raug tso tawm, uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev noj qab haus huv uas nws zoo dua ua nws hauv qab hood.
Ib qho me me tab sis qab ntxiag nuance: koj, % username%, muaj silicon hauv koj cov rau tes. Yog li, yog tias hydrofluoric acid tau nyob hauv koj cov rau tes, koj yuav tsis pom dab tsi. Tab sis koj yuav tsis tuaj yeem pw tsaug zog hmo ntuj - nws yuav mob heev uas qee zaum koj xav rhuav koj tus ntiv tes tawm. Ntseeg kuv, phooj ywg, kuv paub.
Thiab feem ntau, hydrofluoric acid yog tshuaj lom, carcinogenic, absorbed los ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab ntau lwm yam - tab sis hnub no peb tab tom tham txog causticity, txoj cai?
Koj puas nco qab peb tau pom zoo thaum pib tias yuav tsis muaj fluoride? Nws yuav tsis yog. Tab sis lawv yuav ...
Cov fluoride ntawm inert gases
Qhov tseeb, fluorine yog ib tug txiv neej tawv, koj tsis tuaj yeem qhia tawm nrog nws, thiab yog li ntawd qee cov roj ntsha inert tsim fluorides nrog nws. Cov tshuaj fluoride ruaj khov hauv qab no paub: KrF2, XeF2, XeF4, XeF6. Tag nrho cov no yog cov muaju, uas nyob rau hauv huab cua ntawm qhov sib txawv ceev thiab yooj yim decompose nrog noo noo rau hydrofluoric acid. Lub causticity yog tsim nyog.
Hydroiodic acid
HI
Qhov muaj zog tshaj (nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov degree ntawm dissociation nyob rau hauv dej) binary acid. Ib tug muaj zog txo tus neeg sawv cev, uas yog siv los ntawm cov organic chemists. Hauv huab cua nws oxidizes thiab tig xim av, uas ua rau stains thaum sib cuag. Qhov kev xav ntawm kev sib cuag zoo li dej ntsev. Tag nrho.
Perchloric acid
HClO4
Ib qho ntawm cov muaj zog tshaj (nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov degree ntawm dissociation nyob rau hauv dej) acids feem ntau (super acids sib tw nrog nws - ntau ntxiv txog lawv hauv qab no) - Hammett acidity muaj nuj nqi (ib tug zauv qhia txog lub peev xwm ntawm ib tug nruab nrab los ua ib tug proton pub. nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau lub hauv paus arbitrary, tus lej qis dua, lub zog acid) yog - 13. Anhydrous yog ib qho muaj zog oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev, nyiam tawg, thiab feem ntau tsis ruaj khov. Concentrated (70% -72%) yog tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing tsis muaj qhov phem dua, feem ntau siv rau hauv decomposition ntawm cov khoom lom. Kev puas tsuaj yog qhov nthuav thiab zoo siab vim tias nws tuaj yeem tawg hauv cov txheej txheem: koj yuav tsum xyuas kom meej tias tsis muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, kom nws tsis kub hnyiab, thiab lwm yam. Perchloric acid kuj yog qias neeg heev - nws tsis tuaj yeem ntxuav los ntawm subdistillation, tus kab mob tawg! Yog li ntawd, nws tsis yog siv ntau zaus.
Thaum nws los rau hauv daim tawv nqaij, nws hlawv thiab zoo li ntsev. Nws stinks. Thaum koj pom hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab uas ib tug neeg pov ib lub cev rau hauv lub thawv nrog perchloric acid thiab nws yaj, ces yog, qhov no yog ua tau - tab sis nws yuav siv sij hawm ntev los yog sov so. Yog tias koj kub nws, nws yuav tawg (saib saum toj). Yog li yuav tsum tau saib xyuas xinesmas (Kuv xav tias kuv pom qhov no hauv 10 Cloverfield Lane).
Los ntawm txoj kev, lub causticity ntawm chlorine oxide (VII) Cl2O7 thiab chlorine oxide (VI) Cl2O6 yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov oxides tsim perchloric acid nrog dej.
