Yam tsawg kawg ntshai tshuaj lom

Nyob zoo dua, %username%!

Ua tsaug rau txhua tus uas txaus siab kuv opus "Cov tshuaj lom txaus ntshai tshaj plaws".

Nws yog qhov nthuav heev los nyeem cov lus, txawm lawv yog dab tsi, nws yog qhov nthuav heev los teb.

Kuv zoo siab tias koj nyiam qhov hit parade. Yog tias kuv tsis nyiam nws, zoo, kuv ua txhua yam kuv ua tau.

Nws yog cov lus thiab cov haujlwm uas tau tshoov kuv lub siab los sau qhov thib ob.

Yog li ntawd, kuv qhia rau koj txog kaum tus tuag!

Qhov thib kaum

Dawb

Yog, kuv paub, % username%, uas tam sim no koj yuav tam sim ntawd qw: "Hurray, thaum kawg chlorine, qhov zoo thiab txaus ntshai!" Tab sis nws tsis zoo li ntawd.

Ua ntej, tshuaj dawb tsis muaj chlorine, tab sis sodium hypochlorite. Yog lawm, nws thiaj li tawg mus rau hauv chlorine, tab sis nws tseem tsis yog tshuaj chlorine.

Qhov thib ob, txawm hais tias cov tshuaj chlorine yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm thawj cov tshuaj tua kab mob hauv keeb kwm ntawm tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv (nws yog thawj zaug siv xyoo 1915 thaum Tsov Rog ntawm Ypres - yog, nws yog qhov ntawd, tsis yog roj mustard, txawm hais tias qhov ntawd yog lub npe los ntawm) , nws tam sim ntawd "tsis txhob mus."

Qhov teeb meem yog tias tus neeg tsis hnov ​​​​tsw tshuaj chlorine ntev ua ntej nws raug tshuaj lom. Thiab nws khiav tawm me ntsis tom qab.

Txiav txim rau koj tus kheej: qhov tsis hnov ​​​​tsw ntawm chlorine yuav hnov ​​​​los ntawm txhua tus neeg uas tsis muaj sinusitis ntawm 0,1-0,3 ppm (txawm tias lawv hais tias nws kuj ua rau mob sinusitis). Qhov siab ntawm 1-3 ppm feem ntau yog zam rau tsis pub ntau tshaj ib teev - qhov kub hnyiab tsis tau ntawm lub qhov muag ua rau muaj kev xav tias koj muaj ntau yam tseem ceeb ua, tab sis rau qee yam, nyob deb ntawm qhov no. Thaum 30 ppm, kua muag yuav ntws tam sim ntawd (thiab tsis nyob hauv ib teev), thiab hnoos hawb pob yuav tshwm sim. Thaum 40-60 ppm, teeb meem nrog lub ntsws yuav pib.

Nyob hauv ib qho chaw nrog cov tshuaj chlorine concentration ntawm 400 ppm rau ib nrab ib teev yog tuag taus. Zoo, los yog ob peb feeb - ntawm ib tug concentration ntawm 1000 ppm.

Hauv Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib, lawv tau coj kom zoo dua qhov tseeb tias cov tshuaj chlorine me ntsis ntau dua li ob zaug hnyav li huab cua - thiab yog li ntawd lawv cia nws ya hla lub tiaj, haus luam yeeb tus yeeb ncuab tawm ntawm trenches. Thiab nyob ntawd lawv twb filming nyob rau hauv lub zoo qub thiab sim thiab sim txoj kev.

Tau kawg, yog tias koj ua haujlwm hauv qhov chaw tsim khoom chlorine thiab lawv khi koj nyob ze ntawm lub tank chlorine, muaj laj thawj txhawj xeeb. Tab sis koj yuav tsum tsis txhob cia siab tias koj yuav raug tshuaj lom los ntawm cov tshuaj chlorine thaum ntxuav lub chav dej los yog vim electrolysis ntawm cov dej ntsev.

Zoo, yog, yog tias koj tseem tsis muaj hmoo, thov nco ntsoov: tsis muaj tshuaj tua kab mob rau cov tshuaj chlorine; kev kho yog huab cua ntshiab. Zoo, thiab kho cov ntaub so ntswg burnt, tau kawg.

cuaj qhov chaw

vitamin A - los yog, nyob rau hauv ntau parlance, retinol

Txhua leej txhua tus nco ntsoov cov vitamins. Zoo, lawv cov txiaj ntsig. Qee tus neeg tsis quav ntsej cawv thiab haus luam yeeb nrog cov vitamins, tab sis qhov ntawd yog li cas.

Raws li menyuam yaus, txhua tus niam pog hais kom lawv noj txiv apples thiab carrots. Nws hais rau kuv. Kuv tsuas yog nyiam cov qub Soviet zaub ntug hauv paus puree hauv cov thawv me me!

