Txog npias los ntawm qhov muag ntawm tus kws tshuaj. Ntu 1

Nyob zoo %username%.

Raws li kuv tau cog lus ua ntej, kuv tsis tuaj kawm me ntsis vim kuv mus ncig ua lag luam. Tsis yog, nws tseem tsis tau tiav, tab sis nws tau tshoov siab qee qhov kev xav uas kuv tau txiav txim siab los qhia rau koj.

Peb mam tham txog npias.

Tam sim no kuv yuav tsis sib cav txog qee yam, sib cav uas saj thiab xim hauv lub cev hloov pauv tsawg dua los ntawm lub sijhawm noj mus rau lub sijhawm ... zoo, koj nkag siab - Kuv tsuas yog xav tham txog qhov kuv pom cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim khoom, qhov sib txawv thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm npias ntawm peb lub cev los ntawm kev pom tshuaj lom neeg.

Ntau tus neeg ntseeg tias npias yog cov dej haus ntawm tib neeg - thiab lawv tau yuam kev heev; ntau tus ntseeg tias npias muaj kev phom sij - thiab lawv kuj tau yuam kev, txawm li cas los xij, ib yam li cov neeg ntseeg tias npias tsis muaj teeb meem. Thiab peb mam li paub qhov no thiab

Thiab tsis zoo li cov ntawv dhau los, kuv yuav sim tshem tawm cov ntawv nyeem ntev, tab sis faib cov dab neeg no ua ob peb. Thiab yog hais tias nyob rau hauv ib co theem tsis muaj kev txaus siab, ces kuv tsuas yuav tsum tsis txhob traumatizing cov neeg pluag lub hlwb.

Wb mus.

Tom qab

Keeb kwm ntawm npias hauv ntiaj teb rov qab mus rau ntau txhiab xyoo. Thawj qhov hais txog nws hnub rov qab mus rau thaum ntxov Neolithic era. Twb tau 6000 xyoo dhau los, tib neeg tau siv thev naus laus zis uas ua rau nws tuaj yeem hloov lub khob cij mus rau hauv cov dej qab zib - thiab feem ntau nws ntseeg tau tias npias yog cov dej cawv ntau tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.

Keeb kwm ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm npias pib ua ntej peb era, thiab lub laurels ntawm inventors yog cov Sumerians. Lawv sau ntawv cuneiform, nrhiav tau los ntawm E. Huber hauv Mesopotamia, muaj txog 15 zaub mov txawv rau cov dej haus no. Cov neeg nyob hauv Mesopotamia siv spelled (spelt) ua npias. Nws yog av nrog barley, ntim nrog dej, tshuaj ntsuab tau ntxiv thiab sab laug rau ferment. Ib qho dej haus tau tsim los ntawm lub resulting wort. Thov nco ntsoov: nplej npias yog qhov tseem ceeb tsim, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg tseem tsis tau hais dab tsi txog hops, uas yog, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo lossis tshuaj ntsuab npias tau brewed. Tsis tas li ntawd, malt tsis tau sprouted.

Qhov tseem ceeb tom ntej hauv keeb kwm ntawm npias yog Babylonian kev vam meej. Nws yog cov neeg Npanpiloo uas xav paub yuav ua li cas txhim kho cov dej haus. Lawv sprouted cov nplej thiab ces qhuav nws los tsim malt. Npias ua nrog nplej thiab malt tau khaws cia tsis pub ntau tshaj ib hnub. Txhawm rau ua kom cov dej qab zib ntau dua, cov txuj lom, ntoo qhib tawv ntoo, nplooj ntoo, zib ntab tau ntxiv rau nws - cov khoom noj khoom haus tau tsim tawm tom qab ntawd, tau kawg, ua ntej Reinheitsgebot lossis, raws li kev nkag siab, German txoj cai ntawm purity ntawm npias. tseem muaj 5000 xyoo!