Tam sim no cia peb xav txog tias peb tau txiav txim siab los ua ke cov acidity muaj zog thiab cov causticity ntawm fluorine nyob rau hauv ib tug compound: coj ib tug molecule ntawm perchloric los yog sulfuric acid thiab hloov tag nrho nws cov hydroxyl pawg nrog fluorine! Cov khib nyiab yuav dhau los ua qhov tsis tshua muaj: nws yuav cuam tshuam nrog dej thiab cov khoom sib xws - thiab ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tau txais cov kua qaub thiab hydrofluoric acid tam sim ntawd. Ib?
Fluorides ntawm sulfur, bromine thiab iodine
Nco ntsoov tias peb tau pom zoo xav txog cov kua dej xwb? Vim li no, nws tsis tau suav nrog hauv peb tsab xov xwm. chlorine trifluoride ClF3Qhov kub kub ntawm +12 Β° C, txawm hais tias tag nrho cov dab neeg txaus ntshai uas nws muaj kev phom sij txaus ntshai, ua rau lub iav, lub npog ntsej muag roj, thiab thaum nchuav 900 kilograms, noj 30 cm ntawm pob zeb thiab ib 'meter' ntawm pob zeb - tag nrho qhov no yog qhov tseeb. Tab sis peb pom zoo - kua.
Txawm li cas los xij, muaj cov kua daj daj - Iodine pentafluoride IF5, dej tsis muaj kob - Bromine trifluoride BrF3, lub teeb daj - Bromine pentafluoride BrF5, uas tsis yog phem dua. BrF5, piv txwv li, kuj dissolves iav, hlau thiab pob zeb.
Ib yam li ntawd, ntawm tag nrho cov sulfur fluorides, tsuas yog Disulfur decafluoride (qee zaum kuj hu ua sulfur pentafluoride) yog cov kua tsis muaj xim nrog cov mis S2F10. Tab sis qhov sib xyaw no yog qhov ruaj khov ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, tsis decompose nrog dej - thiab yog li ntawd tsis yog tshwj xeeb yog caustic. Muaj tseeb, nws yog 4 npaug ntau tshaj li phosgene nrog cov txheej txheem zoo sib xws.
Los ntawm txoj kev, iodine pentafluoride tau hais tias yog "cov pa tshwj xeeb" siv los sau cov cua hauv kev khiav tawm hauv qhov kawg ntawm xyoo 1979 zaj duab xis Alien. Zoo, kuv tsis nco qab, ncaj ncees.
Super acids
Lub sij hawm "super acid" yog coined los ntawm James Conant nyob rau hauv 1927 los faib cov kua qaub uas muaj zog tshaj li cov ntxhia hauv cov kua qaub. Hauv qee qhov chaw, perchloric acid raug cais raws li cov kua qaub super, txawm hais tias qhov no tsis yog li ntawd - nws yog ib qho ntxhia zoo tib yam.
Ib tug xov tooj ntawm superacids yog mineral acids uas ib tug halogen tau txuas: lub halogen rub electrons mus rau nws tus kheej, tag nrho cov atoms npau taws heev, thiab txhua yam mus rau hydrogen li niaj zaus: nws ntog tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm H + - boom: yog li lub acid tau ua kom muaj zog.
Piv txwv - fluorosulfuric thiab chlorosulfuric acids
Fluorosulfuric acid muaj Hammett muaj nuj nqi ntawm -15,1; los ntawm txoj kev, ua tsaug rau fluorine, cov kua qaub no maj mam yaj lub raj uas nws khaws cia.
Ces ib tug neeg txawj xav: cia wb coj ib tug Lewis acid (ib yam khoom uas yuav txais tau ib tug khub ntawm electrons los ntawm lwm yam khoom) thiab sib tov nrog ib tug BrΓΈnsted acid (ib yam khoom uas yuav pub tau ib tug proton)! Peb sib tov antimony pentafluoride nrog hydrofluoric acid thiab tau txais hexafluorantimony acid HSbF6. Hauv cov txheej txheem no, hydrofluoric acid tso tawm ib qho proton (H +), thiab lub hauv paus conjugate (F-) yog cais los ntawm kev sib koom tes nrog antimony pentafluoride. Qhov no ua rau ib qho loj octahedral anion (SbF6-), uas yog ib qho tsis muaj zog nucleophile thiab lub hauv paus tsis muaj zog heev. Tom qab dhau los ua "dawb", cov proton txiav txim siab hyperacidity ntawm lub cev - Hammett muaj nuj nqi -28!