Tab sis tsis txhob confuse lub formidable retinol nrog tej yam ntuj tso carotene (qhov no yog dab tsi muaj nyob rau hauv melon thiab carrots): kev noj ntau dhau ntawm carotene, yellowing ntawm xib teg, ob txhais taw thiab mucous daim nyias nyias yog ua tau (los ntawm txoj kev, qhov no tshwm sim rau. kuv yog menyuam yaus!), tab sis txawm tias nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej hnyav tsis muaj cov tsos mob ntawm kev qaug cawv.

Yog li, LD50 ntawm retinol yog 2 g / kg hauv cov nas uas tau noj nws. Xav tias cov vitamin yog fat-soluble, yog tias koj noj ib co lard, koj yuav tau tsawg. Cov nas tau ntsib kev tsis nco qab, convulsions, thiab tuag.

Hauv tib neeg, cov xwm txheej tau nthuav dav dua: koob tshuaj vitamin A ntawm 25 IU / kg ua rau mob hnyav, thiab kev siv txhua hnub ntawm ib koob ntawm 000 IU / kg rau 4000-6 lub hlis ua rau mob lom (rau kev siv: cov kws kho mob nyuaj heev. tib neeg kom nkag siab, thiab qhov no tsis yog vim kev sau ntawv nkaus xwb - lawv suav cov vitamin A hauv IU - chav kho mob; ib chav IU tau noj nrog 15 mcg ntawm retinol).

Kev ua xua rau tib neeg muaj cov tsos mob hauv qab no: mob pob txha, tsis qab los noj mov, xeev siab, mob siab, mob pob qij txha. Mob vitamin A lom tshwm sim nrog kev noj ntau npaum li cas ntawm cov vitamin thiab ntau cov roj ntses.

Cov xwm txheej mob hnyav nrog qhov ua rau tuag taus yog ua tau thaum noj lub siab ntawm shark, polar dais, cov tsiaj hiav txwv, lossis huskies (tsis txhob tsim txom dev!). Cov neeg nyob sab Europe tau ntsib qhov no txij li tsawg kawg 1597, thaum cov tswv cuab ntawm Barents thib peb ntoj ke mus ua mob hnyav tom qab noj polar dais siab.

Daim ntawv mob lom tshwm sim nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm convulsions thiab tuag tes tuag taw. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntev ntawm overdose, intracranial siab nce, uas yog nrog mob taub hau, xeev siab, thiab ntuav. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, o ntawm macula thiab cuam tshuam qhov muag tsis pom kev tshwm sim. Hemorrhages tshwm sim, nrog rau cov tsos mob ntawm hepato- thiab nephrotoxic cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj vitamin A loj loj tuaj yeem tshwm sim. Cov vitamin A ntau dhau tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tsis haum xeeb hauv kev yug menyuam thiab yog li ntawd yuav tsum tsis txhob ntau tshaj qhov pom zoo kom noj txhua hnub, thiab nws yog qhov zoo dua tsis txhob noj nws tag nrho rau cov poj niam cev xeeb tub.

Txhawm rau tshem tawm cov tshuaj lom, mannitol tau sau tseg, uas txo qis intracranial siab thiab tshem tawm cov tsos mob ntawm meningism, glucocorticoids, uas ua kom cov metabolism hauv cov vitamins hauv lub siab thiab ua kom cov tawv nqaij ntawm lysosomes nyob rau hauv daim siab thiab ob lub raum. Vitamin E kuj stabilizes cell membranes.

Yog li, % username%, nco ntsoov: tsis yog txhua yam uas noj qab nyob zoo yog noj qab haus huv ntau.

Yim qhov chaw

Hlau

Ib tug pas hlau nkag mus rau hauv lub hlwb yeej muaj kuab lom, tiam sis qhov no yog qhov tsis raug.

Tab sis qhov tseeb, qhov xwm txheej nrog hlau yog ze heev rau qhov uas muaj vitamin A.

Qee tus neeg tau txais cov tshuaj hlau kom tshem tawm cov hlau deficiency anemia. Kuv tus pog uas tsis nco qab ib txwm qhia noj txiv apples - lawv muaj ntau cov hlau (thiab txhua tus paub txog qhov lus tso dag no).

Yav dhau los, lawv tau noj hlau hauv qhov tseeb - hauv daim duab saum toj no muaj carbonyl hlau - yog li lawv noj nws: lub plab yog tag nrho ntawm hydrochloric acid, yog li finely dispersed hlau yaj nyob rau ntawd thiab txaus.

Tom qab ntawd lawv pib sau tshuaj hlau sulfates thiab hlau lactates. Qhov funny tshaj plaws ntawm cov hlau yog tias nws yuav tsum tau divalent: lub cev tsis tuaj yeem zam cov hlau ferric, ntxiv rau, nws zoo siab los nag ntawm pH saum 4.

7-35 g ntawm hlau yuav ntseeg tau kiag li xa koj, % username%, mus rau lub ntiaj teb tom ntej. Thiab tam sim no kuv tsis tau tham txog ib qho khoom siv hlau tso rau hauv qhov chaw zoo hauv lub cev - Kuv tab tom tham txog hlau ntsev. Nrog cov menyuam yaus nws nyuaj dua (cov menyuam yaus ib txwm nyuaj): 3 grams hlau yog qhov ua rau cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua 3 xyoos. Los ntawm txoj kev, raws li kev txheeb cais, qhov no yog cov feem ntau ntawm kev raug mob thaum yau.

Kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm cov hlau ntau heev zoo ib yam li hnyav hlau lom (thiab, los ntawm txoj kev, yog kho nyob rau hauv yuav luag tib txoj kev. Hlau tuaj yeem tsim nyob rau hauv lub cev, zoo li cov hlau hnyav - tab sis nrog qee yam kab mob thiab cov kab mob ntev los yog kev noj ntau dhau los ntawm Cov neeg uas muaj hlau ntau dhau raug kev txom nyem los ntawm lub cev tsis muaj zog, poob phaus, mob ntau zaus.Tam sim no, kev tshem tawm cov hlau ntau dua feem ntau nyuaj dua li tshem tawm nws qhov tsis txaus.

Hauv kev mob hnyav hlau, lub plab hnyuv mucosa puas, daim siab tsis ua haujlwm, thiab xeev siab thiab ntuav tshwm sim. Mob raws plab thiab thiaj li hu ua "dub quav" yog ib yam - koj tau txais lub tswv yim. Yog hais tias koj cia nws mus - cov ntaub ntawv loj ntawm daim siab puas, coma, ntsib nrog cov txheeb ze tuag ntev.

Qhov chaw xya

Aspirin

Rau qee yam, tam sim no kuv nco qab txhua zaj yeeb yaj kiab Asmeskas uas cov cim, thaum lawv mob taub hau, tsuas yog noj cov ntsiav tshuaj. Vajtswv!

Acetylsalicylic acid los yog tshuaj aspirin - raws li Felix Hoffman hu ua nws, uas tau tsim cov khoom no muab lub neej nyob rau hauv lub chaw soj nstuam ntawm Bayer AG thaum Lub Yim Hli 10, 1897, muaj LD50 hauv nas ntawm 200 mg / kg. Yog, qhov no ntau heev, koj tsis tuaj yeem noj ntau cov tshuaj, tab sis zoo li txhua yam tshuaj, tshuaj aspirin muaj kev phiv. Thiab lawv yog li ntawd: teeb meem nrog lub plab hnyuv thiab cov ntaub so ntswg o. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias koj tau txais cov tshuaj aspirin txaus, tom qab ntawd nrog kev siv tshuaj ntau dhau (qhov no yog thaum nws yog ib zaug - tab sis lub tsheb) tus nqi tuag yog 2%. Kev noj tshuaj ntau dhau (qhov no yog thaum siv cov koob tshuaj ntev ntev) feem ntau ua rau tuag taus, qhov kev tuag ntawm 25%, thiab ib yam li cov hlau, kev siv tshuaj ntau dhau tuaj yeem ua rau cov menyuam yaus hnyav heev.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tshuaj aspirin lom, mob plab hnyuv, tsis meej pem, psychosis, stupor, ringing nyob rau hauv pob ntseg, thiab tsaug zog.

Kho raws li kev noj ntau dhau: activated charcoal, intravenous dextrose thiab ib txwm saline, sodium bicarbonate, thiab lim ntshav.

Reye's Syndrome tsim nyog tau txais kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb - ib qho kab mob tsis tshua muaj tab sis loj uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev mob encephalopathy thiab cov roj deposits hauv daim siab. Qhov no tuaj yeem tshwm sim thaum menyuam yaus lossis cov hluas tau muab tshuaj aspirin rau ua npaws lossis lwm yam kabmob lossis kis kabmob. Los ntawm 1981 txog 1997, 1207 tus neeg mob ntawm Reye's syndrome nyob rau hauv cov neeg uas muaj hnub nyoog qis dua 18 xyoo tau tshaj tawm rau US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ntawm cov no, 93% tau tshaj tawm tias muaj mob nyob rau hauv peb lub lis piam ua ntej pib ntawm Reye's syndrome, feem ntau muaj tus kab mob ua pa, mob khaub thuas, lossis raws plab.

Nws zoo li no:

• 5-6 hnub tom qab pib ntawm tus kab mob viral (nrog rau kab mob qhua pias - 4-5 hnub tom qab qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov pob liab liab), xeev siab thiab ntuav tsis tuaj yeem tshwm sim sai sai, nrog rau kev hloov pauv ntawm lub hlwb (nws txawv ntawm me me lethargy mus tob coma thiab lub sij hawm ntawm disorientation, psychomotor agitation).
• Hauv cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua 3 xyoos, cov cim tseem ceeb ntawm tus kab mob tuaj yeem ua rau ua pa tsis ua haujlwm, tsaug zog thiab qaug zog, thiab hauv cov menyuam yaus ntawm thawj xyoo ntawm lub neej, kev ntxhov siab hauv fontanel loj tau sau tseg.
• Thaum tsis muaj kev kho mob txaus, tus neeg mob qhov mob sai sai: kev loj hlob sai ntawm coma, convulsions, thiab ua pa nres.
• Lub siab loj yog pom nyob rau hauv 40% ntawm cov neeg mob, tab sis jaundice yog tsawg.
• Kev nce hauv AST, ALT, thiab ammonia hauv cov ntshav ntshav ntawm cov neeg mob yog qhov zoo.

