Cov lom lom lom zem tshaj plaws

Nyob zoo %username%!

Nws yog yav tsaus ntuj dua, dua kuv tsis muaj dab tsi ua, thiab kuv txiav txim siab siv sijhawm me ntsis los sau qhov thib peb ntawm kuv cov yeeb yaj kiab ntawm tshuaj lom. Kuv vam tias koj nyeem thawj и thib ob ib feem thiab koj nyiam nws.

Hauv peb feem peb yuav so me ntsis. Yuav tsis muaj zaj dab neeg ntawm no hais txog cov tshuaj lom uas koj ntsib ntawm txhua kauj ruam - feem ntau yuav, txawm tias qhov sib txawv. Yuav tsis muaj holivar txog kev phom sij ntawm cawv thiab nicotine.

Hauv qhov thib peb kuv yuav sau cov tshuaj lom uas yog vim li cas thiaj li nthuav rau kuv (yog tias lo lus no tuaj yeem siv rau cov tshuaj lom txhua - tab sis, raws li kuv twb tau hais lawm: Kuv yog ib tus kws kos duab, kuv pom nws li ntawd).

Yog li ntawd, dua kuv tus neeg tuag kaum! Mus.

Qhov thib kaum

Homidium bromide

Tib neeg yeej ib txwm xav paub. Thiab nyob rau hauv nws xav paub nws tej zaum inadvertently tsim monsters.

Homidium bromide tau tsim los ua tus neeg sawv cev intercalating rau molecular biology los kuaj thiab kawm nucleic acids, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm agarose gel electrophoresis ntawm DNA lossis RNA.

Lo lus "intercalating" yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm no. Los ntawm kev txhais, intercalation yog qhov thim rov qab suav nrog cov molecule lossis pawg ntawm lwm cov molecules lossis pawg. Homidium bromide cuam tshuam nrog nucleic acids, suav nrog ntawm cov hauv paus.

Rau cov neeg nyiam, nws zoo li qhov no

Hauv kev xyaum, homidium bromide, txawm nyob rau hauv me me koob tshuaj, inhibits DNA thiab RNA synthesis thiab thim rov qab lub supercoiling ntawm ncig DNA. Cov tshuaj no yuav luag muaj zog tshaj plaws paub mutagen.

Tsis muaj ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv hais txog yuav tsum tau npaum li cas homidium bromide yuav tsum tau guaranteed tuag. Tsis muaj ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov kev tuag no yuav tshwm sim li cas. Cov kws tshawb fawb tseem tab tom sib cav seb cov khoom no puas muaj cov khoom carcinogenic.

% username%, homidium bromide yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo los kawm qee yam tshiab ntawm koj lub cev ntawm tus ntsuj plig ntawm STALKER Mus rau nws!

cuaj qhov chaw

NNG

Yog tias koj tsis txaus siab rau qhov thib kaum, ntsib: N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine! Los yog yooj yim thiab ncaj ncees: BFG NNG.

Nco ntsoov qhov kuv hais txog "yuav luag tus mutagen muaj zog tshaj plaws"? Yog li, NNG yog lub zog tshaj plaws. Tsis zoo li cov chomidium bromide, NNG ib txwm ua rau ntau tshaj ib qho kev hloov ntawm ib lub xov tooj. Cov tswv ntawm genetic engineering siv NNG thaum lawv ua lawv cov kev sim nrog E. coli.

Thiab los ntawm txoj kev, NNG yog 100% carcinogenic. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, qog tshwm sim ntau thiab yog ib txwm recurrent.

Ntawm lwm yam, NNG:

• Tsis ruaj khov. Cov tshuaj no nws tus kheej yog hmoov, tab sis nws tas li decomposes, thiab thaum muab cia rau hauv lub thawv kaw, nws tawg.
• Reacts hnyav nrog dej.
• Tej zaum yuav tawg ntawm kev cuam tshuam.
• rhiab heev rau cua sov, lub teeb, noo noo - tawg yam tsis muaj kev ceeb toom.
• Flamable.
• Tsis sib haum nrog cov tshuaj aqueous, acids, alkalis, oxidizing cov neeg ua haujlwm, txo cov neeg ua haujlwm - cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hnyav nrog tawg.
• Alkaline hydrolysis, thaum deactivated, tso tawm cov pa phem thiab tawg.

Txawm hais tias los ntawm qhov pom ntawm toxicity, NNG yog qhov zoo heev: nas tuag ntawm koob tshuaj txog 90 mg / kg. Xav txog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm NNG, peb tuaj yeem hais tias lawv muaj hmoo.

Yim qhov chaw

Heptyl

Los ntawm lub sij hawm immemorial, txiv neej tau npau suav ntawm ya. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua xeem, tus npau suav tau pom nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ya davhlau. Txhua xyoo, tib neeg nyiam kev xav txog kev tshawb nrhiav lub hli, Mars, thiab ya mus rau hnub qub.

Ces qhov kev sib tw qhuav lawm. Kev sib tw tau ploj mus, kev txaus siab tau ploj mus, txhua tus pib suav nyiaj thiab dheev pom tias nws yog qhov nthuav ntau dua kom tau nyiaj ntawm smartphones thiab processors dua li ya mus rau qhov chaw.

Tab sis qhov ntawd tsis yog qhov kuv hais txog. Heptyl - los yog unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine) - yog ib feem ntawm high-boiling point (muaj ib tug boiling point saum toj no 0 ° C) foob pob ua ntxaij roj. Dianitrogen tetroxide (AT), ntshiab los yog tov nrog nitric acid, feem ntau yog siv los ua oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev ua ke nrog heptyl; rooj plaub ntawm kev siv cov kua qaub ntshiab thiab kua oxygen paub. Txhawm rau txhim kho nws cov khoom, heptyl tau siv hauv kev sib xyaw nrog hydrazine, hu ua aerozine.

Cov roj no (thiab qhov no yog roj foob pob hluav taws!) yog thiab siv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv Soviet tso tsheb "Proton", "Cosmos", "Cyclone"; Neeg Asmeskas - Titan tsev neeg; Fabkis - tsev neeg "Arian"; nyob rau hauv propulsion systems ntawm manned spacecraft, satellites, orbital thiab interplanetary chaw nres tsheb.

