Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub tsev cia puav pheej thiab archives, cov ntawv qub, cov ntawv sau thiab cov phau ntawv tau muab khaws cia rau hauv qee yam xwm txheej, uas tso cai rau lawv khaws lawv cov qub tsos rau yav tom ntej. Cov neeg sawv cev zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntawv sau tsis raug suav tias yog Dead Sea Scrolls (Qumran cov ntawv sau), thawj zaug pom rov qab rau xyoo 1947 thiab rov qab mus rau 408 BC. e. Ib txhia ntawm cov scrolls muaj sia nyob tsuas yog nyob rau hauv tawg, tab sis lwm tus yog xyaum untouched los ntawm lub sij hawm. Thiab ntawm no cov lus nug pom tseeb tshwm sim - ua li cas tib neeg ntau dua 2000 xyoo dhau los tswj hwm los tsim cov ntawv sau uas muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no? Qhov no yog raws nraim li Massachusetts Institute of Technology txiav txim siab kom paub. Cov kws tshawb fawb pom dab tsi hauv cov ntawv teev ntuj thaum ub thiab cov technologies twg siv los tsim lawv? Peb kawm txog qhov no los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb cov ntaub ntawv. Mus.
Keeb kwm keeb kwm
Nyob rau xyoo tsis ntev los no 1947, Bedouin shepherds Muhammad ed-Dhib, Juma Muhammad thiab Khalil Musa mus nrhiav ib tug yaj uas ploj lawm, uas coj lawv mus rau lub qhov tsua ntawm Qumran. Keeb kwm yog ntsiag to txog seb cov neeg yug yaj puas pom cov artiodactyl ploj, tab sis lawv nrhiav tau ib yam dab tsi muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm qhov pom - ob peb lub jugs av nplaum uas cov ntawv teev ntuj qub tau muab zais.
Qhov tsua ntawm Qumran.
Muhammad tau tawm ntau phau ntawv thiab coj lawv mus rau nws qhov chaw nyob los qhia rau nws cov phooj ywg. Qee lub sij hawm tom qab ntawd, cov Bedouins txiav txim siab muab cov ntawv rau ib tug tub lag luam npe hu ua Ibrahim Ija hauv Npelehees, tab sis tom kawg suav tias lawv cov thoob khib nyiab, qhia tias lawv tau raug nyiag los ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj. Cov Bedouins tsis tso tseg sim muag lawv txoj kev nrhiav thiab mus rau lwm lub khw, qhov twg ib tug Syrian ntseeg tau muab cov ntawv los ntawm lawv. Yog li ntawd, ib tug sheikh, uas nws lub npe tseem tsis tau paub, tau koom nrog kev sib tham thiab qhia nws kom hu rau tus neeg muag khoom qub Khalil Eskander Shahin. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev tshawb nrhiav nyuaj me ntsis rau kev ua lag luam yog kev muag cov ntawv rau 7 Jordanian phaus (tsuas yog tshaj $ 314).
Cov rhawv zeb uas cov ntawv sau tau pom.
Cov ntawv teev nqi pheej yig yuav tau sau cov plua plav ntawm cov txee ntawm cov khoom qub yog tias lawv tsis nyiam Dr. John C. Traver ntawm American School of Oriental Research (ASOR), uas piv cov ntsiab lus hauv cov ntawv nrog cov zoo sib xws. nyob rau hauv Nash papyrus, cov ntawv sau qub tshaj plaws hauv phau Vajlugkub ces paub, thiab pom qhov sib xws ntawm lawv.
Scroll ntawm Yaxayas muaj yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawv nyeem ntawm Phau Ntawv ntawm tus Yaj Saub Yaxayas. Qhov ntev ntawm qhov scroll yog 734 cm.
Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1948, ntawm qhov siab ntawm Arab-Israeli Tsov Rog, cov ntawv xa mus rau Beirut (Lebanon). Lub Plaub Hlis 11, 1948, ASOR lub taub hau Millar Burrows tau tshaj tawm qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm cov ntawv. Txij thaum ntawd los, kev tshawb nrhiav puv ntoob pib rau lub qhov tsua (nws hu ua lub qhov tsua No. 1) qhov twg thawj cov ntawv tau pom. Xyoo 1949, tsoomfwv Jordanian tau tso cai los tshawb nrhiav hauv thaj chaw Qumran. Thiab twb nyob rau lub Ib Hlis 28, 1949, lub qhov tsua tau pom los ntawm Belgian United Nations tus saib xyuas Captain Philippe Lippens thiab tus thawj coj ntawm Arab Legion Akkash el-Zebn.
Txij li thaum nrhiav tau thawj phau ntawv, 972 cov ntawv sau tau raug tshawb pom, qee qhov tau ua tiav, thiab qee qhov tau sau tseg tsuas yog hauv daim ntawv sib cais. Cov tawg tau me me, thiab lawv cov lej tau tshaj 15 (peb tab tom tham txog cov uas pom hauv qhov tsua 000). Ib tug ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tau sim muab lawv ua ke kom txog thaum nws tuag hauv 4, tab sis tsis muaj peev xwm ua tiav nws txoj haujlwm.
Fragments ntawm scrolls.
Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus, Lub Tuag Hiav Txwv Scrolls muaj cov phau ntawv biblical, apocrypha thiab pseudepigrapha thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov neeg Qumran. Cov lus ntawm cov ntawv kuj txawv: Hebrew, Aramaic thiab Greek.
Cov ntawv sau tau siv hluav taws xob, thiab cov ntaub ntawv rau cov ntawv lawv tus kheej yog parchments ua los ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm tshis thiab yaj; kuj muaj cov ntawv sau rau ntawm papyrus. Ib feem me me ntawm cov ntawv teev lus pom tau tsim los siv cov txheej txheem ntawm embossing ntawv mus rau nyias cov ntawv tooj liab, uas tau muab dov thiab muab tso rau hauv jars. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua rau unroll xws scrolls yam tsis muaj lawv inevitable kev puas tsuaj vim yog corrosion, yog li archaeologists txiav lawv mus rau hauv daim, uas tau muab tso ua ke rau hauv ib phau ntawv.
Fragments ntawm ib tug tooj liab scroll.
Yog tias cov ntawv xov tooj tooj liab qhia tau hais tias tsis ncaj ncees thiab ua phem rau lub sijhawm dhau los, ces muaj cov neeg nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd zoo li tsis muaj hwj chim. Ib qho piv txwv zoo li no yog 8-meter-ntev scroll uas nyiam mloog nrog nws cov tuab me me thiab cov xim qaim qaim. Archaeologists hu nws "Lub Tuam Tsev Scroll" vim hais tias ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem rau Thawj Tuam Tsev, uas Xalaumoo yuav tsum tau tsim. Lub parchment ntawm qhov scroll no muaj cov txheej txheem txheej uas muaj cov khoom siv collagenous thiab cov txheej txheem atypical inorganic.
Tuam tsev scroll. Koj tuaj yeem saib zoo dua ntawm tag nrho Tuam Tsev Scroll ntawm .
Cov kws tshawb fawb hauv kev ua haujlwm peb tab tom tshuaj xyuas niaj hnub no tau tshuaj xyuas cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov txheej txheem tsis zoo no siv X-ray thiab Raman spectroscopy thiab nrhiav pom pob zeb ntsev (sulfate evaporites). Qhov kev tshawb pom no qhia txog txoj hauv kev tshwj xeeb rau kev tsim cov ntawv txheeb xyuas, uas tuaj yeem nthuav tawm cov lus zais ntawm kev khaws cov ntawv qub uas tuaj yeem siv tau hauv peb lub sijhawm.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Tuam Tsev Scroll Analysis
Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb tau sau tseg (thiab raws li peb tus kheej tuaj yeem pom los ntawm cov duab), feem ntau ntawm Dead Sea Scrolls yog xim tsaus, thiab tsuas yog ib feem me me yog xim xim. Ntxiv nrog rau nws qhov zoo nkauj zoo nkauj, Lub Tuam Tsev Scroll muaj ntau txheej txheej nrog cov ntawv sau rau ntawm ib lub kaus ntxhw-xim xim inorganic txheej uas npog cov tawv nqaij siv los ua lub hauv paus ntawm cov ntawv. Nyob rau sab nraum qab ntawm cov ntawv koj tuaj yeem pom muaj cov plaub hau uas tseem tshuav ntawm daim tawv nqaij.
