Unraveling 140-xyoo-laus zais cia hauv physics

Txhais ib tsab xov xwm los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv los ntawm IBM Research.

Ib qho tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv physics yuav cia peb kawm txog lub cev yam ntxwv ntawm semiconductors nyob rau hauv ntau yam nthuav dav. Qhov no tuaj yeem pab txhawb kev txhim kho ntawm cov tshuab semiconductor txuas ntxiv mus.

Tus sau phau ntawv:
Oki Gunawan - Tus Tswv Cuab, IBM Research
Doug Npis Sov - Tus Kws Paub Txog Tus Kheej, IBM Kev Tshawb Fawb

Semiconductors yog lub hauv paus tsim ntawm lub hnub nyoog digital digital, muab peb ntau yam khoom siv uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau peb lub neej niaj hnub, xws li khoos phis tawj, smartphones thiab lwm yam khoom siv txawb. Kev txhim kho hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm semiconductor thiab kev ua tau zoo kuj tseem ua rau cov khoom siv semiconductor txuas ntxiv mus hauv kev suav, kev paub, thiab kev hloov hluav taws xob. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tawm tsam ntev los dhau qhov kev txwv hauv peb lub peev xwm kom nkag siab tag nrho cov nqi hluav taws xob hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob semiconductor thiab cov khoom siv semiconductor siab heev uas tuav peb lub peev xwm mus tom ntej.

Nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev kawm tshiab hauv phau ntawv journal xwm Kev tshawb fawb kev sib koom tes coj los ntawm IBM Kev Tshawb Fawb piav qhia txog qhov kev ua tiav zoo hauv kev daws qhov tsis meej 140 xyoo hauv physics, ib qho uas yuav tso cai rau peb los kawm txog lub cev ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv ntau qhov kev nthuav dav thiab pab txhim kho cov khoom siv semiconductor tshiab thiab txhim kho.

Yuav kom nkag siab txog lub physics ntawm semiconductors, peb yuav tsum xub nkag siab txog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom thauj khoom hauv cov khoom, txawm tias lawv tsis zoo los yog qhov zoo, lawv qhov ceev hauv qhov chaw siv hluav taws xob, thiab lawv ntim cov khoom hnyav npaum li cas. Tus kws kho mob Edwin Hall pom ib txoj hauv kev los txiav txim siab cov khoom no hauv xyoo 1879 thaum nws pom tias cov hlau nplaum yuav cuam tshuam qhov kev txav ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hauv tus neeg xyuas pib, thiab qhov nyiaj ntawm deflection tuaj yeem ntsuas raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev them nqi. particles, raws li qhia hauv daim duab 1a. Qhov hluav taws xob no, hu ua Hall voltage, qhia txog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom thauj hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, suav nrog seb lawv puas yog cov hluav taws xob tsis zoo lossis cov quasiparticles zoo hu ua "qhov," lawv txav ceev npaum li cas hauv qhov hluav taws xob, lossis lawv "mobility" (µ ), thiab lawv cov concentration (n) hauv cov semiconductor.

140-xyoo-laus paub tsis meej

Ntau xyoo tom qab Hall qhov kev tshawb pom, cov kws tshawb fawb kuj pom tau tias lawv tuaj yeem ntsuas cov nyhuv Hall nrog lub teeb-kev sim hu ua Diam duab-Hall, saib daim duab 1b. Nyob rau hauv cov kev sim no, lub teeb illumination generates ntau cov cab kuj, los yog electron-qhov khub, nyob rau hauv semiconductors. Hmoov tsis zoo, peb txoj kev nkag siab ntawm cov txiaj ntsig Hall tau muab kev pom rau tsuas yog feem ntau (lossis feem ntau) tus nqi thauj khoom. Cov kws tshawb fawb tsis muaj peev xwm rho tawm cov tsis tau los ntawm ob qho tib si xov xwm (loj thiab tsis yog loj) ib txhij. Cov ntaub ntawv no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau ntau yam kev siv teeb pom kev zoo, xws li hnub ci vaj huam sib luag thiab lwm yam khoom siv optoelectronic.