Yuav ua li cas zam qhov no? Nws yooj yim: koj yuav tsum tsis txhob muab tshuaj aspirin rau koj tus menyuam yog tias nws muaj mob khaub thuas, qhua pias lossis kab mob qhua pias. Siv ceev faj thaum sau tshuaj acetylsalicylic acid ntawm qhov kub thiab txias hauv cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua 12 xyoos. Hauv qhov xwm txheej no, nws raug nquahu kom hloov acetylsalicylic acid nrog paracetamol lossis ibuprofen. Hu rau koj tus kws kho mob tam sim ntawd yog tias koj tus menyuam pom cov tsos mob ntawm: ntuav, mob taub hau, qaug zog, qaug zog, delirium, ua tsis taus pa, caj npab thiab ceg tawv, coma.

Saib xyuas cov me nyuam, tom qab tag nrho, lawv yog peb cov cuab yeej cuab tam.

Rau qhov chaw

Cov pa roj carbon dioxide

Yog, yog, peb txhua tus ua pa thiab emit tib yam carbon dioxide. Tab sis lub cev yuav tsis muab pov tseg ib yam dab tsi pab tau yooj yim! Los ntawm txoj kev, muaj kwv yees li 0,04% carbon dioxide nyob rau hauv cov huab cua - rau kev sib piv, muaj 20 lub sij hawm ntau argon nyob rau hauv cov huab cua.

Dhau li ntawm koj thiab lwm yam tsiaj, cov pa roj carbon dioxide raug tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm ua kom tiav thiab pom muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov dej qab zib fizzy - ob qho tib si tsis muaj cawv thiab nthuav ntau dua (ntau ntxiv txog lawv hauv qab).

Ntawm qhov concentration ntawm 0,1% (cov pa roj carbon dioxide no qee zaum pom nyob rau hauv cov huab cua megacities), cov neeg pib xav tias qaug zog, tsaug zog - nco ntsoov tias koj xav li cas rau qhov kev xav tsis tuaj yeem yawn? Thaum nce mus txog 7-10%, cov tsos mob ntawm kev ua tsis taus pa tshwm sim, tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm mob taub hau, kiv taub hau, hnov ​​​​lus thiab tsis nco qab (cov tsos mob zoo ib yam li cov tsos mob ntawm qhov siab), cov tsos mob no tshwm sim, nyob ntawm qhov concentration, dhau ib lub sij hawm. ntawm ob peb feeb mus txog ib teev.

Thaum nqus tau pa nrog cov pa roj ntau heev, kev tuag tshwm sim sai heev los ntawm asphyxiation los ntawm hypoxia.

Kev nqus pa nrog cov pa siab ntawm cov pa no tsis ua rau muaj teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv mus ntev. Tom qab tshem tawm tus neeg raug tsim txom los ntawm ib qho chaw uas muaj cov pa roj carbon dioxide siab, ua kom tiav kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev noj qab haus huv sai sai.

Cov pa roj carbon dioxide kuj yog 1,5 npaug hnyav dua li huab cua - thiab qhov no yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account hais txog kev txuam nrog hauv niches thiab hauv qab daus.

Cua koj chav, %username%!

Qhov thib tsib

Qab zib

Txhua tus paub tias qab zib zoo li cas. Peb yuav tsis tham txog holivar - dab tsi haus nrog qab zib thiab dab tsi tsis muaj: kas fes lossis tshuaj yej, nws tau thov ntau lub neej.

Qhov tseeb, qab zib (ntau dua, qabzib) yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus tseem ceeb - thiab tsuas yog ib qho uas tau nqus los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg. Yog tsis muaj qab zib, koj yuav tsis muaj peev xwm xav lossis nyeem cov ntawv no, %username%!

Txawm li cas los xij, qab zib muaj cov tshuaj lom - 50% ntawm cov nas tuag thaum lawv noj 30 g / kg suab thaj (tsis txhob nug seb lawv tau noj li cas). Kuv tseem nco qab lub tsheb subway hauv New York xyoo 2014, qhov twg txhua yam kab mob tau raug cem rau qab zib: los ntawm impotence mus rau lub plawv nres. Kuv kuj xav tias: ua li cas tib neeg thiaj li ciaj sia tsis muaj tshuaj sweeteners?

Ib txoj kev los sis lwm qhov, qab zib yog tshuaj lom loj (raws li koj pom - koob tshuaj ntau heev). Cov tsos mob ntawm kev ua xua yog qhov tsis tshua muaj:

• Lub xeev kev nyuaj siab
• Mob plab hnyuv.