Maj mam, npias kis mus rau Ancient Egypt, Persia, Is Nrias teb, thiab Caucasus. Tab sis nyob rau hauv Ancient tim Nkij teb chaws nws tsis nrov, vim hais tias nws yog suav hais tias yog ib tug haus dej ntawm cov neeg pluag. Thaum ntawd yog thaum tag nrho cov prejudices tshwm sim.

Keeb kwm ntawm npias tsim tsim nrog thaum pib ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog. Lub sijhawm no yog hu ua lub sijhawm yug thib ob ntawm npias. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees. Lub npe German Bier los ntawm Qub Germanic Peor lossis Bror. Txawm hais tias tib yam lus Askiv Ale (ale) liam tias etymologically rov qab mus rau Proto-Indo-European hauv paus, suav nrog lub ntsiab lus ntawm "intoxication". Indo-European keeb kwm ntawm lub hauv paus yog convincingly proven nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog niaj hnub Danish thiab Norwegian øl, raws li zoo raws li Icelandic öl (Germanic pab pawg neeg ntawm cov lus, uas Old English belongs) thiab Lithuanian thiab Latvian alus - npias (Baltic pab pawg neeg ntawm lub Indo. -European tsev neeg), Northern Lavxias teb sab ol (lub ntsiab lus intoxicating haus), raws li zoo raws li Estonian õlu thiab Finnish olut. Nyob rau hauv luv luv, tsis muaj leej twg paub yuav ua li cas cov lus tuaj txog, vim hais tias ib tug neeg screwed nyob rau hauv Ancient Babylon - zoo, txhua leej txhua tus tam sim no hu npias txawv. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv ua nws txawv.

Nws yog nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog uas hops pib ntxiv rau haus. Nrog nws qhov tshwm sim, saj ntawm npias tau txhim kho, thiab nws lub txee lub neej tau ntev dua. Nco ntsoov, %username%: hops feem ntau yog ib qho kev khaws cia rau npias. Tam sim no cov dej haus tuaj yeem thauj tau, thiab nws tau dhau los ua cov khoom lag luam. Ntau pua cov zaub mov txawv thiab ntau yam ntawm npias tau tshwm sim. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm qee thaj tsam ntseeg tias Slavs yog tus tsim ntawm kev cog qoob loo, vim tias brewing tau nthuav dav hauv Rus 'twb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XNUMXth.

Los ntawm txoj kev, nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, lub teeb ales tau dav siv nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe es tsis txhob dej. Txawm tias cov menyuam yaus muaj peev xwm them taus npias - thiab yog, nws yog npias tshwj xeeb, thiab tsis yog kvass, raws li qee tus ntseeg. Lawv haus tsis yog vim cov tsaus ntuj xav haus lawv tus kheej kom tuag, tab sis vim los ntawm saj cov dej lawv tuaj yeem kho tau ib pawg ntawm cov kab mob uas paub thiab tseem tsis tau paub. Nrog rau qib ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau theem ntawm plantain thiab tus kws yug menyuam, nws yog ib qho txaus ntshai heev. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub npe hu ua lub rooj npias ("me me ale") kuj tseem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab tau zoo ntawm lub rooj noj mov hauv ntau ntau, vim nws muaj li 1% cawv. Cov lus nug uas muaj tseeb yog "Yuav ua li cas tua tag nrho cov kab mob?" Peb yuav tau xav txog nws thiab.

Lub xyoo pua 1876th tau cim los ntawm lwm qhov kev sib tw hauv keeb kwm ntawm npias. Louis Pasteur thawj zaug nrhiav pom kev sib raug zoo ntawm fermentation thiab poov xab hlwb. Nws luam tawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv 5, thiab 1881 xyoos tom qab, xyoo XNUMX, tus kws tshawb fawb Danish Emil Christian Hansen tau txais cov kab lis kev cai ntshiab ntawm brewer cov poov xab, uas tau los ua lub zog rau kev lag luam brewing.