IBM Research magazine kev tshawb fawb xwm nthuav tawm ib qho ntawm cov lus zais ntev ntev ntawm Hall effect. Cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Kaus Lim Qab Teb Advanced Institute of Science thiab Technology (KAIST), Kauslim Kev Tshawb Fawb Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Tshuaj Technology (KRICT), Duke University, thiab IBM tau tshawb pom cov qauv tshiab thiab cov txheej txheem uas tso cai rau peb ib txhij rho tawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov pib thiab tsis yog hauv paus. cov cab kuj, xws li lawv cov concentration thiab kev txav mus los, nrog rau tau txais cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv txog lub neej ntawm cov cab kuj, qhov ntev diffusion thiab cov txheej txheem recombination.

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, hauv kev sim duab-Hall, ob tus neeg nqa khoom ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv kev coj ua (σ) thiab Hall coefficient (H, proportional to the ratio of the Hall voltage to the magnetic field). Cov kev pom tseem ceeb yog los ntawm kev ntsuas conductivity thiab Hall coefficient raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub teeb siv. Muab zais rau hauv cov duab ntawm cov conductivity-Hall coefficient nkhaus (σ-H) qhia cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tshiab: qhov sib txawv ntawm kev txav mus los ntawm ob tus neeg nqa khoom. Raws li tau tham hauv tsab xov xwm, qhov kev sib raug zoo no tuaj yeem hais tau zoo nkauj:

$$display$$ Δµ = d (σ²H)/dσ$$display$$

Pib nrog cov neeg paub ntau tus neeg nqa khoom ceev los ntawm kev ntsuas Hall ib txwm nyob hauv qhov tsaus ntuj, peb tuaj yeem nthuav tawm rau ob qho tib si feem ntau thiab cov neeg nqa khoom tsawg thiab qhov ntom ntom ua haujlwm ntawm lub teeb siv. Pab pawg hu ua txoj kev ntsuas tshiab: Carrier-Resolved Photo Hall (CRPH). Nrog rau kev paub siv ntawm lub teeb pom kev zoo, lub neej ntawm cov cab kuj tuaj yeem tsim tau zoo ib yam. Qhov kev sib txuas no thiab nws cov kev daws teeb meem tau muab zais rau yuav luag ib puas xyoo thiab ib nrab txij li thaum nrhiav pom cov nyhuv Hall.

Sib nrug los ntawm kev nce qib hauv kev nkag siab theoretical no, kev nce qib hauv kev sim cov txheej txheem kuj tseem ceeb heev los pab txoj kev tshiab no. Txoj kev xav kom muaj kev ntsuas ntshiab ntawm Hall teeb liab, uas tuaj yeem nyuaj rau cov ntaub ntawv uas Hall teeb liab tsis muaj zog (piv txwv li, vim muaj kev txav mus los tsawg) lossis thaum muaj cov teeb liab tsis xav tau ntxiv, xws li lub teeb pom kev zoo. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua qhov ntsuas Hall siv qhov oscillating magnetic teb. Ib yam li thaum mloog xov tooj cua, koj yuav tsum xaiv qhov zaus ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb uas xav tau, muab pov tseg tag nrho lwm zaus uas ua suab nrov. Txoj kev CRPH mus ib kauj ruam ntxiv thiab xaiv tsis yog qhov xav tau ntau zaus tab sis kuj yog theem ntawm oscillating magnetic teb siv ib txoj kev hu ua synchronous sensing. Lub tswv yim ntawm oscillating Hall ntsuas tau ntev tau paub, tab sis cov txheej txheem ib txwm siv ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm electromagnetic coils los tsim ib qho oscillating magnetic teb yog tsis muaj txiaj ntsig.

