Kev tso tawm ntawm lub kernel Linux 6.14

Tom qab ob lub hlis ntawm kev txhim kho, Linus Torvalds tau tso tawm lub kernel. Linux 6.14. Ntawm cov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws: tus tsav tsheb ntsync nrog cov txheej txheem sib dhos ua ke Windows NT, teeb tsa kev nyeem ntawv sib npaug hauv Btrfs RAID1, kev txhawb nqa reflink tiag tiag hauv XFS, ua kom uncacheable buffered I/O, dmem cgroup rau kev txwv GPU nco, ua kom io_uring hauv FUSE, delegating attributes hauv NFS, txhawb nqa atomic sau hauv Device mapper, ua kom cov symbolic txuas nrawm dua, tswj kev ua tiav ntawm tsab ntawv, txhawb nqa Qualcomm Snapdragon 8 Elite chips, thiab tus tsav tsheb rau AMD NPUs.

Tus tshiab version suav nrog 12115 kho los ntawm 1984 cov neeg tsim tawm, thaj loj yog 39 MB (cov kev hloov pauv cuam tshuam rau 10170 cov ntaub ntawv, 531586 kab code tau ntxiv, 235999 kab raug tshem tawm). Qhov kev tso tawm kawg muaj 14172 kho los ntawm 2086 tus tsim tawm, thaj loj yog 46 MB. Txog 41% ntawm tag nrho cov kev hloov pauv tau qhia hauv 6.14 muaj feem xyuam rau cov cuab yeej tsav tsheb, kwv yees li 13% ntawm cov kev hloov pauv cuam tshuam txog kev hloov kho cov cai tshwj xeeb rau cov khoom siv kho vajtse, 14% muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog pawg network, 7% cuam tshuam nrog cov ntaub ntawv kaw lus, thiab 4% muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov kab ke hauv subsystems.

Kev tsim kho tshiab tseem ceeb hauv kernel 6.14:

• Disk subsystem, I / O thiab cov ntaub ntawv systems
  • Btrfs cov ntaub ntawv tam sim no txhawb nqa txoj hauv kev tshiab rau ntsuas kev nyeem cov haujlwm ntawm cov tsav hauv RAID1 array. Ntxiv rau qhov uas twb muaj lawm load faib raws li tus txheej txheem identifiers (pid), lub tshiab version muaj peb tshiab balancing hom: "rotation" (ib thooj load faib thoob plaws tag nrho cov drives, enabled los ntawm lub neej ntawd); "latency" (kev faib tawm mus rau hauv tus account qeeb, tuaj yeem pab tau thaum muaj kev ua tsis tiav lossis tsis ruaj khov ntawm cov tsav tsheb); devid (manual control). Txhawm rau hloov qhov ntsuas ntsuas, lub interface "/sys/fs/btrfs/" tau ntxiv. /read_policy». Lwm qhov kev hloov pauv hauv Btrfs suav nrog kev siv FS_IOC_READ_VERITY_METADATA ioctl.
  • Ntxiv ib qho tsis-cached buffered I/O hom, uas tshem tawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm nplooj ntawv cache tam sim ntawd tom qab nyeem lossis sau ua tiav. Qhov kev hloov pauv yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thaum siv cov cuab yeej khaws cia ceev heev, uas cov haujlwm caching hauv RAM yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Rau cov khoom siv zoo li no, hom tshiab tso cai rau tshem tawm cov cim xeeb tsis tsim nyog los ntawm nplooj ntawv cache yam tsis siv rau qhov nyuaj Direct I / O API.
  • Ib qho kev tshwm sim tshiab FS_PRE_ACCESS tau ntxiv rau fsnotify, cov ntaub ntawv hloov pauv cov txheej txheem taug qab, uas yog tsim los ntawm theem ua ntej cov ntsiab lus nkag mus. Qhov kev tshwm sim tau ua tiav hauv hom synchronous, piv txwv li cov ntsiav xa ib qho kev tshwm sim thiab tos kom tau txais cov lus teb. Yog tias tau txais cov lus teb, kev ua haujlwm tau ua tiav, thiab yog tias muaj qhov tsis ua tiav, qhov kev hu xov tooj rov qab ua qhov yuam kev rau tus neeg siv qhov chaw. Siv FS_PRE_ACCESS, tus txheej txheem siv qhov chaw tuaj yeem, piv txwv li, npaj cov ntaub ntawv sau raws li cov ntaub ntawv npaj tau qeeb.