Heptyl yog cov kua dej tsis muaj xim lossis daj me ntsis nrog cov ntxhiab tsw tsw qab, cov yam ntxwv ntawm amines (qhov tsw ntawm cov ntses lwj, zoo li cov ntxhiab tsw ntawm ammonia, zoo ib yam li cov ntxhiab tsw ntawm sprat). Sib tov zoo nrog dej, ethanol, feem ntau cov khoom siv roj av thiab ntau cov kuab tshuaj organic. Self-ignites thaum sib cuag nrog oxidizers raws li nitric acid thiab dinitrogen tetroxide, uas yooj yim rau kev tsim thiab xyuas kom yooj yim pib thiab muaj peev xwm rov ua kom lub foob pob ua ntxaij cav. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm qhov zoo; rau lawv kuj tau ntxiv kev ua haujlwm ntau dua rau ib chav tsev ntawm cov roj sib tov (ntau tshaj oxygen + kerosene chav thiab oxygen + hydrogen chav nyob hauv qhov ntom ntom - 1170 kg / m³ piv rau 1070 kg / m³ thiab 285 kg / m³, ntsig txog) thiab muaj peev xwm khaws cia cov cuaj luaj mus ntev rau ntawm qhov kub thiab txias.

Tam sim no - txog qhov tsis kaj siab.

• Heptyl yog plaub npaug ntau tshaj li cov tshuaj hydrocyanic acid. Kev cuam tshuam rau tib neeg lub cev: khaus ntawm cov mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm lub qhov muag, ua pa ib ntsuj av tau thiab lub ntsws, stimulation ntawm lub hauv nruab nrab lub paj hlwb, mob plab hnyuv (xav, ntuav), tsis nco qab, tuag.
• Lub teeb taw tes -15 ° C; auto-ignition kub 249 ° C; concentration txwv ntawm nplaim propagation 2-95% vol. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias heptyl ignites yooj yim heev thiab hlawv zoo siab heev (leej twg yuav tsis ntseeg nws).
• Heptyl vapors yog qhov tawg heev, tsuas yog poob rau hydrogen-oxygen khub.
• Mutagen. Carcinogen. Nws muaj zog heev uas nws yog siv los ua kom muaj kev ntseeg siab rau cov kab mob qog nqaij hlav hauv cov nas hauv kev tshawb fawb qog.

Koj nyiam li cas, Elon Musk? Hauv luv luv, % username%, Kuv tsis khib koj yog tias koj nyob ze ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj.

Qhov chaw xya

Cantharidin

Dhau li ntawm ya, tib neeg yeej ib txwm muaj ntau yam nthuav ua. Piv txwv li, txhua lub sijhawm, cov txiv neej tau nyuaj heev txog lawv lub peev xwm - thiab yog, yog!, Kuv tab tom tham txog cov sijhawm ntawd!

Tam sim no, hauv kev tshawb nrhiav kev kho mob angina, qee tus txiv neej yeej muaj hmoo - thiab sildenafil tshwm sim - lossis, hauv kev sib piv, Viagra. Tab sis ua ntej txhua yam yog ntau nyuaj!

Ib qho kev xaiv nrov yog txais cov tsiaj hauv qab no:


Tsis yog, % username%, qhov no tsis yog kab laum ntsuab txhua, tab sis Spanish ya. Thiab nws keeb kwm yog ntev heev thiab muaj yeeb yuj heev:

• Thaum lub sij hawm Roman, Livia, tus poj niam treacherous ntawm Octavian Augustus, plam spandex rau hauv nws cov zaub mov nrog kev cia siab tias nws yuav txhawb kev tsis ncaj ncees rau Livia cov qhua, uas yuav pab tau nws blackmail rau lawv yav tom ntej.
• Nyob rau hauv 1572, Ambroise Paré sau ib tug account ntawm ib tug txiv neej raug kev txom nyem los ntawm "qhov txaus ntshai satyriasis" (peb hu nws ib lo lus txawv tam sim no, tab sis Google nws tus kheej) Tom qab noj ib lub potion uas muaj nettle thiab Spanish ya.
• Nyob rau xyoo 1670, tus kws kho mob thiab tus kws kho mob La Voisin tau muab "kev hlub potion" ua los ntawm cov yoov Spanish, cov ntshav qhuav mole, thiab cov ntshav bat (ew).
• Hauv "Marseille Affair" ntawm Marquis de Sade, nws raug liam tias, ntawm lwm yam, siv "Spanish yoov".

Thiab nws yog tag nrho vim yog cantharidin, ntawm cov kab laum no muaj txog li 5%! Los ntawm txoj kev, tsis tsuas yog: cantharidin pom nyob rau hauv hemolymph ntawm blister beetles, T-shirts thiab ib co longhorned beetles. Thiab yog, nyob rau hauv me me koob tshuaj nws yog raws nraim li cas cov neeg laus chevalier, surrounded los ntawm cov hluas courtesans, xav tau kev pab!

Qhov teeb meem yog tias ntxiv rau qhov kev txiav txim siab no, cantharidin kuj muaj cov khoom hlwv. Tab sis txij li thaum nws tsis tau rub, tab sis qaug dej qaug cawv, tom qab nkag mus rau hauv lub plab zom mov hauv koob tshuaj txog 0,5 mg / kg, kev mob tshwm sim sai sai pib - mob plab, ntuav, tso zis los ntshav, mob raum mob, txhim kho lub raum. ua tsis tiav. Kev noj tshuaj ntau dhau ntawm 40-80 mg / kg tau ntseeg tau thiab nyob mus ib txhis daws qhov teeb meem ntawm kev sib txuas lus tsis yog nrog cov poj niam nkaus xwb, tab sis nrog txhua yam muaj sia nyob: tom qab autopsy, ntse hyperemia ntawm mucous daim nyias nyias, tsim cov rwj thiab foci ntawm hemorrhage. tau sau tseg, diffuse lesions tau pom nyob rau hauv daim siab thiab ob lub raum.

Puas tsim nyog qhov kev pheej hmoo? Keeb kwm hais tias yog.

Yog li ntawd, txoj kev vam meej ntawm Viagra tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob.

Rau qhov chaw

Paraquat

Txij li thaum peb tab tom tham txog tib neeg thiab tib neeg, koj paub, % username%, thaum kuv tab tom npaj cov npe ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm qhov kev sib tw ntaus, vim qee qhov kuv pib nkag siab txog algae, thiab nceb, thiab txhua yam kev phem-pas thiab fauna. uas nyob ib puag ncig peb. Vim ntau phem thiab - uas yog ib txwm! - ib tug randomly lom tsiaj, zoo li ib tug neeg - kuv nrhiav tsis tau. Ntxiv mus, "kev tsis sib haum xeeb" yog lo lus tseem ceeb, vim hais tias ib tug neeg lom ob qho tib si tsiaj thiab tsiaj txhu, suav nrog nws tus kheej.

Paraquat yog ib qho organic compound, lub npe lag luam N, N'-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridylium dichloride. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm quaternary ammonium ntsev, paraquat yog dav siv raws li ib tug muaj zog tshuaj tua kab mob uas tsis yog tshwj xeeb kev txiav txim. Los ntawm txoj kev, % username%, koj puas muaj koj tus kheej lub vev xaib? Tab sis paraquat muaj!