Kev tshawb pom yav dhau los

Raws li feem ntau tshwm sim hauv kev tshawb fawb, kev nce qib hauv ib cheeb tsam yog tsav los ntawm kev tshawb pom hauv lwm qhov. Hauv xyoo 2015, IBM Kev Tshawb Fawb tau tshaj tawm txog qhov tshwm sim tsis paub yav dhau los hauv physics cuam tshuam nrog lub zog tshiab magnetic confinement effect hu ua "camel hump" effect, uas tshwm sim ntawm ob kab ntawm transverse dipoles thaum lawv ntev tshaj qhov tseem ceeb, raws li pom hauv daim duab 2a. Cov nyhuv yog ib qho tseem ceeb feature uas ua rau ib hom tshiab ntawm ntuj sib nqus ntxiab hu ua parallel dipole kab ntxiab (PDL ntxiab), raws li qhia hauv daim duab 2b. Sib Nqus PDL ntxiab tuaj yeem siv los ua lub platform tshiab rau ntau yam kev paub txog kev siv xws li tiltmeter, seismometer (earthquake sensor). Xws li cov tshuab sensor tshiab, ua ke nrog cov ntaub ntawv loj, tuaj yeem qhib ntau daim ntawv thov tshiab, thiab tab tom tshawb nrhiav los ntawm IBM Research pab pawg tsim cov ntaub ntawv loj analytics platform hu ua IBM Physical Analytics Integrated Repository Service (PAIRS), uas muaj cov nplua nuj ntawm geospatial. thiab Internet of Things data. (IoT).

Kuj ceeb tias, tib lub ntsiab lus PDL muaj lwm daim ntawv thov tshwj xeeb. Thaum rotated, nws ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug zoo tagnrho yees duab-Hall sim system kom tau ib tug unidirectional thiab ntshiab harmonic oscillation ntawm lub magnetic teb (Daim duab 2c). Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, lub kaw lus muab qhov chaw txaus kom tso cai rau lub teeb pom kev ntawm qhov dav ntawm cov qauv, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev sim duab-Hall.

Nqis

Txoj kev yees duab tshiab peb tau tsim tso cai rau peb rho tawm cov ntaub ntawv zoo heev los ntawm semiconductors. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau tsuas yog peb tsis tau nyob rau hauv lub classical Hall ntsuas, txoj kev tshiab no yields mus txog rau xya tsis nyob rau hauv txhua lub teeb siv tshuaj ntsuam. Qhov no suav nrog kev txav ntawm ob qho tib si electrons thiab qhov; lub concentration ntawm lawv cov cab kuj nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lub teeb; recombination lub neej; thiab diffusion ntev rau electrons, qhov thiab ambipolar hom. Tag nrho cov no tuaj yeem rov ua dua N zaug (piv txwv li tus naj npawb ntawm lub teeb siv lub teeb siv hauv kev sim).

Qhov kev tshawb pom tshiab thiab thev naus laus zis no yuav pab txhawb kev nce qib semiconductor hauv ob qho tib si uas twb muaj lawm thiab cov thev naus laus zis tshiab. Peb tam sim no muaj kev paub thiab cov cuab yeej xav tau los rho tawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev ntawm cov khoom siv semiconductor kom nthuav dav. Piv txwv li, nws yuav pab txhawb kev txhim kho cov thev naus laus zis tshiab tiam tom ntej, xws li cov hnub ci vaj huam sib luag zoo dua, cov khoom siv optoelectronic zoo dua, thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshiab thiab cov cuab yeej siv rau kev txawj ntse thev naus laus zis.

Thawj tsab xov xwm luam tawm Lub Kaum Hli 7, 2019 hauv IBM Research blog.
Neeg txhais lus: Nikolay Marin (NikolayMarin), Chief Technology Officer IBM hauv Russia thiab CIS lub teb chaws.

Tau qhov twg los: www.hab.com