  • FUSE subsystem, uas tso cai rau tsim cov ntaub ntawv siv hauv qhov chaw neeg siv, tau ntxiv nrog kev txhawb nqa rau kev sib pauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov ntsiav thiab tus neeg siv qhov chaw siv io_uring I / O mechanism. Qhov kev hloov no txhim kho FUSE kev ua tau zoo los ntawm kev txo cov ntsiab lus hloov pauv ntawm cov ntsiav thiab cov neeg siv qhov chaw.
  • XFS cov ntaub ntawv tam sim no txhawb nqa rov qab-mapping hauv hom khoom siv tiag tiag. Rov qab daim ntawv qhia tso cai rau koj los txiav txim siab seb cov ntaub ntawv twg muab thaiv ntawm lub cuab yeej cia yog siv los khaws. Nrog rmap, XFS rau hom realtime siv kev txhawb nqa rau kev ua haujlwm reflink, uas tso cai rau tsim cov ntawv luam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cloning cov ntaub ntawv metadata thiab tsim qhov txuas rau cov ntaub ntawv uas twb muaj lawm yam tsis tau luam nws.
  • VFS siv caching ntawm qhov loj ntawm cov cim kev sib txuas, uas tso cai rau kom ceev cov kev ua haujlwm readlink los ntawm 1.5% (hauv qhov kev sim nrog / initrd.img hauv ext4). Caching yog enabled hauv ext4 thiab tmpfs FS.
  • Kev siv NFSv4.2 ntxiv kev txhawb nqa rau cov ntaub ntawv tus neeg sawv cev, tso cai rau cov ntaub ntawv yam ntxwv xws li lub sijhawm hloov kho (mtime) tswj hwm ntawm NFS tus neeg siv khoom yam tsis tas yuav hloov pauv mus rau lub server. NFS kuj tau txhim kho kev txhawb nqa rau "LOCALIO" raws tu qauv, uas tso cai rau nws los txiav txim seb NFS cov neeg siv khoom thiab cov neeg rau zaub mov nyob ntawm tib lub tswv tsev, txhawm rau ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo xws li muaj cov neeg siv khoom siv Direct I / O.
  • Txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev nyeem cov haujlwm hauv NETFS, CIFS thiab AFS (Andrew File System) cov ntaub ntawv.
  • Squashfs suav nrog hom rau ncaj qha thauj cov blocks rau hauv nplooj ntawv cache (SQUASHFS_FILE_DIRECT), uas tso cai rau koj ua yam tsis muaj kev sib cais read_page cache. Qhov kev hloov pauv txo tus nqi ntawm lub cim xeeb noj los ntawm Squashfs.
  • statx() system hu siv tus chij STATX_DIO_READ_ALIGN los txiav txim seb qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom haum rau cov ntaub ntawv nyeem ua haujlwm.
  • Bcachefs cov ntaub ntawv kaw lus tau hloov kho thiab txhim kho cov qauv ntawm cov qauv disk. Lwm hom kev hloov pauv ntxiv yuav raug suav tias yog xaiv tau thiab yuav raug siv raws li kev xaiv add-ons. Qhov ceev ntawm FS kev kuaj xyuas kev ncaj ncees tau nce ntxiv. Ntxiv rau, Bcachefs tau txhim kho kev nyeem ntawv nkaus xwb; Tsau teeb meem uas ua rau nco nkag tau tom qab nws tso tawm (siv tom qab dawb); teeb meem nrog reflink pointers hauv fsck tau raug daws; Tsau kev lag luam rov pib tuav.
  • Md-linear module, tsim los rau kev sib txuas cov khoom siv thaiv, tau rov qab los. Cov qauv no yav dhau los tau tshaj tawm tias tsis siv thiab tshem tawm ntawm 6.8 ntsiav, tab sis raws li nws tau muab tawm, nws tau xav tau thiab yog li tam sim no tau rov qab los.