Paraquat yog siv los tswj cov nplooj dav dav thiab cov nyom, tab sis tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tswj cov nroj tsuag tob. Cov tshuaj tua kab mob no tsis tua cov ntoo tawv ntoo, yog li nws tau dav siv los tswj cov nroj tsuag hauv orchards. Xyoo 1960, Paraquat kuj tau siv los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas los tawm tsam cov yeeb tshuaj xas thiab cog qoob loo hauv South America (rau qee qhov kuv nco qab zaj dab neeg hais txog "Daj Rain" thiab "Agent Orange" - nco kuv tom qab yog tias koj xav mloog qhov no dab neeg thiab).

Paraquat yog tshuaj lom heev rau tsiaj thiab tib neeg. Cov koob tshuaj tuag tuaj yeem yog li ntawm ib teaspoon ntawm cov tshuaj. Thaum noj, paraquat taug kev los ntawm cov hlab ntsha mus rau tag nrho cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lub cev, thiab accumulates ntau xaiv nyob rau hauv lub ntsws. Qhov no ua rau o thiab lwm yam kev puas tsuaj rau lub ntsws, uas tuaj yeem ua rau fibrosis. Ntxiv nrog rau lub ntsws, daim siab thiab lub raum kuj tuaj yeem raug puas tsuaj (lub raum tsis ua haujlwm).

Tam sim no, paraquat yog siv los ua tshuaj tua kab mob hauv 120 lub teb chaws (nws tsis yog siv hauv Russia - Kuv xav tsis thoob ntawm no!).

Zoo kuv tuaj yeem hais li cas? Bon appetit.

Qhov thib tsib

Endrin

Endrin tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1949 los ntawm Kurt Alder. Kev lag luam ntawm endrin tau pib hauv Tebchaws Meskas hauv xyoo 1951, qhov uas nws tau siv ua ke nrog aldrin ua tshuaj tua kab. Nws tau pom tias cov tshuaj no muaj ntau dua 2 npaug ntau dua li aldrin thiab 10-12 npaug zoo dua li DDT. Nws tau ua pov thawj zoo hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua:

• kab ntsig thiab aphids ntawm haus luam yeeb, pob kws, qab zib beets, qab zib pas nrig, paj rwb thiab lwm yam qoob loo;
• blackcurrant bud mite, tawm tsam uas tag nrho lwm yam tshuaj tsis zoo;
• nas thiab lwm yam nas;
• neeg (dab tsi???).

Yog lawm, yog, kuv tus phooj ywg, qhov tshuaj lom ntawm endrin aerosol rau tib neeg yog piv rau hydrocyanic acid. Nws feem ntau cuam tshuam rau lub paj hlwb. Absorbed ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Muaj ib nrab-lub neej ntev ntawm lub cev. Zoo nkauj, puas yog?

Mob endrin lom yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm lub cev muaj zog agitation, ua pa ntau ntxiv, cov leeg twitching, shuddering, thiab tonic convulsions. Kev tuag tshwm sim tom qab ntau qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm convulsions vim tuag tes tuag taw ntawm qhov chaw ua pa. Cov xwm txheej ntawm kev mob hnyav los ntawm kev noj cov qhob cij ci los ntawm cov hmoov nplej uas muaj kab mob nrog cov ntsiab lus endrin ntawm 150-5500 mg / kg tau piav qhia. Thawj cov tsos mob ntawm intoxication feem ntau tshwm sim tom qab 2-3 teev (kev ua tsis taus pa, xeev siab, ntuav, tsis muaj zog, tawm hws hnyav). Hauv cov xwm txheej hnyav dua, convulsions, lag ntseg ib ntus, tuag tes tuag taw, tsis muaj kev sib koom tes ntawm kev txav, thiab paresthesia tau piav qhia. Kev rov qab tau tshwm sim sai sai, tab sis qee zaum muaj kev cuam tshuam luv luv, aggressiveness, thiab kev txawj ntse tsis zoo raug muab sau tseg tias yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev lom.

Xyoo 1969 (18 xyoo tom qab!!!) endrin raug tshem tawm ntawm daim ntawv teev cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov nroj tsuag vim nws nyiam bioaccumulate (los ntawm txoj kev, kuv puas tau hais tias nws yog insoluble hauv dej?). Txawm li cas los xij, cov tshuaj tua kab no tau siv hauv qee lub tebchaws mus txog thaum ntxov 90s. Raws li qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm Stockholm Convention ntawm lub Tsib Hlis 23, 2001, muaj kev txwv thoob ntiaj teb rau kev tsim, muag thiab siv endrin, uas yog ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob tsis zoo thiab ib puag ncig.

Tag nrho cov nyiaj endrin tsim txij li xyoo 1951 yog ~ 5000 tons, uas ntau tshaj 2500 tons tau tsim nyob rau hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Tsis muaj leej twg paub dab tsi tshwm sim rau nws tam sim no thiab seb nws puas tau muab pov tseg rau qhov chaw ntsiag to - thiab qhov no yog kev tu siab.

Plaub qhov chaw

Ricin

Koj puas paub tias makukha yog dab tsi, %username%? Qhov no yog sunflower ncuav mog qab zib, dab tsi tseem tshuav thaum roj tau muab rho tawm los ntawm cov noob. Kuv yawm txiv coj cov khoom noj qab haus huv ntawm makukha mus tsev - nws mam li ntes ntses nrog nws.

Koj puas tau pom cov roj castor, %username%? Kuv tsis nug yog tias koj haus nws, txawm hais tias los ntawm txoj kev nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau tus phooj ywg ib puag ncig kev daws teeb meem rau kev daws teeb meem me me.

Koj puas tau pom cov noob castor, %username%? Tsis muaj? Ntseeg kuv: koj yuav tsis pom nws.

Castor roj yog tsim los ntawm castor taum noob - nyob rau hauv lub sov lub teb chaws yog ib tug Bush mus txog 10 m siab, nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv ib tug temperate tus nqi qis, nws yog ib tug txhua xyoo nroj tsuag mus txog 2-5 m siab. .

Qhov no yog qhov no nroj tsuag zoo li
Thiab yog li - 'castor ceev'

Yog li, %username%, koj yuav tsis pom cov ncuav mog qab zib castor, vim tias nws yog ib qho tshuaj lom thiab muaj kev tswj hwm nruj thiab pov tseg. Cov glycoprotein ricin, uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov noob taum castor, yog cov tshuaj tua kab mob muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv lub ntiaj teb, tshwj tsis yog tias koj suav algae ua cov nroj tsuag. Ricin yog 6 txhiab lub sij hawm muaj tshuaj lom ntau dua li poov tshuaj cyanide. Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov nyhuv tshuaj lom ntawm ricin kuj zoo nkauj: inhibition ntawm protein synthesis los ntawm ribosomes. Ntawd yog, cov khoom me me no uas ua rau txhua yam thiab ua kom cov hlwb muaj txiaj ntsig sai sai tsis ua haujlwm. Txhua qhov chaw. Qhov no yog kev tawm tsam intracellular.