Yog tias peb tham txog keeb kwm ntawm npias tsis muaj cawv, lub zog rau nws qhov tshwm sim yog Volstead Act xyoo 1919, uas yog qhov pib ntawm Kev Txwv Tsis Pub Tshaj Tawm hauv Tebchaws Meskas: kev tsim khoom, kev thauj mus los thiab muag cov dej cawv muaj zog tshaj 0,5%. twb txwv tsis pub. Yog li nws tsis yog "me me" ntxiv lawm. Txhua lub tuam txhab brewing tau koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov dej haus uas tsis muaj cawv raws li malt, txawm li cas los xij, raws li txoj cai, cov dej haus yuav tsum tau hu ua "cereal Drink", uas tib neeg tam sim ntawd hu ua "poj niam roj hmab" thiab "ze. piv". Qhov tseeb, txhawm rau hloov los ntawm qhov qub, txwv ib qho, mus rau "yuav luag-npias", nws txaus los ntxiv ib theem ntxiv rau cov txheej txheem tsim khoom (thiab peb yuav nco ntsoov nws), uas tsis tau nce ntau. tus nqi ntawm cov khoom kawg thiab tso cai rau kev rov qab los sai tshaj plaws rau kev tsim cov dej haus ib txwm: "Kuv xav tias qhov no yuav yog lub sijhawm zoo rau npias," said US Thawj Tswj Hwm Franklin Roosevelt, kos npe rau Cullen-Harrison Act thaum Lub Peb Hlis 22, Xyoo 1933, uas tso cai rau cov cawv hauv cov dej haus tau nce mus rau 4%. Txoj cai tau pib siv rau lub Plaub Hlis 7, thiab yog li ntawd txij thaum ntawd los hnub no yog National Beer Day hauv Tebchaws Meskas! Lawv hais tias twb yog lub Plaub Hlis 6, cov neeg Amelikas tau nyob hauv cov kab tuav, thiab thaum ib tag hmo muaj kev hlub, ces ... Hauv luv luv, kev txheeb cais hais tias lub Plaub Hlis 7 ib leeg, ib thiab ib nrab lab barrels ntawm npias tau qaug cawv hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Xeev. Koj puas tau muaj khob npias thaum lub Plaub Hlis 7, % username%?


Los ntawm txoj kev, yog tias koj txaus siab, nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm cov hauv qab no kuv yuav qhia koj txog txoj cai txwv tsis pub hnyav dua - thiab qhov no tsis yog USSR, tab sis Iceland.

Tam sim no, npias tsis yog brewed tsuas yog hauv Antarctica - txawm tias qhov no tsis paub tseeb. Muaj ntau ntau pawg thiab ntau pua tus qauv - thiab yog tias koj txaus siab, koj tuaj yeem nyeem lawv cov lus piav qhia S, SѓS,. Npias yog deb ntawm qhov yooj yim raws li nws ntseeg; tus nqi ntawm lub raj mis qee zaum tuaj yeem tshaj tus nqi ntawm cov cawv txiv hmab - thiab kuv tsis tau tham txog Chateau de la Paquette cawv.

Yog li ntawd, %username%, yog tias tam sim no koj tau qhib lub raj mis npias thaum nyeem ntawv, ua kom muaj kev hwm thiab nyeem ntxiv.

Cov khoom xyaw

Ua ntej peb saib dab tsi npias muaj, cia peb luv luv rov qab cov thev naus laus zis los tsim cov dej haus no.

Npias - zoo li ntau yam hauv ntiaj teb no - yog cov khoom ntawm kev sib xyaw tsis tiav. Qhov tseeb, fermentation - cov txheej txheem los ntawm peb saj qhov kev zoo siab, nrog rau koj, % username%, muaj peev xwm nyeem cov kab no - yog cov khoom ntawm kev sib txuas tsis tiav ntawm cov suab thaj, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm npias, suab thaj yog hlawv tsis nyob rau hauv. koj lub hlwb, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov poov xab metabolic saw.
Ib yam li kev sib txuas, cov khoom yog carbon dioxide thiab dej - tab sis nco ntsoov kuv hais tias "tsis tiav"? Thiab qhov tseeb: hauv kev tsim cov npias, cov poov xab tsis raug tso cai rau overeat (txawm tias qhov no tsis yog tag nrho, tab sis nws yog qhov zoo rau kev nkag siab ntawm daim duab) - thiab yog li ntawd, ntxiv rau carbon dioxide, cawv kuj tsim.