Tab sis qhov tseeb, muaj ob peb tus neeg ntawm peb cov uas qab zib yog tshuaj lom tiag tiag. Cov no yog cov neeg mob ntshav qab zib. Kuv yog kws tshuaj, kuv tsis yog kws kho mob, tab sis kuv paub. uas mob ntshav qab zib los ntawm ntau hom, sib txawv qhov hnyav, vim muaj qhov sib txawv thiab raug kho sib txawv. Yog li, % username%, yog tias koj pom:

• Polyuria yog cov zis tso zis ntau ntxiv los ntawm kev nce osmotic siab ntawm cov zis vim yog cov piam thaj yaj hauv nws (feem ntau tsis muaj piam thaj hauv cov zis). Manifested los ntawm nquag, copious tso zis, nrog rau thaum hmo ntuj.
• Polydipsia (qhov nqhis dej tsis tu ncua) yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev poob dej hauv cov zis thiab nce osmotic siab ntawm cov ntshav.
• Polyphagia - tas li insatiable tshaib plab. Cov tsos mob no yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab mob metabolic hauv cov ntshav qab zib, uas yog lub cev tsis muaj peev xwm nqus tau thiab ua cov piam thaj hauv qhov tsis muaj insulin (kev tshaib kev nqhis hauv nruab nrab ntawm ntau).
• Kev poob phaus (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau hom XNUMX mob ntshav qab zib) yog ib qho kev mob tshwm sim ntawm cov ntshav qab zib, uas tshwm sim txawm tias cov neeg mob qab los noj mov. Kev poob phaus (thiab txawm tias qaug zog) yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev nce catabolism ntawm cov protein thiab cov rog vim tsis suav nrog cov piam thaj los ntawm lub zog metabolism ntawm cov hlwb.
• Cov tsos mob thib ob: khaus ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab cov mucous daim nyias nyias, lub qhov ncauj qhuav, cov leeg tsis muaj zog, mob taub hau, inflammatory ntawm daim tawv nqaij uas nyuaj kho, qhov muag tsis pom kev.

- mus rau tom tsev kho mob thiab pub ntshav qab zib!

Mob ntshav qab zib nyob deb ntawm txoj kev tuag, nws kho tau, tab sis yog tias koj tsis kho nws thiab noj cov khoom qab zib, qhov uas tos koj yog kab mob plawv, dig muag, raum puas, paj hlwb puas, lub npe hu ua mob ntshav qab zib ko taw - Google nws , koj yuav nyiam nws.

Plaub qhov chaw

Cov lus ntsev

"Ntshav thiab qab zib yog peb cov yeeb ncuab dawb," puas yog? Zoo, yog vim li cas ntsev raws qab qab zib.

Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau xav txog peb cov zaub mov tsis muaj ntsev, thiab los ntawm txoj kev, peb siv nws nkaus xwb vim kev nyiam ntawm tus kheej: cov khoom muaj tag nrho ntawm sodium thiab chlorine, ib qho ntxiv tsuas yog tsis xav tau.

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias ntsev ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev tswj hwm dej-ntsev sib npaug hauv lub cev, ua kom muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm yuav luag txhua yam - los ntawm cov ntshav mus rau ob lub raum, 3 g / kg ntawm nas lossis 12,5 g / kg ntawm tus neeg tuaj yeem tua tau. .

Yog vim li cas yog qhov tseeb ntawm qhov ua txhaum ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm cov dej-ntsev sib npaug, uas ua rau lub raum tsis ua haujlwm, nce siab hauv cov ntshav siab thiab tuag.

Kuv tsis xav tias leej twg muaj peev xwm noj ntsev ntau npaum li ntawd (tshwj tsis yog kev twv - ok, qhov kev xaiv zoo rau Darwin Award), tab sis txawm tias me me "overdoses" ntsev muaj qhov tsis zoo: nws paub tias txo cov ntsev kom tsawg. 1 teaspoon ib hnub ib hnub los yog tsawg dua txo cov ntshav siab mus rau 8 mm Hg. Tawm tsam qhov backdrop ntawm qhov tseeb tias ntshav siab cuam tshuam rau tib neeg phem dua li AIDS thiab mob qog noj ntshav, Kuv tsis xav tias kev txo cov ntsev kom tsawg yog qhov ntsuas tsis tseem ceeb.

nqi zog peb! Qhov thib peb

Caffeine

Tam sim no peb yuav tham txog cov dej qab zib. Kas fes, tshuaj yej, cola, haus dej cawv - txhua yam muaj caffeine. Hnub no koj haus kasfes pes tsawg khob? Thaum kuv sau tag nrho cov no, kuv tsis muaj, tab sis kuv xav tau tiag tiag ...