  • Cov ntaub ntawv F2FS thiab SQUASHFS tau hloov dua siab tshiab los siv nplooj ntawv folios.
  • OCFS2 thiab DLMFS cov ntaub ntawv tau raug tsiv teb tsaws los siv qhov kev faib tawm tshiab mounting API.
  • Tus tsav tsheb null_blk siv tus cwj pwm "rotational", uas tau nthuav tawm los ntawm configfs thiab tso cai rau simulating ua hauj lwm nrog ib tug ntaus ntawv raws li rotating disks kom simplify lub kernel functions.
  • Cov cuab yeej mapper system thiab dm-daim iav, dm-io, dm-table, dm-linear, dm-stripe, thiab dm-raid1 modules txhawb atomic sau.
• Kev pabcuam nco thiab system
  • Kev koom ua ke ntawm tus tsav tsheb ntsync rau hauv lub kernel tau ua tiav lawm. Nws siv lub cuab yeej cim /dev/ntsync thiab ib pawg ntawm cov txheej txheem sib dhos siv hauv lub kernel. Windows NT. Kev siv cov primitives no ntawm theem kernel tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ua tau zoo heev. Windows-kev ua si pib siv Wine. Kev ua tau zoo tau los ntawm kev tshem tawm cov nqi siv uas cuam tshuam nrog kev siv RPCs hauv qhov chaw neeg siv. Tsim ib tus neeg tsav tsheb kernel sib cais Linux Qhov no piav qhia los ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm kev siv NT synchronization API kom raug rau saum cov primitives uas twb muaj lawm hauv lub kernel.
  • Ntxiv ib tus tshiab DMEM cgroup maub los cais tus account rau cov chaw nco ntawm cov khoom siv xws li GPUs. DMEM tso cai rau koj los tsim cov cgroups cais rau cov haujlwm sib txawv GPU-raws li lawv tuaj yeem khiav yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau ib leeg. Cov yam ntxwv tshiab daws qhov teeb meem ntawm GPU kev ua haujlwm raug yuam kom txiav tawm thaum muaj lub cim xeeb tag los ntawm kev suav nyiaj rau GPU nco thiab tsav tsheb siv CPU nco hauv cais cgroups.
  • Kev ua kom zoo tshaj plaws tau ua kom ntsuas qhov TLB (Kev Txhais Lus Lookaside Buffer) cache flush ua haujlwm, uas yog siv los ua kom ceev cov kev txhais cov chaw nyob virtual rau hauv lub cev. Cov kev ua kom zoo ntxiv muaj xws li ncua kev hloov tshiab ntawm qee cov qauv ntaub ntawv thaum hloov cov ntsiab lus, uas tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ua tau zoo thaum dhau qee qhov kev xeem.
  • Txhim kho kev ua tau zoo ntawm MGLRU (Multi-Generational LRU) mechanism siv los txiav txim siab cov nplooj ntawv nco tau siv thiab qhov twg tuaj yeem raug thawb mus rau qhov sib pauv faib.
  • Kev hloov pauv txuas ntxiv los ntawm ceg Rust-for-Linux, cuam tshuam nrog kev siv Rust ua hom lus thib ob rau kev tsim cov tsav tsheb thiab cov modules kernel (Kev txhawb nqa Rust tsis tau qhib los ntawm lub neej ntawd thiab tsis suav nrog Rust ua qhov yuav tsum tau ua kernel tsim kev vam khom). Lub "derive(CoercePointee)" macro tau qhia hauv kernel code, tso cai rau kev siv cov pointers ntse nrog cov khoom trait. Lub kernel suav nrog Rust wrappers rau PCI, platforms, Open Firmware, cov khoom siv cim, thiab qee qhov I / O functions. Greg Kroah-Hartman, lub luag haujlwm rau kev tswj hwm ceg ruaj khov ntawm lub kernel. Linux, piav qhia txog lub xeev tam sim no tias "yuav luag npaj txhij los sau tus tsav tsheb tiag tiag hauv Rust."