Qhov tseeb, kev tawm tsam tshwm sim nws tus kheej zoo li no: xeev siab, ntuav, mob thiab kub hnyiab hauv txoj hlab pas thiab lub plab, raws plab, mob taub hau, tsaug zog, anuria, leukocytosis, agglutination ntawm cov qe ntshav liab (qhov no yog thaum lawv lo ua ke thiab nag ncaj qha rau hauv lub cev. cov hlab ntsha thiab lub plawv) - thiab tom qab ntawd tawg thiab tuag. Nws yog qhov yooj yim.

Txij li thaum ib koob me me ntawm ricin qhov loj ntawm tus pinhead yog txaus los tua tus neeg laus, nws yog qhov nkag siab tias tib neeg tau txaus siab rau nws thiab kev siv ricin ua riam phom ntawm kev puas tsuaj loj tau kawm los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm ntau lub teb chaws pib los ntawm Thawj Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb. Txawm li cas los xij, vim muaj ntau qhov tsis txaus, cov tshuaj no tsis tau txais kev pabcuam.

Txawm li cas los xij, ricin tau pom muaj kev siv ntawm cov koom haum txawj ntse. Ib qho xwm txheej nto moo tshaj plaws uas cuam tshuam nrog kev siv ricin yog kev tua neeg ntawm Bulgarian dissident Georgiy Markov, uas tau raug tshuaj lom hauv xyoo 1978 los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj nrog lub kaus tshwj xeeb. Raws li lwm qhov chaw, tus neeg tua neeg riam phom yog rab phom cua uas tua lub microcapsule uas muaj ricin thiab tau muab zais ua lub kaus. Cov koob tshuaj rau Markov tsis pub ntau tshaj 450 mcg (los yog 0,45 milligrams).

Qhov yooj yim ntawm kev tau txais cov tshuaj lom tau ua rau nws muaj peev xwm muaj rau cov pab pawg neeg phem. Yog li, hauv 2001, cov xov xwm tshaj tawm qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm cov lus qhia rau kev tsim cov ricin ntawm lub hauv paus puas al-Qaeda hauv Kabul. Hauv xyoo 2003, ib qho ntawm cov ricin tau pom nyob rau hauv muaj cov neeg phem nyob hauv London; cov cim ntawm ricin tau pom nyob rau hauv ib lub thawv ntim khoom ntawm Gare de Lyon hauv Paris].

Xyoo 2013, ntau tus neeg hauv Mississippi raug ntes vim sim xa cov ntawv uas muaj ricin rau Asmeskas Thawj Tswj Hwm Barack Obama thiab lwm tus neeg sawv cev hauv Asmeskas. Yog li, nyob rau hauv lub Tsib Hlis ntawm tib lub xyoo, tus kav nroog ntawm New York tau xa tsab ntawv ceeb toom uas muaj ricin, xav tias yog teb rau cov dej num ntawm lub koom haum pej xeem "Tus kav nroog tiv thaiv riam phom txhaum cai."

Tus ua yeeb yam Shannon Richardson tom qab ntawd raug foob hauv Texas vim tias xa tsab ntawv muaj tshuaj lom tuag rau cov neeg Asmeskas cov nom tswv. Oddly txaus, Lavxias teb sab kab tsis pom ntawm no, thiab yog li ntawd txhua leej txhua tus tau dhuav thiab zaj dab neeg tsis nco qab lawm.

Qhov chaw thib peb

Txij li thaum peb tab tom tham txog cov nroj tsuag, nco ntsoov txog algae. Thiab kuv tsis tau tham txog cov uas tuav koj ob txhais ceg thaum koj ua luam dej - txawm hais tias nws qias neeg heev uas nws phem dua li cov tshuaj lom (hauv kuv lub tswv yim). Tsis yog, kuv tab tom tham txog cov khib nyiab me me, uas lawv hais tias: "Lub hiav txwv tau tawg!" Cov uas tseem ci hmo ntuj, piv txwv li, zoo li no:


Okay, ok, kuv lees txim, kuv tso dag, txawm tias me ntsis tom qab nws yuav pom tseeb tias Cherenkov hluav taws xob tsis zoo dua.
Cov algae ci li no

Tus kab mob no yog me me, tab sis muaj ntau heev. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv qab ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus ntawm lub ntiaj teb dej. Leej twg txawm pom nws?

Thiab nyob rau hauv vain.

Algae ntawm cov ntawv tshwj xeeb hu ua dinoflagellates thiab xiav-ntsuab algae. Thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog:

1. Dinoflagellates Gambierdiscus toxicus
2. Blue-ntsuab algae Gonyaulax catenella, Alexandrium sp., Gymnodinium sp., Pyrodinium sp.
3. Dinoflagellates Anabaena sp., Aphanizomenon spp., Cylindrospermopsis sp., Lyngbya sp., Planktothrix sp.

Tag nrho cov phooj ywg no tsim tag nrho cov npe ntawm cov co toxins uas tau lees paub tias yog qee yam tshuaj lom ntau tshaj plaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb me me no. Kuv yuav sau npe thiab piav txog cov uas ntxim hlub tshaj plaws.

Maitotoxin

Tsim los ntawm pej xeem tus naj npawb 1 hauv cov npe saum toj no. Nws yog cov tshuaj lom tshaj plaws ntawm pawg brevetoxins: kwv yees li 0,2 mcg / kg yog txaus rau koj tsev neeg kom tau txais kev pov hwm. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txiav txim yog vim qhov kev hloov kho ntawm qhov hluav taws xob-gated Ca channels, qhov nce hauv cov concentration ntawm Ca2 + hauv cov hlab ntsha hlwb, spontaneous tso tawm ntawm acetylcholine rau hauv cov ntshav thiab txhawb nqa postsynaptic depolarization. Nyob rau hauv luv luv - haib thiab irreversible tuag tes tuag taw.

Lub maytotoxin molecule nws tus kheej yog ib qho system ntawm 32 fused carbon rings. Nws yog ib qho ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau complex non-protein molecules tsim los ntawm ib tug muaj sia nyob. Kuv vam tias qhov no yuav ua rau koj muaj kev nplij siab yog tias nws nkag mus hauv koj.

Huag yog, Kuv yuav luag tsis nco qab, qhov nthuav dav piquant: ua tus sawv cev ntawm brevetoxins, maytotoxin, ua ntej ua rau cov leeg tsis muaj zog tuag tes tuag taw thiab ua pa tsis ua pa, yuav ua rau koj poob dej ntau, qhov ntswg ua rau mob hnyav thiab spontaneous defecation. Nyob rau hauv luv luv, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom txais kev tuag nrog meej mom.