Los ntawm txoj kev, 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, guaranine, caffeine, mateine, methyltheobromine, theine - muaj tib yam hauv profile, tsuas yog cov npe sib txawv, feem ntau tsim los rau qw: "Dab tsi, tsis muaj ib gram ntawm caffeine hauv. haus no - muaj ... "Nws txawv kiag li thiab muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua!" Keeb kwm, nws yog zoo li no: nyob rau hauv 1819, German chemist Ferdinand Runge, uas tsaug zog heev, cais ib tug alkaloid, uas nws hu ua caffeine (los ntawm txoj kev, nws yog ib tug zoo txiv leej tub: nws cais quinine, tuaj nrog lub tswv yim ntawm. siv chlorine ua tshuaj tua kab mob, thiab pib keeb kwm ntawm aniline dyes). Tom qab ntawd xyoo 1827, Udri cais cov alkaloid tshiab los ntawm cov tshuaj yej nplooj thiab hu ua theine. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1838, Jobst thiab G. Ya. Mulder tau ua txhaum ntawm txhua tus neeg thiab ua pov thawj tus kheej ntawm theine thiab caffeine. Cov qauv ntawm caffeine tau piav qhia txog qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 1902th los ntawm Hermann Emil Fischer, uas kuj yog thawj tus neeg los tsim cov caffeine. Nws yeej qhov khoom plig Nobel hauv Chemistry hauv xyoo XNUMX, uas nws tau txais ib feem rau txoj haujlwm no - kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog kev pw tsaug zog thaum kawg yeej!

50% ntawm cov dev tuag yog tias lawv noj 140 mg / kg ntawm caffeine nrog zaub mov. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv muaj mob raum tsis ua haujlwm, xeev siab, ntuav, mob hauv plab, mob plawv tsis ua haujlwm, thiab ntuav. Kev tuag tsis kaj siab, yog.

Hauv tib neeg, hauv cov koob tshuaj me me, caffeine muaj qhov cuam tshuam rau lub paj hlwb - zoo, txhua tus tau sim qhov no ntawm lawv tus kheej. Nrog rau kev siv ntev, nws tuaj yeem ua rau me me dependence - theism.

Raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm caffeine, lub plawv dhia nrawm, ntshav siab nce, thiab li 40 feeb lub siab me ntsis txhim kho vim qhov tso tawm ntawm dopamine, tab sis tom qab 3-6 teev cov nyhuv ntawm caffeine poob: qaug zog, lethargy, thiab tsis muaj peev xwm. ua hauj lwm tshwm sim.

Ib tug tho txawv mechanism los piav txog cov teebmeem ntawm caffeine.Cov nyhuv psychostimulating ntawm caffeine yog raws li nws lub peev xwm los txo cov kev ua ntawm central adenosine receptors (A1 thiab A2) nyob rau hauv lub paj hlwb cortex thiab subcortical formations ntawm lub hauv paus paj hlwb. Nws tau tam sim no tau pom tias adenosine plays lub luag haujlwm ntawm neurotransmitter hauv nruab nrab paj hlwb, agonistically cuam tshuam adenosine receptors nyob rau ntawm cytoplasmic membranes ntawm neurons. Excitation ntawm hom I adenosine receptors (A1) los ntawm adenosine ua rau txo qis hauv kev tsim cAMP hauv hlwb hlwb, uas thaum kawg ua rau inhibition ntawm lawv cov haujlwm ua haujlwm. Blockade ntawm A1-adenosine receptors pab kom tsis txhob muaj cov nyhuv inhibitory ntawm adenosine, uas yog kev kho mob tshwm sim los ntawm kev nce hauv lub hlwb thiab lub cev kev ua haujlwm.

Txawm li cas los xij, caffeine tsis muaj lub peev xwm xaiv los thaiv tsuas yog A1-adenosine receptors hauv lub hlwb, thiab tseem thaiv A2-adenosine receptors. Nws tau raug pov thawj tias kev ua kom ntawm A2-adenosine receptors nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus paj hlwb yog nrog los ntawm kev tsuj ntawm kev ua hauj lwm ntawm D2 dopamine receptors. Blockade ntawm A2-adenosine receptors los ntawm caffeine pab kho cov haujlwm ua haujlwm ntawm D2 dopamine receptors, uas tseem txhawb nqa cov nyhuv psychostimulating ntawm cov tshuaj.

Hauv luv luv, caffeine thaiv qee yam nyob ntawd. Yog li ntawd yog opiates. Ib yam li LSD. Yog li ntawd, yuav muaj kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj, tab sis vim qhov thaiv tsis muaj zog, thiab cov receptors tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb, kev ntseeg tsis yog kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj (txawm tias ntau tus neeg nyiam kas fes yuav sib cav).

Cov tsos mob ntawm caffeine overeating - mob plab, agitation, ntxhov siab vim, lub hlwb thiab lub cev muaj zog agitation, tsis meej pem, delirium (dissociative), lub cev qhuav dej, tachycardia, arrhythmia, hyperthermia, nquag tso zis, mob taub hau, nce tactile los yog mob rhiab heev, tremors; xeev siab thiab ntuav, qee zaum nrog ntshav; ringing nyob rau hauv pob ntseg, qaug dab peg qaug dab peg (nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm mob overdose - tonic-clonic qaug dab peg).

Caffeine hauv koob tshuaj ntau dua 300 mg ib hnub (xws li tiv thaiv keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm kev tsim txom kas fes - ntau dua 4 khob kas fes, 150 ml txhua) tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab, mob taub hau, tshee, tsis meej pem, thiab mob plawv.

Hauv koob tshuaj 150-200 mg ib kilogram ntawm tib neeg lub cev qhov hnyav, caffeine ua rau tuag taus. Ib yam li dev.