Thiab tom qab ntawd lwm tus tuaj thiab hais tias yog vim li cas lawv thiaj coj Bernstead cov kua qaub tsis muaj zog thiab tuaj nrog qhov no.
Tetrafluoromethanesulfonic acid
- nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej yog ib tug super acid (Hammett muaj nuj nqi - 14,1). Yog li, lawv ntxiv antimony pentafluoride rau nws dua - lawv tau txo qis rau -16,8! Tib qhov ua kom yuam kev nrog fluorosulfuric acid tau txo qis rau -23.
Thiab tom qab ntawd ib pab pawg kws tshawb fawb los ntawm chemistry department ntawm American University of California, coj los ntawm xibfwb Christopher Reed, dai nrog cov npoj yaig los ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Catalysis ntawm Siberian ceg ntawm Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Sciences (Novosibirsk) thiab tuaj nrog carborane. acid H(CHB11Cl11). Zoo, lawv hu nws "carborane" rau cov neeg zoo tib yam, tab sis yog tias koj xav xav zoo li tus kws tshawb fawb, hais "2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12-undecachlor-1- carba-closo-dodecaborane (12)" peb zaug thiab sai.
Qhov no yog qhov kev zoo nkauj zoo li no
Qhov no yog cov hmoov qhuav uas yog soluble hauv dej. Qhov no yog qhov Strongest Acid tam sim no. Carborane acid yog kwv yees li ib lab lub sij hawm muaj zog dua li cov concentrated sulfuric acid. Nws tsis tuaj yeem ntsuas lub zog ntawm cov kua qaub ntawm cov pa ntsuas, txij li cov kua qaub protonates txhua lub hauv paus tsis muaj zog thiab tag nrho cov kuab tshuaj uas nws yaj, suav nrog dej, benzene, fullerene-60, thiab sulfur dioxide.
Tom qab ntawd, Christopher Reed tau hais rau Nature xov xwm kev pabcuam: "Lub tswv yim rau kev sib txuas ntawm carborane acid tau yug los ntawm kev xav txog "cov molecules uas tsis tau tsim ua ntej." Ua ke nrog nws cov npoj yaig, nws xav siv carborane acid los oxidize atoms ntawm inert gas xenon - tsuas yog vim tsis muaj leej twg tau ua qhov no ua ntej. Original, kuv tuaj yeem hais li cas.
Zoo, txij li super acids yog cov acids zoo tib yam, lawv ua haujlwm ib txwm, tsuas yog me ntsis zog. Nws yog tseeb tias daim tawv nqaij yuav hlawv, tab sis qhov no tsis txhais hais tias nws yuav yaj. Fluorosulfonic acid yog ib rooj plaub, tab sis nws yog tag nrho ua tsaug rau fluorine, ib yam li hauv fluoride.
Trihaloacetic acids
Tshwj xeeb, trifluoroacetic thiab trichloroacetic acid
Ntxim hlub thiab qab ntxiag vim yog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov organic polar hnyav thiab cov kua qaub muaj zog. Lawv stink-zoo li vinegar.
Qhov ntxim nyiam tshaj plaws yog trifluoroacetic acid: 20% tshuaj tua cov hlau, cork, roj hmab, bakelite, polyethylene. Cov tawv nqaij kub hnyiab thiab tsim cov kab mob qhuav uas ncav cuag cov leeg nqaij.
Trichloroacetic acid yog tus kwv yau hauv qhov no, tab sis qhov ntawd tsis ua li cas. Los ntawm txoj kev, npuaj siab rau kev sib deev tsis muaj zog: hauv kev nrhiav kev zoo nkauj, qee tus mus rau qhov hu ua TCA tev txheej txheem (TCA yog TetraChloroAcetate) - thaum tib lub tetrachloroacetic acid yog siv los yaj rau saum, ntxhib txheej ntawm daim tawv nqaij.
Muaj tseeb, yog hais tias tus kws kho hniav cosmetologist tham hauv xov tooj, qhov ua tsis tiav yog ua tau
Zoo, ib yam dab tsi zoo li no, yog peb tham txog kua thiab causticity. Puas yuav muaj ntau ntxiv?
Tau qhov twg los: www.hab.com