Duab #1: А - qhov tsos ntawm scroll, B - qhov chaw uas tsis muaj txheej txheem inorganic thiab ntawv nyeem, С - Cov ntawv nyeem sab (sab laug) thiab rov qab sab (txoj cai), D - Lub teeb qhia pom muaj thaj chaw uas tsis muaj txheej txheem inorganic (teeb pom kev sib dua), Е - Txhim kho qhov muag micrograph ntawm thaj chaw tseem ceeb los ntawm kab dotted ntawm 1C.
Hneev Taw plaub hau follicle *, pom nyob rau sab nraum qab ntawm scroll (1A), lawv hais tias ib feem ntawm cov ntawv nyeem ntawm cov ntawv sau tau sau rau sab hauv ntawm daim tawv nqaij.
Cov plaub hau follicle * - ib lub cev nyob rau hauv lub dermis ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab muaj 20 ntau hom cell. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev muaj zog no yog tswj cov plaub hau kev loj hlob.
Nyob rau sab ntawv nyeem muaj "liab qab" qhov chaw uas tsis muaj inorganic txheej (1C, sab laug), uas ua rau yellowish collagen puag txheej pom. Cov cheeb tsam uas cov ntawv tau dov kuj pom qhov twg cov ntawv nyeem, nrog rau cov txheej txheem inorganic, tau "reprinted" rau sab nraum qab ntawm cov ntawv.
µXRF thiab EDS scroll tsom xam
Tom qab pom cov duab tshawb xyuas cov ntawv, cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua µ XRF* и EDS* tsom xam.
XRF* (X-ray fluorescence tsom xam) - spectroscopy, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm mus nrhiav tau tawm lub elemental muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm ib yam khoom los ntawm kev soj ntsuam cov spectrum uas tshwm sim thaum cov khoom nyob rau hauv kev kawm yog irradiated nrog X-ray hluav taws xob. µXRF (micro-X-ray fluorescence) txawv ntawm XRF hauv qhov kev daws teeb meem qis dua.
EDS* (lub zog dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) yog ib txoj hauv kev ntawm kev tsom xam ntawm cov khoom, uas yog raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm lub zog emission ntawm nws X-ray spectrum.
Duab #2
Lub tuam tsev scroll yog notable rau nws heterogeneity (2A) nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, nws yog vim li no uas cov kws tshawb fawb tau txiav txim siab los siv cov kev ntsuam xyuas meej xws li µXRF thiab EDS ntawm ob sab ntawm cov ntawv.
Tag nrho µXRF spectrum ntawm cov cheeb tsam ntawm kev txaus siab (cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub scroll qhov twg kev soj ntsuam tau ua) pom ib tug complex muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm inorganic txheej, muaj ntau yam, lub ntsiab ntawm cov uas yog (2S) sodium (Namagnesium (),Mg), aluminium (Al), silicon (Siphosphorus (),P), sulfur (Schlorine (Clpoov tshuaj (K), calcium (Camanganese (Mn), hlau (Fethiab bromine (Br).