Txij li thaum cov khoom noj tsis yog qab zib ntshiab, tab sis sib xyaw ntawm ntau yam sib xyaw, cov khoom lag luam tsis yog carbon dioxide, dej thiab cawv - tab sis tag nrho cov paj, uas yog vim li cas cov beers muaj nyob. Tam sim no kuv yuav tham txog qee cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb, thiab tseem debunk qee qhov lus dab neeg txog npias raws txoj kev.

Dej.

Nco ntsoov tias kuv yog, tom qab tag nrho, ib tug kws tshuaj, kuv yuav hloov mus rau cov lus tho txawv.

Npias yog ib qho kev daws teeb meem ntawm malt extractives uas tsis tau hloov pauv thaum lub sij hawm fermentation thiab tom qab fermentation ntawm npias, ethyl cawv thiab flavoring tshuaj, uas yog ob qho tib si metabolites ntawm poov xab los yog los ntawm hops. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm extractive tshuaj muaj xws li unfermented carbohydrates (α- thiab β-glucans), phenolic tshuaj (anthocyanogens, oligo- thiab polyphenols), melanoidins thiab caramels. Lawv cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv npias, nyob ntawm seb qhov loj ntawm cov khoom qhuav nyob rau hauv thawj zaug wort, wort muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov txheej txheem fermentation hom thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov poov xab, nyob ntawm 2,0 mus rau 8,5 g / 100 g ntawm npias. Cov txheej txheem tib yam qhia tau cuam tshuam nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cawv, qhov loj feem ntawm cov npias tuaj yeem nyob ntawm 0,05 txog 8,6%, thiab cov tshuaj tsw qab (siab dua cawv, ethers, aldehydes, thiab lwm yam), cov synthesis uas nyob ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg. ntawm wort thiab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv fermentation hom thiab qhov xwm ntawm cov poov xab. Raws li txoj cai, rau npias fermented nrog cov poov xab hauv qab, qhov concentration ntawm cov khoom nruab nrab ntawm cov poov xab metabolism tsis tshaj 200 mg / l, thaum lub npias sab saum toj fermented lawv qib siab tshaj 300 mg / l. Ib qho piv txwv me me hauv npias yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom iab los ntawm hops, cov nyiaj hauv npias tsis pub tshaj 45 mg / l.

Tag nrho cov no yog qhov tho txawv heev, cov lej yuav txawv ntau lossis tsawg dua, tab sis koj tau txais lub tswv yim: tag nrho cov no tsawg heev piv rau cov ntsiab lus dej hauv npias. Zoo li koj, % username%, npias yog li 95% dej. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias cov dej zoo muaj feem cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau npias. Thiab los ntawm txoj kev, qhov no yog ib qho laj thawj vim li cas tib hom npias, tsim los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom sib txawv hauv ntau qhov chaw, tuaj yeem saj txawv. Ib qho tshwj xeeb thiab tej zaum qhov piv txwv nto moo tshaj plaws yog Pilsner Urquell, uas lawv ib zaug sim brew hauv Kaluga, tab sis nws tsis ua haujlwm. Tam sim no lub npias no tsuas yog tsim nyob rau hauv Czech koom pheej vim nws cov dej tshwj xeeb.

Tsis muaj brewery yuav brew npias yam tsis tau kuaj thawj cov dej nws yuav ua haujlwm nrog - qhov zoo ntawm cov dej tseem ceeb heev rau cov khoom kawg. Cov neeg ua si tseem ceeb hauv qhov no yog tib yam cations thiab anions uas koj pom ntawm lub raj mis ntawm cov dej qab zib - tsuas yog cov qib tswj tsis tau nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm "50-5000" mg / l, tab sis ntau qhov tseeb.