Saxitoxin

Ua los ntawm pej xeem cov lej 2 thiab 3 hauv cov npe saum toj no. Tsis txias thiab zoo nkauj li maytotoxin, tab sis tsis muaj misanthropic tsawg: noj 2 mcg / kg yuav ua rau tag nrho cov tib neeg nco koj. Lub mechanism ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm saxitoxin yog blockade ntawm voltage-gated sodium raws hauv paj hlwb. Qhov no thaiv cov hlab ntsha impulses thiab ua rau cov leeg tuag tes tuag taw.

Saxitoxin yog qhov nthuav vim tias nws lub npe cuam tshuam nrog lub npe ntawm cov khoom noj tau yooj yim ntawm genus Saxidomus, uas tseem hu ua "Washington clams" thiab "butter clams" ("Washington clams" thiab "butter clam" yog tias tsis nyob hauv peb lub tswv yim). Zoo, los ntawm lub npe nws pom tseeb qhov twg cov neeg nyiam noj lawv. Yog li, cov tsiaj ntxim hlub no txiav txim siab noj algae, thiab thaum muaj ntau ntawm nws thaum lub sij hawm ntawm kev loj hlob sai ("daws liab"), lawv deign kom sau tag nrho cov co toxins hauv lawv tus kheej. Kuv tsis paub yog vim li cas: koj tuaj yeem xav txog kev hloov pauv, hais txog kev ua kom tsis muaj zog - tab sis cov tshuaj lom algae ua haujlwm zoo heev ntawm cov tsiaj ntshav sov - thiab tsis muaj ntau rau cov ntshav txias. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau shellfish.

Hauv luv luv: tau noj nqaij nruab deg thaum lub sij hawm lub caij nplooj zeeg liab, koj tuaj yeem ua rau koj noj mov kawg.

Nws yog qhov tseeb tias Lub Teb Chaws Kev ywj pheej tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb tsis tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej qhov kev tshawb pom, thiab yog li ntawd saxitoxin raug suav hais tias yog ib yam khoom siv los ua riam phom tshuaj thiab tau sau npe tias TZ hauv Asmeskas cov tub rog.

Microcystin-LR

Tshuaj, microcystin-LR yog cyclic heptapeptide. Ntawd yog, cov no yog xya amino acids uas tuav ntawm tes thiab wove xws li ntxim hlub puag ncig seev cev. Los ntawm txoj kev, ib tug ntawm lawv yog ib tug tshwj xeeb β-amino acid; feem ntau nyob rau hauv peptides tag nrho cov amino acids yog alpha. Nws puas ntxim hlub tiag? Tsis muaj? Yog lawm, ok!

Microcystin-LR tiag tiag tsuas yog qhov nastiest ntawm tag nrho cov microcystins tsim los ntawm xiav-ntsuab algae. Thiab lawv muaj txaus ntawm lawv, ntseeg kuv! Microcystin inhibits cov haujlwm ntawm cov protein phosphatase hom 1 thiab hom 2A (PP1 thiab PP2A) hauv cytoplasm ntawm daim siab hlwb. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv cov protein phosphorylation hauv daim siab hlwb, uas txhim kho cov kab mob tseem ceeb no. Tab sis - dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb! - khoov rau hauv kev xav.

Tsis muaj leej twg tau tshaj tawm txog kev ua rau lub sijhawm luv luv los ntawm microcystins. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm daim siab - suav nrog mob qog noj ntshav - yog xav tias muaj feem cuam tshuam rau qee txoj hauv kev rau mob xiav-ntsuab algae lom. WHO, tshwj xeeb, muaj kev txhawj xeeb heev.

Nws yog vim li no tias peb tus yeej hauv peb qhov kev sib tw ntaus tau pom los ntawm cov co toxins ntawm me me tab sis zoo siab heev algae, uas tau ntev tau nkees ntawm tag nrho cov tib neeg no.

Thib ob qhov chaw

VX

Tib neeg ib zaug zaum ntawm lub pob zeb thiab xav tias: muaj ntau yam sib txawv, nthuav ntau yam nyob ib puag ncig uas tuaj yeem ua rau peb muaj ntau yam sib txawv. Vim li cas peb phem dua?

Thiab nws tuaj.

Txij li thaum xyoo 1950s, ntau O, S-esters ntawm phosphoric acid uas muaj cov pab pawg dialkylaminoethylthio tau kawm hauv UK. Lub hom phiaj yog qhov zoo heev: cov tshuaj tua kab tshiab tau tsim. Tab sis mam li nco dheev nws muab tawm hais tias lub resulting tebchaw, hu ua phosphorylthiocholines, yog tsis tshua muaj tshuaj lom rau cov tsiaj sov sov. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias cov ncauj lus ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab tam sim ntawd los ua qhov tsis txaus siab rau txhua tus - thiab cov kws tshaj lij tiag tiag tau nqis los ua lag luam.

Cov kws tshaj lij tau kawm me ntsis ntawm cov miv thiab pom tias nws tsis yog phosphates, tab sis alkylphosphone analogues ntawm phosphorothiocholines uas tsim ntuj txiag teb tsaus ntau dua. Tebchaws Asmeskas, Tebchaws Askiv, Netherlands thiab Canada tau los cawm thiab tsim cov chav kawm tshiab ntawm cov khoom sib txuas hu ua V-gases. VX yog lawv cov neeg sawv cev tshuaj lom tshaj plaws.

VX yog cov tshuaj lom neeg tshaj plaws uas tau tsim tawm los siv rau hauv riam phom tshuaj. Zoo li txhua yam tshuaj lom organophosphate zoo sib xws, VX yog ib qho acetylcholinesterase inhibitor: nws xaiv inhibits cov enzyme no, uas catalyzes hydrolysis ntawm acetylcholine, tus neeg nruab nrab ntawm kev ntxhov siab. Hydrolysis ntawm acetylcholine nyob rau hauv lub cev noj qab haus huv tshwm sim tas li thiab yog tsim nyog los nres kev sib kis ntawm paj hlwb impulses, uas tso cai rau cov nqaij ntshiv rov qab mus rau ib tug so. Phosphorylated cholinesterase, uas yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm VX lom, tsis zoo li acetylated ib tug, yog ib tug ruaj khov compound thiab tsis undergo spontaneous hydrolysis. Yog li, kev puas tsuaj ntawm acetylcholine molecules yog inhibited thiab nws tseem muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis tu ncua ntawm cholinergic receptors. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam dav dav ntawm cholinergic receptors, pib ua rau muaj zog excitation thiab tom qab ntawd tuag tes tuag taw ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev thiab cov ntaub so ntswg. Hauv qhov no, cov tsos mob tseem ceeb ntawm VX lom tuaj yeem txhais tau tias yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntau dhau, tsis tsim nyog rau lub cev, kev ua haujlwm ntawm ntau cov qauv thiab cov kabmob, uas yog muab los ntawm kev sib kho acetylcholine. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, cov no yog paj hlwb, striated thiab du nqaij, nrog rau ntau yam qog.