Daim ntawv qhia kev faib khoom µXRF tau pom tias cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb Na, Ca, S, Mg, Al, Cl thiab Si tau faib thoob plaws hauv cov khoom tawg. Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem xav tias cov txhuas tau muab faib ua qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov sib npaug, tab sis cov kws tshawb fawb tsis tau npaj los hais qhov no nrog 100% qhov tseeb vim qhov muaj zog zoo sib xws ntawm K-line ntawm txhuas thiab L-line ntawm bromine. Tab sis cov kws tshawb fawb piav qhia txog qhov muaj cov poov tshuaj (K) thiab hlau (Fe) los ntawm kev sib kis ntawm cov ntawv, thiab tsis yog los ntawm kev xav qhia cov ntsiab lus no rau hauv nws cov qauv thaum tsim. Kuj tseem muaj qhov nce ntxiv ntawm Mn, Fe thiab Br nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam tuab ntawm cov tawg uas cov txheej txheem organic tsis tau sib cais.
Na thiab Cl qhia tib qhov kev faib tawm thoob plaws hauv cheeb tsam kawm, uas yog, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus no siab heev nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas muaj cov txheej txheem organic. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm Na thiab Cl. Na yog ntau uniformly faib, thaum Cl tsis ua raws li cov qauv ntawm cov kab nrib pleb thiab me me delaminations nyob rau hauv lub inorganic txheej. Yog li, daim ntawv qhia kev sib raug zoo ntawm Na-Cl kev faib tawm yuav qhia tau tias muaj sodium chloride (NaCl, piv txwv li ntsev) tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov organic txheej ntawm daim tawv nqaij, uas yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua ntawm daim tawv nqaij thaum lub sij hawm npaj parchment.
Tom ntej no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) ntawm thaj chaw txaus siab ntawm daim ntawv teev lus, uas tso cai rau lawv kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov ntawv. EDS muab cov kev daws teeb meem siab rau sab nraud vim qhov tob tob ntawm electron nkag mus. Lub tshuab nqus tsev nqus hluav taws xob qis qis tau siv los ua kom tiav cov txiaj ntsig no vim tias nws txo qis kev puas tsuaj los ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev thiab tso cai rau cov duab kos ntawm cov qauv tsis ua.
Kev txheeb xyuas ntawm EDS cov duab qhia chaw (2D) qhia tias muaj cov khoom nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam ntawm kev txaus siab ntawm cov txheej txheem inorganic, uas feem ntau muaj sodium, sulfur thiab calcium. Silicon kuj tau pom nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem inorganic, tab sis tsis yog nyob rau hauv Na-S-Ca hais pom nyob rau saum npoo ntawm txheej inorganic. Qhov siab dua ntawm aluminium thiab chlorine tau pom ntawm cov khoom thiab hauv cov khoom siv organic.
Daim ntawv qhia ntawm cov ntsiab lus sodium, sulfur thiab calcium (inset rau 2B) qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm peb lub ntsiab lus, thiab cov xub qhia hais tias cov tshuaj sodium thiab sulfur tau pom, tab sis me ntsis calcium.
Duab #3
µXRF thiab EDS tsom xam ua kom pom tseeb tias cov txheej txheem inorganic muaj cov ntsiab lus nplua nuj nyob hauv sodium, calcium thiab sulfur, nrog rau lwm cov ntsiab lus me me. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev tshawb fawb no tsis tso cai rau kev kawm ntxaws txog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab cov yam ntxwv theem, yog li Raman spectroscopy (Raman spectroscopy) tau siv rau lub hom phiaj no.
Txhawm rau txo cov fluorescence keeb kwm yav dhau los feem ntau pom hauv Raman spectra, qis zog excitation wavelengths tau siv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, Raman spectroscopy ntawm ib tug wavelength ntawm 1064 nm tso cai rau koj mus sau cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm loj loj (400 μm inch) hais (3A). Ob qho tib si spectra plotted qhia peb lub ntsiab tseem ceeb: ob chav sulfate ncov ntawm 987 thiab 1003 cm-1, nitrate ncov ntawm 1044 cm-1, thiab cov proteins uas muaj collagen lossis gelatin.