Cia peb xam seb qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov dej cuam tshuam li cas?

Zoo, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, cov dej yuav tsum ua raws li Sanitary Regulations thiab Regulations, thiab yog li ntawd peb tam sim ntawd pov tseg hnyav hlau thiab lwm yam tshuaj lom - qhov no crap yuav tsum tsis txhob nyob rau hauv dej kiag li. Cov kev txwv tseem ceeb rau cov dej siv ncaj qha hauv kev tsim npias (thaum lub sij hawm mashing) kev txhawj xeeb xws li cov ntsuas pH, hardness, qhov sib piv ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm calcium thiab magnesium ions, uas tsis yog tswj txhua yam hauv dej haus. Dej rau brewing yuav tsum muaj tsawg ions ntawm hlau, silicon, tooj liab, nitrates, chlorides, thiab sulfates. Nitrites, uas yog cov co toxins muaj zog rau cov poov xab, tsis tso cai rau hauv dej. Cov dej yuav tsum muaj ob zaug tsawg dua cov khoom siv ntxhia (qhuav seem) thiab 2,5 npaug COD tsawg dua (cov tshuaj lom neeg xav tau - oxidability). Thaum ntsuas qhov tsim nyog ntawm dej rau brewing, ib qho kev qhia xws li alkalinity tau qhia, uas tsis suav nrog cov qauv rau cov dej haus.

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kev xav tau ntxiv yog siv rau cov dej siv los kho cov feem loj ntawm cov khib nyiab thiab cawv hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab. Cov dej no yuav tsum, ua ntej, ua kom huv si microbiologically, thiab qhov thib ob, deaerated (piv txwv li, xyaum tsis muaj dej-soluble oxygen) thiab muaj tsawg dua calcium ions thiab bicarbonates piv rau cov dej pom zoo rau brewing feem ntau. Dab tsi yog lub ntiajteb txawj nqus brewing?Yog tias koj tsis paub, lub tshuab ntawm high-density brewing yog tias, txhawm rau ua kom cov khoom tsim tau ntawm lub brewhouse, wort yog brewed nrog ib feem ntawm cov khoom qhuav uas yog 4 ... 6% siab tshaj qhov loj feem. ntawm cov khoom qhuav hauv cov npias tiav. Tom ntej no, cov wort no yog diluted nrog dej mus rau qhov xav tau loj feem ntawm cov khoom qhuav, ua ntej fermentation, los yog npias tiav (yog, npias yog diluted - tab sis qhov no tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub Hoobkas, thiab kuv kuj yuav tham txog qhov no tom qab). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txhawm rau kom tau txais npias uas tsis txawv ntawm saj ntawm npias tau siv cov cuab yeej siv classic, nws tsis pom zoo kom nce cov extract ntawm thawj wort los ntawm ntau tshaj 15%.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev kom tswj tau qhov tseeb pH hauv dej - Kuv tsis tau tham tam sim no txog qhov saj ntawm cov npias tiav, tab sis hais txog cov txheej txheem ntawm fermentation ntawm wort (los ntawm txoj kev, raws li nws tau pom, qhov no tsis cuam tshuam. saj - koj tsuas yog yuav tsis hnov ​​​​zoo li qhov sib txawv me me). Qhov tseeb yog tias cov haujlwm ntawm cov enzymes uas cov poov xab siv los noj yog nyob ntawm pH. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws tus nqi yog 5,2..5,4, tab sis qee zaum tus nqi no tau hloov siab dua los ua kom iab. Tus nqi pH cuam tshuam qhov kev siv ntawm cov txheej txheem metabolic hauv cov poov xab, uas cuam tshuam nrog kev loj hlob ntawm biomass, kev loj hlob ntawm tes thiab kev sib txuas ntawm cov metabolites theem nrab. Yog li, nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig acidic, feem ntau ethyl cawv yog tsim, thaum nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw alkaline, cov synthesis ntawm glycerol thiab acetic acid yog intensified. acetic acid tsis zoo cuam tshuam rau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov poov xab, thiab yog li ntawd yuav tsum tau neutralized los ntawm kev kho cov pH thaum lub sij hawm fermentation txheej txheem. Rau cov "khoom noj" txawv yuav muaj qhov sib txawv pH qhov tseem ceeb: piv txwv li, 4,6 yog xav tau rau cov metabolism ntawm sucrose, thiab 4,8 rau maltose. pH yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov esters, uas peb yuav tham txog tom qab thiab tsim cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo aromas hauv npias.