Cov tsos mob ntawm kev puas tsuaj: 1-2 feeb - constriction ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv; 2-4 feeb - tawm hws, salivation; 5-10 feeb - convulsions, tuag tes tuag taw, spasms; 10-15 feeb - tuag.

Rau tib neeg, LD50 dermal = 100 mcg / kg, qhov ncauj = 70 mcg / kg. LCt100 = 0,01 mg min./l, thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm latent yog 5-10 feeb. Miosis tshwm sim ntawm qhov concentration ntawm 0,0001 mg / l tom qab 1 feeb.

Yog lawm, qhov ntawd yog txoj cai - tus nyeem ntawv mloog tau raug pom zoo rau lo lus "dermal": VX muaj cov tawv nqaij zoo heev-resorptive toxicity piv rau lwm yam phosphorus-muaj tshuaj lom. Cov tawv nqaij ntawm lub ntsej muag thiab caj dab feem ntau rhiab heev rau cov teebmeem ntawm VX. Cov tsos mob los ntawm daim ntawv thov dermal tsim nyob rau hauv 1 mus rau 24 teev, tab sis yog tias VX los rau hauv daim di ncauj los yog daim tawv nqaij tawg, qhov pib ntawm kev ua yog sai heev. Thawj lub cim ntawm resorption los ntawm daim tawv nqaij yuav tsis yog miosis, tab sis cov leeg nqaij me me ntawm qhov chaw ntawm kev sib cuag nrog VX, tom qab ntawd los ntawm cramps, cov leeg tsis muaj zog thiab tuag tes tuag taw.

Cov tshuaj lom ntawm VX los ntawm daim tawv nqaij tuaj yeem txhim kho los ntawm cov khoom uas tsis yog lawv tus kheej lom tab sis muaj peev xwm thauj cov tshuaj lom mus rau hauv lub cev. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog dimethyl sulfoxide thiab N, N-dimethylamide ntawm palmitic acid. Koj xav li cas, %username%, puas tau muaj kev ua haujlwm lossis kev sib xyaw uas yuav siv cov cuab yeej zoo no? Prralna!

VX kis tau cov dej qhib rau lub sijhawm ntev heev - txog li 6 lub hlis. Zoo, cov tsev thiab, feem ntau, txhua yam nyob ib puag ncig, kis nrog VX tee dej, ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau lub caij ntuj sov rau 1-3 hnub, lub caij ntuj no - 30-60 hnub. Feem ntau, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm VX nyob rau hauv av (cov nyhuv ntawm daim tawv nqaij resorptive): nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov - los ntawm 7 mus rau 15 hnub, nyob rau lub caij ntuj no - rau tag nrho lub sij hawm ua ntej qhov pib ntawm tshav kub.

Thiab koj tab tom tham txog nuclear lub caij ntuj no ...

Lub ntiaj teb paub ntau zaus ntawm kev siv VX.

• Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1994 thiab Lub Ib Hlis 1995, Masami Tsuchiya, ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Nyiv kev ntseeg sect Aum Shinrikyo, ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm sect thawj coj Shoko Asahara, synthesized 100 mus rau 200 grams ntawm VX, uas yog siv los tua peb tus neeg. Ob leeg raug tshuaj lom tab sis tsis tuag. Ib tug ntawm cov neeg raug lom, ib tug txiv neej hnub nyoog 28 xyoo, tuag, dhau los ua thawj tus neeg raug tsim txom VX puas tau sau tseg hauv ntiaj teb. Tus txiv neej Asahara xav tias yog ib tug neeg ntxeev siab raug tawm tsam thaum 7:00 teev sawv ntxov lub Kaum Ob Hlis 12, 1994, ntawm txoj kev hauv Osaka. Cov neeg tawm tsam tau txau cov kua VX rau ntawm tus neeg raug tsim txom lub caj dab. Tus txiv neej muaj tshuaj lom tau caum lawv mus txog 100 meters ua ntej ntog; nws tuag 10 hnub tom qab, tsis tau tawm ntawm qhov tob tob coma. Cov kws kho mob thawj zaug xav tias nws tau raug tshuaj lom los ntawm qee yam tshuaj tua kab organophosphorus, tab sis qhov tseeb ntawm kev tuag tsuas yog nrhiav tau tom qab cov tswv cuab ntawm pawg ntseeg raug ntes rau Tokyo subway foob pob thiab lees txim rau kev tua neeg. Xya lub hlis tom qab kev tua neeg, VX metabolites xws li ethyl methylphosphonate, methylphosphonic acid thiab diisopropyl-2-(methylthio) ethylamine raug kuaj pom hauv cov neeg raug mob cov ntshav kuaj. Tsis zoo li sarin, VX tsis tau siv los ntawm kev ntseeg rau kev tua neeg loj (xws li qhov xwm txheej Matsumoto thiab Tokyo subway nres).
• Lub Ob Hlis 13, 2017, Kim Jong Nam, ib nrab-tus kwv ntawm Kim Jong-un, tus thawj coj ntawm DPRK, raug tua nrog kev pab los ntawm VX. Kev tua neeg tau tshwm sim hauv thaj chaw tawm ntawm tshav dav hlau thoob ntiaj teb hauv Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia). Ob tug poj niam tau koom nrog kev tua neeg. Ib tug cuam tshuam Kim Jong Nam txoj kev xav, thaum lwm tus pov ib lub phuam so hauv cov tshuaj lom nws lub ntsej muag los ntawm qab. Peb mob siab heev, lawv coj nws mus rau tsev kho mob, tab sis nws tuag ntawm txoj kev.

Zoo, raws li ib txwm muaj, thaum tib neeg tuaj rau nws qhov kev nkag siab me ntsis thiab paub tias nws tau tsim dab tsi, muaj qhov cuam tshuam. V-gases raug txwv los ntawm 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention, txhais tau tias lawv tsis tuaj yeem tsim tau thiab cov khoom khaws cia uas twb muaj lawm yuav tsum raug rhuav tshem. Tab sis muaj nuances.

• Tsuas yog Russia thiab Tebchaws Meskas lees paub tias muaj lossis muaj V-gases, tab sis lwm lub tebchaws tau ntseeg tias muaj qee yam tshuaj lom no.
• Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 27, 2017, Lavxias xov xwm tshaj tawm txog kev puas tsuaj tag nrho ntawm Russia cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg, suav nrog VX. Tsis muaj leej twg ntseeg li.
• Cindy Westergaard, kws tshaj lij riam phom tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov phooj ywg laus ntawm Stimson Center, hais tias Iraq "tsim tau VX" hauv xyoo 1980, tab sis tsis muaj pov thawj ntawm nws siv. Sawv daws ntseeg nws. Los ntawm txoj kev, VX tam sim no tseem muaj nyob rau hauv US arsenals (tub rog cov cim yog peb lub nplhaib ntsuab nrog cov ntawv sau VX-GAS). Tab sis tsis muaj leej twg mob siab rau.
• North Kauslim, nrog rau tim lyiv teb chaws thiab South Sudan, tsis tau kos npe lossis pom zoo rau Chemical Weapons Convention.