Txhawm rau kom meej meej cais cov organic thiab inorganic Cheebtsam ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb fragment ntawm scroll, ze-infrared hluav taws xob ntawm 785 nm tau siv. Hauv daim duab 3B Cov spectrum ntawm collagen fibers (spectrum I) thiab inorganic hais (spectra II thiab III) yog kom meej meej pom.
Lub ncov spectral ntawm collagen fibers suav nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm nitrate ntawm 1043 cm-1, uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog kev co ntawm NO3- ions hauv NH4NO3.
Spectra ntawm cov khoom uas muaj Na, S thiab Ca qhia tau hais tias cov txheej inorganic muaj cov khoom los ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm sulfate-muaj cov zaub mov sib txawv.
Rau kev sib piv, cov spectral peaks ntawm cov cua-qhuav hluavtaws sib xyaw ntawm Na2SO4 thiab CaSO4 poob ntawm 450 thiab 630 cm-1, i.e. txawv ntawm qhov spectra ntawm tus qauv hauv kev kawm (3B). Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias tib qhov sib xyaw ua kom qhuav los ntawm evaporation ceev ntawm 250 ° C, Raman spectra yuav sib haum nrog lub spectra ntawm lub Tuam Tsev Scroll hauv nws cov sulfate fragments.
Spectrum III yog txuam nrog cov khoom me me hauv cov txheej txheem inorganic nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm 5-15 µm (3S). Cov khoom no tau pom muaj zog heev Raman tawg ntawm ib qho excitation wavelength ntawm 785 nm. Tus yam ntxwv triplet spectral kos npe ntawm 1200, 1265 thiab 1335 cm-1 qhia txog kev vibrational units ntawm "Na2-X" hom. Qhov triplet no yog yam ntxwv ntawm Na-muaj sulfates thiab feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov xws li thenardite (Na2SO4) thiab glauberite (Na2SO4 CaSO4).
Duab #4
Cov kws tshawb fawb tom qab ntawd siv EDS los tsim ib daim ntawv qhia tseem ceeb ntawm thaj chaw loj ntawm Tuam Tsev Scroll ntawm ob sab ntawv thiab sab nraub qaum. Nyob rau hauv lem, backscatter scanning ntawm lub brighter ntawv sab (4B) thiab tsaus nti rov qab sab (4C) tau nthuav tawm ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke. Piv txwv li, ib sab ntawm qhov tawg loj ntawm sab nrog cov ntawv nyeem (4B) Qhov sib txawv ntawm electron ceev tuaj yeem pom ntawm cov txheej txheem inorganic thiab cov khoom siv collagen hauv qab.
Tom ntej no, tag nrho cov ntsiab lus tam sim no nyob rau hauv qhov seem (Ca, Cl, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, S, Si, C thiab O) tau muab xam rau hauv atomic ratio format.
Daim duab peb sab saum toj no qhia qhov piv ntawm peb lub ntsiab lus (Na, Ca thiab S) hauv thaj tsam 512x512 pixel txaus siab. Kab kos rau 4A и 4D qhia qhov txheeb ze ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov duab kos, cov xim gradation uas qhia rau sab xis ntawm 4D.
Tom qab tshuaj xyuas ob daim duab, nws tau txiav txim siab tias qhov sib piv ntawm calcium rau sodium thiab sulfur nyob rau hauv txhua lub pixels ntawm thaj chaw kawm (los ntawm cov ntawv nyeem thiab sab nraum qab ntawm daim ntawv scroll) sib raug rau glauberite thiab thenardite.