Kho cov pH ib txwm yog qhov sib npaug ntawm carbonates thiab bicarbonates hauv kev daws; lawv yog cov uas txiav txim siab qhov nqi no. Tab sis txawm nyob ntawm no, tsis yog txhua yam yooj yim heev, vim hais tias ntxiv rau anions kuj muaj cations.

Hauv brewing, ntxhia cations uas ua dej tau muab faib ua chemically active thiab chemically inactive. Tag nrho cov ntsev ntawm calcium thiab magnesium yog tshuaj lom neeg cations: yog li, lub xub ntiag ntawm calcium thiab magnesium (thiab los ntawm txoj kev sodium thiab potassium) tiv thaiv keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm carbonates nce pH, thaum calcium thiab magnesium (ntawm no twb muaj lawm. sodium thiab potassium hauv huab cua) - tab sis hauv kev koom tes nrog sulfates thiab chlorides, lawv txo cov pH. Los ntawm kev ua si nrog cov concentrations ntawm cations thiab anions, koj tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov zoo acidity ntawm nruab nrab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, brewers nyiam calcium ntau dua li magnesium: thawj zaug, qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov poov xab flocculation yog txuam nrog calcium ion, thiab thib ob, thaum lub hardness ib ntus raug tshem tawm los ntawm boiling (nws zoo li nyob rau hauv lub hwj), calcium carbonate precipitates thiab yuav ua tau. tshem tawm, thaum magnesium carbonate precipitates maj mam thiab, thaum dej txias, ib nrab dissolves dua.

Tab sis qhov tseeb, calcium thiab magnesium tsuas yog yam me me xwb. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob overload tsab xov xwm, kuv yuav tsuas coj los ua ke qee qhov cuam tshuam ntawm ion impurities hauv dej ntawm ntau yam ntawm npias ntau lawm thiab zoo.

Qhov cuam tshuam rau cov txheej txheem brewing

• Calcium ions - Stabilize alpha-amylase thiab nce nws cov haujlwm, ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntxiv. Lawv nce cov kev ua ntawm proteolytic enzymes, vim qhov no cov ntsiab lus ntawm tag nrho thiab α-amine nitrogen nyob rau hauv lub wort nce.
• Cov theem ntawm kev txo qis hauv wort pH thaum mashing, boiling wort nrog hops thiab fermentation yog txiav txim siab. Cov poov xab flocculation yog txiav txim siab. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ion concentration yog 45-55 mg / l ntawm wort.
• Magnesium ions - Ib feem ntawm cov enzymes ntawm glycolysis, i.e. tsim nyog rau ob qho tib si fermentation thiab poov xab propagation.
• Potassium ions - Txhawb kev tsim tawm ntawm cov poov xab, yog ib feem ntawm cov enzymes thiab ribosomes.
• Hlau ions - Tsis zoo rau cov txheej txheem mashing. Cov concentration ntau dua 0,2 mg / l tuaj yeem ua rau cov poov xab degeneration.
• Manganese ions - suav nrog cov cofactor hauv cov poov xab enzymes. Cov ntsiab lus yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 0,2 mg / l.
• Ammonium ions - Tej zaum tsuas muaj nyob rau hauv cov dej khib nyiab. Tsis txaus ntseeg kiag li.
• Copper ions - Ntawm qhov siab tshaj 10 mg / l - tshuaj lom rau cov poov xab. Tej zaum yuav yog ib qho mutagenic rau cov poov xab.
• Zinc ions - Ntawm qhov concentration ntawm 0,1 - 0,2 mg / l, txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm cov poov xab. Thaum cov concentrations siab lawv inhibit α-amylase kev ua haujlwm.
• Chlorides - Txo cov poov xab flocculation. Ntawm qhov concentration ntawm ntau tshaj 500 mg / l, cov txheej txheem fermentation yog qeeb.
• Hydrocarbonates - Thaum cov concentrations siab, lawv ua rau muaj kev nce hauv pH, thiab yog li txo qis hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm amylolytic thiab proteolytic enzymes, txo cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov extract. thiab pab txhawb kom cov xim ntawm wort. Qhov concentration yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 20 mg / l.
• Nitrates - Pom nyob rau hauv cov kua dej ntawm qhov ntau dua 10 mg / l. Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm cov kab mob ntawm tsev neeg Enterbacteriaceae, tshuaj lom nitrite ion yog tsim.
• Silicates - Txo cov kev ua fermentation ntawm qhov ntau dua 10 mg / l. Silicates feem ntau yog los ntawm malt, tab sis qee zaum, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav, dej tuaj yeem yog vim li cas rau lawv nce hauv npias.
• Cov tshuaj fluoride - txog li 10 mg / l tsis muaj txiaj ntsig.