Thiab tam sim ntawd - ob peb lo lus hais txog Novichok.

Kev sib txuas pab pawg 'Novichok'

Nws yog kev cai los koom nrog "Novichok":

• A-230: N-(methylfluorophosphonyl)-N', N'-diethyl-acetamidine (hauv daim duab ntawm sab laug), khov hauv huab cua txias;
• A-232: N-(O-Methylfluorophosphonyl)-N', N'-diethyl-acetamidine (pom ntawm sab xis), tsim thiab sim siv los ua tshuaj tua rog;
• A-234: N-(O-Ethylfluorophosphonyl)-N', N'-diethyl-acetamidine, zoo ib yam li cov tshuaj pleev kom khov thiab tsis kis los ntawm huab cua, cuam tshuam rau lub cev thaum sib cuag nrog daim tawv nqaij, ruaj khov thiab tiv taus huab cua. .

Nws yog cov khoom sib txuas uas tau nthuav tawm los ntawm Viktor Kholstov, tus tswvcuab ntawm Lavxias tus sawv cev ntawm 57th thiab 59th Sessions ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm Lub Koom Haum rau Kev Tiv Thaiv Cov Tshuaj Riam Phom; Txawm li cas los xij, tsev neeg nws tus kheej muaj ntau tshaj li rau caum lub tebchaw zoo sib xws.

Muaj kev xav tias Novichok muaj tshuaj lom ntau dua li VX, tab sis tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv raug muab rau cov tshuaj lom. Hauv cov lus, Novichok yog 5-10 npaug ntau dua tshuaj lom.

Qhov tseeb, muaj ntau cov ntsiab lus tsis meej pem hauv zaj dab neeg no tias nws tsim nyog nws tus kheej tsab xov xwm. Qhia rau kuv paub hauv cov lus, %username%.

Lub sijhawm no...

Peb muaj tus yeej! Thawj qhov chaw

Lub hlwb inquisitive ntawm Homo sapiens tseem tsis tau calm down tom qab nrhiav pom VX. Tom qab tag nrho, qhov tseeb, ib yam khoom tau pom tias muaj peev xwm kis tau txhua yam nyob ib puag ncig phem dua li kev tawg atomic - tab sis yuav ua li cas yog tias tag nrho cov no tau ua ke?

Zoo ces, ob peb lo lus hais txog hluav taws xob.

Tib neeg paub ntau hom hluav taws xob. Hauv cov lus yooj yim thiab siv tau, qhov no tshwm sim:

1. Radiation tshwm sim los ntawm photons - UV, X-ray, gamma
2. Radiation tshwm sim los ntawm electrons - beta
3. Radiation tshwm sim los ntawm theem pib - neutrons, protons
4. Radiation tshwm sim los ntawm cov khoom loj - alpha

Yog hais tias koj, nyob zoo %username%, xav tso ib tug txiv tsawb, ntaus pob tesniv, ntaus pob thiab phaus hnyav, dab tsi yuav ua rau koj chim siab dua? Nws zoo ib yam nrog hluav taws xob - qhov hnyav dua, qhov mob ntau dua. Zoo, nws yog qhov tseeb tias txhua yam nyob ntawm qhov nrawm.

Qhov tseeb, qhov kev puas tsuaj los ntawm alpha hais yog qhov siab tshaj plaws - thiab yog vim li cas rau alpha hais qhov zoo tshaj plaws yog 20 thiab qhov no txhais tau hais tias nrog qhov sib npaug ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob absorbed ib chav tsev loj ntawm lub cev lossis cov ntaub so ntswg, cov nyhuv lom ntawm alpha hais. yuav muaj nees nkaum npaug zog dua li cov nyhuv ntawm gamma hluav taws xob.

Hmoov zoo, alpha hais yog hnyav heev thiab sib tsoo thiab sib cuam tshuam nrog txhua yam uas lawv xyaum tsis nkag mus rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij keratinized. Tab sis…
Polonium-210

Tsis muaj polonium-210 ntshiab nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb, txawm hais tias nws pom muaj nyob hauv cov kab hauv tag nrho cov uranium thiab thorium ore. Nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab nws yog tau artificially. Ntau precisely, lawv tau txais nws. Raws li kev paub dhau los, cov khoom ntawm polonium-210 yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg rau tib neeg, tshwj tsis yog rau ib yam:

• Polonium-210 nyob rau hauv alloys nrog beryllium thiab boron yog siv los tsim compact thiab haib heev neutron qhov chaw uas tsim zoo tsis muaj γ-kawg. Txawm li cas los xij, tam sim no lub niche no tau nruj nruj los ntawm californium.
• Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm daim ntawv thov rau polonium-210 yog nws siv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm alloys nrog txhuas, yttrium, los yog ntawm nws tus kheej rau zus tau tej cov haib thiab heev compact tshav kub qhov chaw rau autonomous installation, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Ib cubic centimeter ntawm polonium-210 emits txog 1320 W ntawm tshav kub. Lub zog no siab heev; nws yooj yim nqa polonium rau hauv lub xeev molten, uas yog vim li cas nws yog fused, piv txwv li, nrog txhuas. Txawm hais tias cov alloys no muaj lub zog qis qis dua (150 W / cm³), txawm li cas los xij, lawv tseem siv tau yooj yim dua thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb dua, txij li polonium-210 tso tawm yuav luag tsuas yog alpha particles, thiab lawv cov peev xwm nkag mus thiab kev mus ncig hauv qhov hnyav yog tsawg. Piv txwv li, lub Soviet self-propelled tsheb ntawm Lunokhod qhov chaw program siv lub tshuab cua sov polonium los ua kom sov lub ntsuas ntsuas. Tab sis USSR tsis muaj lawm, qhov kev pab cuam lunar ib yam nkaus, thiab cua sov lub tsev yog me ntsis pheej yig dua polonium.
• Polonium-210 feem ntau yog siv los ionize gases (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cua). Piv txwv li, nws tau ntxiv rau cov electrode alloys ntawm automotive spark plugs kom txo tau lub txim hluav taws xob. Qhov no tsis tau ua tam sim no, txawm hais tias, piv txwv li, rau kev kho qhov muag pom tseeb, cov txhuam hniav tshem tawm cov plua plav yog tsim rau hauv uas ib feeb ntawm polonium tau qhia. Muaj tseeb, tsis yog nyob rau hauv Russia - polonium yog txwv tsis pub tag nrho ntawm no, tab sis nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas cov txhuam hniav tuaj yeem yuav thiab ces txawm muab pov rau hauv thoob khib nyiab.
• Polonium-210 tuaj yeem ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv ib qho alloy nrog lub teeb isotope ntawm lithium (6Li) raws li ib yam khoom uas tuaj yeem txo qhov loj ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob nuclear thiab ua haujlwm zoo li ib hom nuclear detonator. Tsis tas li ntawd, polonium yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov "pob zeb qias neeg" thiab yooj yim rau kev thauj mus los, vim nws xyaum tsis tawm gamma hluav taws xob. Lub isotope emits gamma rays nrog lub zog ntawm 803 keV nrog ib tug lwj yield ntawm tsuas yog 0,001% - raws li lub dosimeter, lub isotope xyaum zoo. Tab sis txhawm rau ntsuas alpha hluav taws xob, koj xav tau lub cuab yeej hnyav dua. BINGO!