Tom qab ntawd, tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb EDS tau muab faib ua pawg raws li qhov piv ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo C-txhais tau tias pawg algorithm. Qhov no ua rau nws tuaj yeem pom qhov kev faib tawm ntawm ntau theem ob qho tib si ntawm cov ntawv nyeem thiab nyob rau sab nraub qaum ntawm cov ntu ntu. Cov ntaub ntawv no tau raug siv los txiav txim siab feem ntau ntawm kev faib tawm ntawm 5122 cov ntaub ntawv cov ntsiab lus los ntawm txhua cov ntaub ntawv teev rau hauv ib qho kev txiav txim siab ntawm pawg. Cov ntaub ntawv rau cov ntawv nyeem tau muab faib ua peb pawg, thiab cov ntaub ntawv rau sab nraud tau muab faib ua plaub. Clustering cov txiaj ntsig tau nthuav tawm ua pawg sib tshooj hauv daim duab peb sab (4E и 4H) thiab raws li daim ntawv qhia kev faib khoom (4F и 4G).
Clustering cov txiaj ntsig qhia qhov kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom siv organic tsaus nti nyob rau sab nraum qab ntawm qhov scroll (xiav xim rau 4K) thiab qhov twg tawg nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem inorganic ntawm cov ntawv nyeem nthuav tawm cov collagen txheej hauv qab (daj hauv 4J).
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb kawm tau muab cov xim hauv qab no: sulfur - ntsuab, calcium - liab thiab sodium - xiav (daim duab peb sab 4I и 4L, nrog rau daim ntawv qhia kev faib khoom 4J и 4K). Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm "xim", peb pom tseeb qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus: sodium - siab, sulfur - nruab nrab thiab potassium - qis. Cov qauv no tau pom nyob rau ntawm ob sab ntawm cov ntu ntu (ntawv nyeem thiab thim rov qab).
Duab #5
Tib txoj kev tau siv los qhia txog Na-Ca-S cov concentrations nyob rau hauv lwm qhov chaw ntawm cov seem scroll nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, nrog rau peb lwm fragments ntawm qhov tsua No. 4 (R-4Q1, R-4Q2 thiab R-4Q11) .
Cov kws tshawb fawb tau sau tseg tias tsuas yog fragment R-4Q1 los ntawm lub qhov tsua No. 4, raws li cov duab kos thiab daim duab qhia kev faib cov ntsiab lus, coincides nrog lub Tuam Tsev Scroll. Tshwj xeeb, cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia txog kev sib raug zoo rau R-4Q1 uas zoo ib yam nrog theoretical Na-Ca-S piv ntawm glauberite.
Raman ntsuas ntawm R-4Q1 fragment sau ntawm 785 nm excitation wavelength qhia pom muaj sodium sulfate, calcium sulfate, thiab calcite. Kev soj ntsuam ntawm R-4Q1 collagen fibers tsis pom muaj nitrate.
Yog li ntawd, Tuam Tsev Scroll thiab R-4Q1 yog qhov zoo sib xws hauv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, uas qhia txog kev siv tib txoj hauv kev rau lawv cov kev tsim, pom meej cuam tshuam nrog evaporite ntsev. Ob daim ntawv uas tau txais los ntawm tib lub qhov tsua ntawm Qumran (R-4Q2 thiab R-4Q11) qhia qhov sib piv ntawm calcium rau sodium thiab sulfur uas txawv heev ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Tuam Tsev Scroll thiab tawg R-4Q1, qhia txog kev sib txawv ntawm kev tsim khoom.
Txhawm rau txiav txim siab, cov txheej txheem inorganic ntawm cov ntawv teev lus muaj ntau cov zaub mov, feem ntau yog sulfate ntsev. Ntxiv rau gypsum thiab nws cov analogues, thenardite (Na2SO4) thiab glauberite (Na2SO4·CaSO4) kuj raug txheeb xyuas. Lawm, peb tuaj yeem xav tias qee qhov ntawm cov zaub mov no yuav yog cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntawv, tab sis peb tuaj yeem ntseeg tau tias lawv tsis muaj nyob hauv cov qhov tsua lawv tus kheej qhov twg cov ntawv tau pom. Qhov kev txiav txim siab no tau yooj yim lees paub los ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov txheej txheem sulfate nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb fragments pom nyob rau hauv txawv Qumran qhov tsua tsis sib haum rau cov pob zeb hauv av deposits nyob rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm cov qhov tsua. Qhov xaus yog tias evaporite minerals tau muab tso rau hauv cov txheej txheem scroll thaum lawv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom.