Influence rau saj ntawm npias

• Calcium ions - Txo cov extraction ntawm tannins, uas muab npias ib tug hnyav bitterness thiab astringent saj. Txo kev siv cov tshuaj iab los ntawm hops.
• Magnesium ions - Muab iab saj rau npias, uas yog hnov ​​ntawm ib tug concentration ntawm ntau tshaj 15 mg / l.
• Sodium ions - Ntawm qhov siab tshaj 150 mg / l, ua rau lub qab ntsev. Ntawm qhov siab ntawm 75 ... 150 mg / l - lawv txo qhov puv ntawm saj.
• Sulfates - Muab npias astringency thiab iab, ua rau qab qab. Ntawm qhov siab tshaj 400 mg / l, lawv muab cov npias "qhuav saj" (nyob zoo, Guiness Draft!). Tej zaum yuav ua ntej qhov tsim ntawm sulfurous saj thiab tsw muaj feem xyuam nrog kev ua ntawm kis kab mob thiab cov poov xab.
• Silicates - cuam tshuam saj indirectly.
• Nitrates - Tsis zoo rau cov txheej txheem fermentation ntawm ntau tshaj 25 mg / l. Muaj peev xwm tsim cov tshuaj lom nitrosamines.
• Chlorides - Muab npias ntau dua thiab qab zib saj (yog, yog, tab sis yog tias tsis muaj sodium). Nrog ib qho ion concentration ntawm txog 300 mg / l, lawv ua rau kom tag nrho cov saj ntawm npias thiab muab nws ib tug melon saj thiab aroma.
• Hlau ions - Thaum cov ntsiab lus hauv npias ntau dua 0,5 mg / l, lawv nce xim ntawm npias thiab xim av npuas tshwm. Muab npias saj xim hlau.
• Manganese ions - Zoo ib yam li cov nyhuv ntawm cov hlau ions, tab sis muaj zog ntau dua.
• Copper ions - Tsis zoo cuam tshuam rau saj stability. softens lub sulfurous saj ntawm npias.

Cov nyhuv ntawm colloidal stability (turbidity)

• Calcium ions - Precipitate oxalates, yog li txo qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm oxalate clouding hauv npias. Lawv nce protein coagulation thaum boiling wort nrog hops. Lawv txo qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm silicon, uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev ruaj ntseg ntawm npias colloidal.
• Silicates - Txo cov colloidal stability ntawm npias vim yog tsim ntawm insoluble tebchaw nrog calcium thiab magnesium ions.
• Hlau ions - Ua kom cov txheej txheem oxidative sai thiab ua rau colloidal turbidity.
• Copper ions - Tsis zoo cuam tshuam rau colloidal stability ntawm npias, ua raws li ib tug catalyst rau oxidation ntawm polyphenols.
• Chlorides - Txhim kho colloidal stability.