Polonium-210 yog tshuaj lom heev, radiotoxic thiab carcinogenic, nrog ib nrab neej ntawm 138 hnub thiab 9 teev. Tag nrho cov hnub thiab sij hawm no, cov khoom alpha tau ya los ntawm nws: nws cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb (166 TBq / g) siab heev uas koj tsis tuaj yeem nqa nws nrog koj txhais tes, vim qhov tshwm sim yuav raug hluav taws xob puas rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab, tejzaum nws, tag nrho lub cev: polonium yooj yim nkag mus rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Feem ntau, alpha hais nrog xws li lub zog ya tsis tshaj 1 cm nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, tab sis qhov no tsis yog ib qho kev xaiv rau hnyav polonium: nws cov tebchaw nws tus kheej-kub thiab tig mus rau hauv lub xeev aerosol.

Thiab yuav ua li cas rau koj lub cev thaum lub neej muab polonium-210 nkag mus rau nws - puas tsim nyog qhia? Qhov tseeb, txhua lub atom uas tsoo koj cov ntaub mos liab sab hauv faib thiab foob pob txhua yam nyob ze nrog alpha hais. Cells. Dej. DNA thiab RNA molecules. Tag nrho cov no poob sib nrug Vajtswv paub dab tsi - thiab koj khaws tag nrho cov kev zoo siab ntawm kev mob hluav taws xob hauv nws qhov kev nkag siab phem tshaj plaws.

Polonium-210 yog 4 trillion zaug ntau tshuaj lom tshaj li hydrocyanic acid. Raws li cov kws tshaj lij, cov koob tshuaj tuag ntawm polonium-210 rau tus neeg laus yog kwv yees li ntawm 0,6-2 mcg thaum cov isotope nkag mus rau hauv lub cev los ntawm lub ntsws, mus rau 6-18 mcg thaum nws nkag mus rau hauv lub cev los ntawm txoj hnyuv.

Keeb kwm paub ob kis ntawm polonium-210 lom. Txhua leej txhua tus thiaj li ntseeg tau.

• Kev tuag ntawm Alexander Litvinenko nyob rau hauv 2006, leej twg tuag raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm polonium-210 lom. Los ntawm txoj kev, nws tau pib ntseeg tias nws tau raug lom nrog thallium. Thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 24, cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv British (BHA) tau tshaj tawm tias Litvinenko tuag los ntawm cov kab mob sib kis. Raws li Roger Cox, tus thawj coj ntawm BAZ Center for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Risks, kev kuaj zis qhia pom cov kab hluav taws xob tshwm sim los ntawm raws li xav tau, polonium-210. Nws kuj tau hais tias nyob rau hauv me me koob tshuaj Po-210 ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm malignant neoplasms, thiab nyob rau hauv ntau qhov nws cuam tshuam cov kev ua ntawm cov pob txha pob txha, digestive system thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb hauv nruab nrog cev.
• Polonium tau pom nyob rau hauv cov khoom ntiag tug ntawm Yasser Arafat, uas tuag hauv 2004. Lub cev raug exhumed. Thaum pib, Swiss sab ntawm lub koom haum thoob ntiaj teb tau lees paub qhov tseeb ntawm polonium lom. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab ntawd nws tau pom zoo nrog cov lus xaus ntawm Lavxias thiab Fabkis sab tias tsis muaj pov thawj ntawm kev lom.

Los ntawm txoj kev, muaj ib tug lite version ntawm polonium-210 - qhov no yog protactinium-231. Nrog tib lub tswv yim (alpha lwj), ib nrab ntawm lub neej ntawm protactinium yog ntau npaum li 32480 xyoo, thiab yog li ntawd nws tsis yog li ntawd txaus ntshai: nws tsis kub, tsis yog li ntawd radioactive, thiab yog li ntawd tsuas yog 250 lab lub sij hawm ntau lom. tshaj hydrocyanic acid. Nws yog non-volatile, nws tsis absorbed los ntawm daim tawv nqaij - piv rau polonium nws zoo nkaus li mob siab heev, thiab yog li ntawd lub siab tshaj plaws kev nyab xeeb (ntawm no kuv luag nrog ib tug phem grin) tus nqi ntawm protactinium thaum nkag mus rau tib neeg lub cev yog 0,5 mcg. Muaj tseeb tiag, nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev protactinium-231 nyhav tsub zuj zuj nyob rau hauv lub raum thiab cov pob txha - thiab zaum nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntev, irradiating lub cev los ntawm sab hauv. Yog li ntawd koj tseem yuav tsum tuag.

TAG NRHO!

Yog li peb tau ua tiav qhov thib peb ntawm peb cov neeg paub, % username%.

Kuv vam tias koj yuav nyeem txhua yam kom txog thaum kawg thiab tseem muaj lub zog los nyem rau ntawm lub pob pov npav los txiav txim seb peb cov neeg paub yuav txuas ntxiv mus ntxiv.

Thiab nws yuav luag rau thaum sawv ntxov, lub sijhawm pw tsaug zog.

Kuv tseem xav kom koj noj qab nyob zoo thiab tsis muaj tshuaj lom hauv lub neej!

Kuv yog Kev Tuag, tus ua kom puas tsuaj loj hauv ntiaj teb.

- Cov kab los ntawm Bhagavad Gita tau hais los ntawm Robert Oppenheimer thaum lub sij hawm thawj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tawg nyob ze Alamogordo thaum Lub Xya Hli 16, 1945

Tsuas yog cov neeg siv sau npe tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas. Kos npe rau hauvthov.

Puas tsim nyog txuas ntxiv?

• Txhob thuam kuv lub hlwb lawm!

• Leej twg txawm nyeem qhov tsis tseem ceeb ntawm IT lub vev xaib?

• Haus tshuaj lom!

• Sau txog Yellow Rain and Agent Orange.

• Sau txog Novichok.

6 cov neeg siv pov npav. 3 cov neeg siv tau txwv.

Tau qhov twg los: www.hab.com