  • Cov cai tshiab tau raug qhia hauv kev tsim cov ntawv los tsim cov qauv ntawm cov cim kev debug rau cov khoom thauj khoom, uas tam sim no siv cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm DWARF debug cov ntaub ntawv es tsis yog txheeb xyuas qhov chaws ncaj qha. Qhov kev hloov pauv ua kom debug cim versioning rau modules sau hauv Rust. Cov kev siv qub tseem tshuav nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus, thiab kev xaiv ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob yog ua nyob rau theem ntawm kev xaiv los ua ke.
  • Rau PowerPC architecture, kev txhawb nqa rau hom tub nkeeg preemption (PREEMPT_LAZY) yog siv, uas sib haum rau tag nrho preemption hom rau cov dej num realtime (RR/FIFO/DEADLINE), tab sis ncua sij hawm preemption ntawm ib txwm ua hauj lwm (SCHED_NORMAL) kom txog rau thaum lub zuam ciam teb.
  • Qhov kev ua tau zoo profileing subsystem "perf" tau hloov kho los txhawb AMD processor fais fab noj txee. Ntxiv lub peev xwm los ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuab nrog txog 2048 CPU cores.
  • Tso cai rau pid_max sysctl parameter siv nrog ID namespaces. Lub pid_max parameter yog npaj los txwv tus nqi siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov txheej txheem txheeb xyuas (PIDs) thiab tam sim no tuaj yeem siv los txwv cov txheej txheem ntau tshaj plaws uas tuaj yeem khiav hauv qhov chaw muab npe. Parameter processing yog ua hierarchically, piv txwv li txwv nyob rau hauv sab nraud namespaces propagate rau nested namespaces.
  • Thaum siv lub execveat system hu mus pib ib txheej txheem, lub /proc filesystem tam sim no yuav tso saib lub npe ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tab tom khiav, es tsis yog cov ntaub ntawv descriptor tooj.
  • Ib qho khoom siv hluav taws xob mountinfo tau muab ntxiv rau hauv cov lej hauv kab (hauv cov qauv / vfs cov npe), ua qauv qhia kev siv statmount() thiab listmount() system hu.
  • BPF subsystem qhia txog kev ua haujlwm tshiab bpf_local_irq_save() thiab bpf_local_irq_restore() kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam ib ntus ntawm CPU hauv zos. Cov haujlwm tuaj yeem siv los siv cov qauv uas nws cov txheej txheem tsis raug ncua los ntawm kev cuam tshuam.
  • Hauv madvise() system hu, thaum siv MADV_DONTNEED thiab MADV_FREE chij, lub cim xeeb nplooj ntawv cuam tshuam nrog qhov chaw nyob tau raug tso tawm, vim qee qhov xwm txheej tsis nco qab nplooj ntawv tuaj yeem khaws ntau lub cim xeeb.
  • Lub OpenRISC architecture txhawb nqa cov txheej txheem rov pib dua (rseq), uas yog tsim los ua kom sai sai ua haujlwm atomically uas, yog tias cuam tshuam los ntawm lwm cov xov, raug tshem tawm thiab rov ua dua los ua kom tiav lawv.
  • Cov cai tau raug kho dua tshiab nrog kev siv CRC32 thiab CRC-T10DIF algorithms, uas tsis cuam tshuam nrog crypto subsystem thiab raug hu ncaj qha los ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv interface. Qhov kev hloov pauv tau tso cai rau peb kom yooj yim cov cai thiab txhim kho nws cov txiaj ntsig.
  • Lub io_uring asynchronous I / O system tau hloov kho kom suav nrog kev sib cuam tshuam rau kev ua tiav cov metadata ntxiv kev ncaj ncees thaum ua haujlwm nyeem thiab sau ntawv.