Cov kws tshawb fawb kuj tseem nco ntsoov qhov tseeb tias qhov concentration ntawm sulfates hauv Dej Hiav Txwv Tuag yog qhov tsawg, thiab glauberite thiab thenardite feem ntau tsis pom nyob hauv thaj av Dead Sea. Ib lo lus nug uas muaj tseeb tshwm sim: qhov twg yog tus tsim ntawm cov ntawv qub qub tau txais glauberite thiab tom qab ntawd?
Txawm hais tias lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom siv rau kev tsim lub Tuam Tsev Scroll, txoj kev ntawm nws cov creation yog txawv heev los ntawm cov uas siv rau lwm cov ntawv sau (piv txwv li, rau R-4Q1 thiab R-4Q2 los ntawm qhov tsua No. 4). Muab qhov sib txawv no, cov kws tshawb fawb qhia tias cov ntawv nws tus kheej tau tsim los siv cov txheej txheem feem ntau lees txais, tab sis tom qab ntawd tau hloov kho nrog cov txheej txheem inorganic, uas tso cai rau nws muaj sia nyob rau ntau dua 2000 xyoo.
Rau cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws ntxiv nrog cov nuances ntawm txoj kev tshawb no, kuv xav kom saib и rau nws.
Epilogue
Cov neeg uas tsis paub nws yav dhau los tsis muaj lub neej yav tom ntej. Cov kab lus no tsis tsuas yog hais txog cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm thiab tus kheej nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj rau cov thev naus laus zis uas tau siv ntau pua xyoo dhau los. Tej zaum ib tug yuav xav tias tam sim no peb tsis tas yuav paub tseeb tias cov ntawv no tau tsim 2000 xyoo dhau los li cas, vim peb muaj peb tus kheej thev naus laus zis uas tso cai rau peb khaws cov ntawv hauv lawv daim ntawv qub tau ntau xyoo. Txawm li cas los xij, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, tsis yog nws nthuav? Qhov thib ob, ntau yam ntawm cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no, txawm tias nws tsis tseem ceeb npaum li cas, tau siv rau hauv ib daim ntawv lossis lwm yam hauv lub sijhawm qub. Thiab, raws li koj thiab kuv twb paub lawm, txawm tias thaum ntawd tib neeg muaj lub siab zoo, uas nws lub tswv yim tuaj yeem thawb cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub mus rau qhov kev tshawb pom tshiab lossis txhim kho cov uas twb muaj lawm. Kev kawm los ntawm qhov piv txwv yav dhau los tsis tuaj yeem suav tias yog txaj muag, tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ntau, vim hais tias lub suab ntawm yav dhau los ib txwm ua rau yav tom ntej.
Hnub Friday yav tsaus ntuj:
Documentary film (Part I) qhia zaj dab neeg ntawm Dead Sea Scrolls, yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws archaeological pom nyob rau hauv tib neeg keeb kwm. ().
Ua tsaug rau kev saib, nyob xav paub thiab muaj lub lis piam zoo rau txhua tus! 🙂
Ua tsaug uas koj nyob nrog peb. Koj puas nyiam peb cov ntawv? Xav pom cov ntsiab lus nthuav ntxiv? Txhawb nqa peb los ntawm kev tso ib qho kev txiav txim lossis qhia rau cov phooj ywg, 30% luv nqi rau cov neeg siv Habr ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb analogue ntawm nkag-theem servers, uas tau tsim los ntawm peb rau koj: (muaj nrog RAID1 thiab RAID10, mus txog 24 cores thiab mus txog 40GB DDR4).
Dell R730xd 2 zaug pheej yig dua? Tsuas yog nyob ntawm no hauv Netherlands! Dell R420 - 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB - los ntawm $ 99! Nyeem txog
Tau qhov twg los: www.hab.com