Yog li, damn nws, kuv kas fes nyob qhov twg?

Thib ob qhov chaw

Nicotine

Zoo, txhua tus paub txog kev phom sij ntawm kev haus luam yeeb. Thiab hais txog qhov tseeb tias nicotine yog tshuaj lom, ib yam nkaus. Tab sis cia peb xam nws tawm.

Lub toxicity ntawm nicotine yog txuam nrog ib tug sensational lom cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv Belgium nyob rau hauv 1850, thaum suav Bocarme raug liam tias lom nws tus poj niam tus tij laug. Lub Belgian chemist Jean Servais Stas ua tus kws pab tswv yim thiab, los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas nyuaj, tsis tsuas yog tsim kom muaj kev lom neeg los ntawm nicotine, tab sis kuj tau tsim ib txoj hauv kev tshawb nrhiav alkaloids, uas, nrog kev hloov kho me me, tseem siv niaj hnub no hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam chemistry. .

Tom qab ntawd, nicotine tsis tau kawm thiab txiav txim siab los ntawm cov tub nkeeg xwb. Tam sim no cov hauv qab no yog paub.

Thaum nicotine nkag mus rau hauv lub cev, nws kis tau sai sai los ntawm cov ntshav thiab tuaj yeem hla cov hlab ntsha-hlwb barrier. Qhov ntawd yog, nws mus ncaj nraim mus rau lub hlwb. Qhov nruab nrab, 7 vib nas this tom qab nqus cov pa luam yeeb txaus rau nicotine mus txog lub hlwb. Ib nrab-lub neej ntawm nicotine los ntawm lub cev yog li ob teev. Cov nicotine nqus tau los ntawm cov pa luam yeeb thaum haus luam yeeb yog ib feem me me ntawm cov nicotine uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntawv luam yeeb (feem ntau ntawm cov khoom kub hnyiab, tu siab heev). Tus nqi ntawm nicotine absorbed los ntawm lub cev thaum haus luam yeeb yog nyob ntawm ntau yam, nrog rau hom luam yeeb, txawm tias tag nrho cov pa luam yeeb tau nqus, thiab seb puas siv lub lim. Nrog zom cov luam yeeb thiab snuff, uas muab tso rau hauv lub qhov ncauj thiab zom los yog nqus tau los ntawm lub qhov ntswg, tus nqi ntawm nicotine nkag mus rau hauv lub cev yog ntau dua li kev haus luam yeeb. Nicotine yog metabolized hauv daim siab los ntawm cytochrome P450 enzyme (tsuas yog CYP2A6, tab sis kuj CYP2B6). Lub ntsiab metabolite yog cotinine.

Cov nyhuv ntawm nicotine rau ntawm lub paj hlwb tau kawm zoo thiab tsis sib haum xeeb. Nicotine ua rau nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: lub protonated nitrogen atom ntawm pyrrolidine nplhaib nyob rau hauv nicotine mimics lub quaternary nitrogen atom nyob rau hauv acetylcholine, thiab cov pyridine nitrogen atom muaj tus cwj pwm ntawm ib tug Lewis puag, zoo li cov pa ntawm keto pawg ntawm acetylcholine. Thaum tsis tshua muaj siab, nws ua rau muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov receptors, uas, ntawm lwm yam, ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov tshuaj hormone adrenaline (epinephrine). Kev tso tawm ntawm adrenaline ua rau lub plawv dhia, nce ntshav siab thiab ua tsis taus pa, nrog rau cov ntshav qabzib ntau dua.

Lub sympathetic paj hlwb, ua los ntawm cov hlab ntsha splanchnic ntawm adrenal medulla, txhawb kev tso tawm ntawm adrenaline. Acetylcholine ua los ntawm preganglionic sympathetic fibers ntawm cov hlab ntsha ua rau nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, ua rau cell depolarization thiab calcium influx los ntawm voltage-gated calcium raws. Calcium ua rau exocytosis ntawm chromaffin granules, yog li txhawb kev tso tawm adrenaline (thiab norepinephrine) rau hauv cov ntshav.

Kuv puas tau ntaus koj lub hlwb phem dua li nicotine? Yog? Yog li ntawd, cia peb tham txog tej yam qab ntxiag.

Ntawm lwm yam, nicotine nce qib dopamine nyob rau hauv lub hlwb cov nqi zog chaw. Kev haus luam yeeb haus luam yeeb tau pom tias inhibit monoamine oxidase, ib qho enzyme lub luag haujlwm rau kev rhuav tshem monoamine neurotransmitters (xws li dopamine) hauv lub hlwb. Nws ntseeg tau tias nicotine nws tus kheej tsis txwv kev tsim cov monoamine oxidase; lwm yam ntawm cov pa luam yeeb yog lub luag haujlwm rau qhov no. Cov ntsiab lus ntau ntxiv ntawm dopamine ua rau cov chaw txaus siab ntawm lub hlwb; tib lub hlwb cov chaw yog lub luag haujlwm rau "qhov mob ntawm lub cev"; yog li ntawd, cov lus nug ntawm seb tus neeg haus luam yeeb puas tau txais kev txaus siab tseem qhib.