• Virtualization thiab Kev Ruaj Ntseg
  • Tus chij AT_EXECVE_CHECK tau ntxiv rau kev hu xov tooj rau execveat, uas tso cai rau kev kuaj xyuas qhov kev lees paub ntawm kev ua tiav cov ntaub ntawv yam tsis tau khiav nws, tab sis suav nrog cov cai tswj hwm kev nyab xeeb, cov cai nkag mus, thiab cov haujlwm LSM. Cov chij securebit SECBIT_EXEC_RESTRICT_FILE thiab SECBIT_EXEC_DENY_INTERACTIVE tau thov kom siv ua ke nrog AT_EXECVE_CHECK, uas tuaj yeem siv los txwv kev ua tiav cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj cov ntawv sau ua lus txhais lus. Tus chij SECBIT_EXEC_RESTRICT_FILE ua rau cov neeg sib txuas thiab cov neeg txhais lus siv AT_EXECVE_CHECK kev xaiv los kuaj xyuas qhov kev ua tiav, thiab SECBIT_EXEC_DENY_INTERACTIVE chij tiv thaiv kev sib tham sib hais kom ua tiav. Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv yog lub peev xwm los siv cov cai tswj hwm kev ruaj ntseg tsis yog rau cov ntaub ntawv executable nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj rau cov ntawv sau nrog cov ntawv sau uas tuaj yeem thauj khoom los ntawm kev khiav tus neeg txhais lus (piv txwv li kev txwv txiav tawm tuaj yeem siv tsis tau tsuas yog thaum khiav "./script.sh" tab sis kuj thaum khiav hauv daim ntawv "sh script.sh").
  • Hauv x86 systems, kev txhawb nqa rau cov counters secure time counters rau cov guest systems tau raug siv, tiv thaiv lub guest system clock los ntawm kev hloov kho los ntawm tus tswv tsev ib puag ncig. Qhov feature no yog raws li AMD SEV (Secure Encrypted Virtualization) mechanism, siv rau hauv virtualization systems rau kev tiv thaiv. cov tshuab virtual los ntawm kev cuam tshuam los ntawm hypervisor lossis tus thawj coj ntawm lub system.
  • Hauv lub kaw lus tswj kev nkag mus rau hauv SELinux Ntxiv kev txhawb nqa rau cov cai xperm uas tso cai rau koj khi cov cai SELinux rau qee qhov kev hu ioctl() lossis cov lus netlink.
  • Txhawm rau digitally kos npe kernel modules, SHA1 algorithm yog siv los ntawm lub neej ntawd tsis yog SHA512.
  • Cov neeg tsav tsheb VirtualBox tam sim no suav nrog kev txhawb nqa rau ARM64 architecture.
  • Hauv hypervisor KVM Kev ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv mus rau kev siv Intel TDX (Trusted Domain Extensions) mechanism rau kev encrypting lub cim xeeb ntawm tus qhua.
  • Ntxiv kev txhawb nqa rau kev ua yuam kev rov ua haujlwm rau virtio_blk.
• Network subsystem
  • Kev siv RxRPC raws tu qauv qhia txog lub peev xwm los siv UDP loj dua thav duab kom nce kev nkag mus.
  • Rau TCP, kev txhawb nqa rau RACK-TLP algorithm txhawm rau txheeb xyuas pob ntawv poob tau ntxiv.
  • Ntxiv qhov tshiab sysctl parameter tcp_tw_reuse_delay, uas ua haujlwm ntawm lub network namespace hauv paus thiab tso cai rau koj los qhia txog kev ncua ua ntej lub kaw lus tuaj yeem rov siv tau tus lej chaw nres nkoj network tom qab TCP lub qhov (socket) raug kaw.
  • Ntxiv lub peev xwm los xaiv lub sijhawm Precise Time Protocol (PTP) tus neeg zov me nyuam los tsim cov ntawv teev sijhawm ntawm PHY thiab MAC qib.
  • Rau IPsec, kev txhawb nqa rau cov txheej txheem rau kev sib sau ua ke thiab fragmentation ntawm encapsulated IP pob ntawv tau siv - IP-TFS / AGGFRAG (IP Traffic Flow Security / Aggregation thiab Fragmentation Mode for Encapsulating Security Payload).
  • Lub network sockets system tau hloov kho los txhawb kev xa cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb (SO_PRIORITY) hauv daim ntawv tswj cov lus (cmsg). Rau lub network sockets, qhov kev xaiv SO_RCVPRIORITY tau ntxiv, uas ua rau kev sib kis ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb hauv qhov recvmsg() muaj nuj nqi.