Zoo, nws zoo li cas? Qhov tseeb, ntau hom npias tau tsim nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua tsaug rau, ntawm lwm yam, sib txawv dej. Brewers nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam tau tsim cov npias ua tau zoo nrog lub zog malt tsw thiab aroma, thaum brewers nyob rau hauv lwm tus tau ua zoo brews nrog ib tug pom hop profile-tag nrho vim hais tias txawv cheeb tsam muaj sib txawv dej uas ua rau ib tug npias zoo dua lwm tus. Tam sim no, piv txwv li, muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm dej rau npias yog pom zoo nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no:

Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog qhov tseeb tias ib txwm muaj kev sib txawv - thiab cov kev sib txawv no feem ntau txiav txim siab tias "Baltika 3" los ntawm St. Petersburg tsis yog "Baltika 3" los ntawm Zaporozhye txhua.

Nws yog qhov laj thawj uas txhua cov dej siv rau kev tsim npias mus dhau ntau theem ntawm kev npaj, suav nrog kev tsom xam, pom thiab, yog tias tsim nyog, hloov kho qhov sib xyaw. Feem ntau, lub brewery nqa tawm cov txheej txheem dej npaj: cov dej tau txais nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev los yog lwm yam undergoes tshem tawm cov tshuaj chlorine, hloov nyob rau hauv cov ntxhia muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab kho hardness thiab alkalinity. Koj tsis tas yuav thab nrog tag nrho cov no, tab sis tom qab ntawd - thiab tsuas yog tias koj muaj hmoo nrog lub npe ntawm cov dej - lub brewery tsuas tuaj yeem ua rau ob peb ntau yam. Yog li ntawd, kev saib xyuas dej thiab kev npaj yog ib txwm ua.

Cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub, nrog cov peev nyiaj txaus, ua kom tau txais cov dej nrog yuav luag txhua yam uas xav tau. Lub hauv paus tuaj yeem yog lub nroog kais dej lossis dej tawm ncaj qha los ntawm qhov chaw artesian. Kuj tseem muaj cov xwm txheej txawv txawv: ib lub tsev Swedish brewery, piv txwv li, brewed npias los ntawm cov dej khib nyiab, thiab Chilean craftsmen ua npias siv dej sau los ntawm pos huab hauv suab puam. Tab sis nws yog qhov tseeb tias hauv kev tsim khoom loj, cov txheej txheem kev kho dej kim heev cuam tshuam rau tus nqi kawg - thiab tej zaum yog vim li cas Pilsner Urquell twb tau hais lawm tsis tau tsim nyob txhua qhov chaw tsuas yog hauv tsev hauv Czech koom pheej.

Kuv xav tias txaus rau thawj ntu. Yog tias kuv zaj dab neeg tau nthuav dav, nyob rau ntu tom ntej peb yuav tham txog ob qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm npias, thiab tej zaum ib qho kev xaiv, peb yuav tham txog vim li cas npias tsw txawv, txawm tias muaj "teeb" thiab "tsaus", thiab tseem kov cov tsiaj ntawv coj txawv txawv OG, FG, IBU, ABV, EBC. Tej zaum yuav muaj lwm yam, lossis tej zaum ib yam dab tsi yuav tsis tshwm sim, tab sis yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv thib peb, uas kuv npaj yuav luv luv mus rau hauv lub thev naus laus zis, thiab tom qab ntawd daws cov lus dab neeg thiab kev xav tsis zoo txog npias, suav nrog tias nws yog " diluted" thiab "fortified", peb tseem yuav tham txog seb koj puas tuaj yeem haus npias tas sijhawm.

Los yog tej zaum yuav muaj ib feem plaub... Qhov kev xaiv yog koj li, %username%!

Tau qhov twg los: www.habr.com