• Khoom siv
  • Ntxiv amdxdna tsav tsheb rau AMD CPUs kev koom ua ke NPU (Neural Processing Unit) accelerators raws li XDNA architecture, tsim los ua kom nrawm cov haujlwm ntsig txog kev kawm tshuab. XDNA-based NPU muaj nyob rau hauv 7040 thiab 8040 series ntawm AMD Ryzen processors, AMD Alveo V70 accelerators, thiab AMD Versal SoCs.
  • Tus tsav tsheb i915 tau hloov kho kom suav nrog GPU IDs tshiab, HDMI pib ua haujlwm tsis ua haujlwm, thiab txhim kho kev ntseeg siab ntawm GPU cav rov pib dua ntawm Haswell thiab cov laus dua.
  • Ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv ntawm Xe drm (Direct Rendering Manager) tsav tsheb rau GPUs raws li Intel Xe architecture, uas yog siv hauv Intel Arc tsev neeg cov duab kos thiab cov duab sib xyaw, pib nrog Tiger Lake processors.
  • Tus neeg tsav tsheb Nouveau tam sim no muaj peev xwm hloov buffers nrog GSP-RM cav ntawm debugfs.
  • Tus neeg tsav tsheb AMDGPU siv kev txhawb nqa rau DRM ceeb toom mechanism, uas qhia txog hom "xiav screen ntawm kev tuag" thaum muaj kev sib tsoo. Kev npaj txuas ntxiv rau kev txhawb nqa yav tom ntej Radeon RX 9000 series graphics phaib raws li RDNA4 architecture. Kev txhawb nqa tshiab rau DCN 3.5, GG 9.5, IH 4.4, PSP 13.x, SMU 13.x, VCN 5.x, JPEG 5.x, GC 12.x, DC FAMS, RAS thiab ISP.
  • Ntxiv kev txhawb nqa rau Qualcomm SM6150 (QCS615) platform rau msm (GPU Qualcomm Adreno) DRM tsav tsheb.
  • Ntxiv kev txhawb nqa rau SoC MediaTek MT8188 nrog GPU Mali-G57 rau panfrost DRM tsav tsheb.
  • Ntxiv kev txhawb nqa rau Broadcom BCM4 SoC (Raspberry Pi 2712) rau vc5 DRM tsav tsheb.
  • Tus tsav vfio nvgrace-gpu tau hloov kho los txhawb NVIDIA Grace Blackwell 200 chips.
  • Cov pob no suav nrog tus tsav tsheb rau Intel THC (Kov Tus Tswv Cuab Tswj Tswj) cov tswj, siv los cuam tshuam nrog cov ntxaij vab tshaus thiab touchpads ntawm qee lub laptops. Ntxiv kev txhawb nqa rau Wacom li nrog PCI interface. Ntxiv kev txhawb nqa rau QH Electronics game controllers.
  • Ntxiv kev txhawb nqa rau ARM boards, SoC thiab cov khoom siv: Qualcomm Snapdragon 8 Elite (SM8750), Qualcomm Snapdragon AR2 (SAR2130P), Qualcomm IQ6/IQ8, Snapdragon 425 (MSM8917), Samsung Exynos 9810, Blaize BLZP1600, Microchip SAMA7D65, Reas, Reas, Ntxiv kev txhawb nqa rau SpacemiT K4 SoC raws li RISC-V architecture.
  • ALSA suab subsystem rau MIDI 2.0 tau nthuav dav cov rawmidi thiab sequencer APIs. API rau offloading compression kev khiav hauj lwm rau lub suab daim npav tau hloov kho los txhawb ASRC (Asynchronous Sample Rate Conversion).
  • Ntxiv kev txhawb nqa rau lub suab tshuab ntawm Allwinner suinv F1C100s, Awinc AW88083, Realtek ALC5682I-VE, TAS2781, Focusrite Scarlett 4th Gen 16i16, 18i16 thiab 18i20 li. Ntxiv kev txhawb nqa rau SteelSeries Arctis 9 wireless headphones.

Tau qhov twg los: opennet.ru