Txawm hais tias nws muaj zog toxicity, thaum noj me me (piv txwv li, los ntawm kev haus luam yeeb), nicotine ua raws li kev xav. Nicotine cov teebmeem ntawm kev xav txawv. Los ntawm kev tso tawm cov piam thaj los ntawm lub siab thiab adrenaline (epinephrine) los ntawm adrenal medulla, nws ua rau muaj kev zoo siab. Los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kev xav, qhov no yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev xav ntawm so, calm thiab liveliness, nrog rau lub xeev euphoric nruab nrab.

Kev noj nicotine ua rau poob phaus, txo qis qab los noj mov vim nws qhov kev txhawb nqa ntawm POMC neurons thiab nce qib ntawm cov piam thaj hauv cov ntshav (qabzib, ua rau lub siab txaus thiab tshaib plab hauv hypothalamus ntawm lub hlwb, dulls qhov kev tshaib kev nqhis). Muaj tseeb, kev siv tau, nkag siab thiab noj qab haus huv "tsis txhob noj ntau dhau" ua haujlwm tau zoo dua.

Raws li peb tau pom, cov nyhuv ntawm nicotine ntawm lub cev yog qhov nyuaj heev. Dab tsi yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm ntawm qhov no:

• Nicotine yog ib yam khoom uas cuam tshuam nrog paj hlwb receptors
• Zoo li ntau yam tshuaj zoo sib xws, nicotine yog hom tshuaj lom thiab muaj yees.

Los ntawm txoj kev, cov neeg mob uas muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws muaj kev haus luam yeeb ntau dua (koj puas haus luam yeeb? - xav txog nws thiab mus ntsib kws kho mob hlwb: tsis muaj cov neeg noj qab haus huv - muaj cov tshuaj tsis zoo). Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb thoob ntiaj teb tau lees tias cov neeg muaj tus mob schizophrenia feem ntau yuav haus luam yeeb (20 lub tebchaws sib txawv tau kawm tag nrho ntawm 7593 tus neeg mob schizophrenia, ntawm 62% yog cov neeg haus luam yeeb). Raws li xyoo 2006, 80% lossis ntau dua ntawm cov neeg muaj tus mob schizophrenia hauv Tebchaws Meskas haus luam yeeb, piv nrog 20% ​​ntawm cov neeg tsis haus luam yeeb (raws li NCI). Muaj ntau qhov kev xav hais txog qhov ua rau muaj kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj no, uas piav qhia nws ob qho tib si raws li kev xav tawm tsam cov tsos mob ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb thiab kev xav tawm tsam qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Raws li ib qho kev xav, nicotine nws tus kheej cuam tshuam rau lub hlwb.

Nicotine yog tshuaj lom heev rau cov tsiaj ntshav txias. Ua raws li neurotoxin, ua rau tuag tes tuag taw ntawm lub paj hlwb (ua pa raug ntes, ua haujlwm ntawm lub plawv, kev tuag). Qhov nruab nrab koob tshuaj tuag rau tib neeg yog 0,5-1 mg / kg, rau nas - 140 mg / kg los ntawm daim tawv nqaij, rau nas - 0,8 mg / kg intravenously thiab 5,9 mg / kg thaum noj intraperitoneally. Nicotine yog tshuaj lom rau qee cov kab, vim tias nws tau siv yav dhau los los ua tshuaj tua kab, thiab tam sim no nicotine derivatives, xws li, piv txwv li, imidacloprid, txuas ntxiv siv rau tib lub peev xwm.

Kev siv sijhawm ntev tuaj yeem ua rau cov kab mob thiab kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo xws li hyperglycemia, arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, tachycardia, arrhythmia, angina pectoris, kab mob plawv, thiab lub plawv tsis ua haujlwm.

Qhov tseeb, qhov toxicity ntawm nicotine yog xyaum tsis muaj dab tsi piv rau qhov seem ntawm nws ntxim nyiam, xws li:

• Kev haus luam yeeb tars ua rau muaj kev loj hlob ntawm qog noj ntshav, nrog rau mob qog noj ntshav ntawm lub ntsws, tus nplaig, lub ntsws, txoj hlab pas, plab, thiab lwm yam.
• Kev haus luam yeeb tsis tu ncua ua rau muaj kev loj hlob ntawm gingivitis thiab stomatitis.
• Cov khoom lag luam ntawm kev sib txuas tsis tiav (carbon monoxide) - zoo, nws yog qhov tseeb, nyeem kuv cov lus tshaj tawm dhau los
• Kev tso tawm ntawm tar nyob rau hauv lub ntsws - haus luam yeeb thaum sawv ntxov hnoos, bronchitis, emphysema thiab ntsws cancer.

Tam sim no, tsis muaj ib txoj hauv kev haus luam yeeb tuaj yeem cawm koj 100% los ntawm qhov tshwm sim - thiab yog li tag nrho koj cov ntxaij lim dej, hookahs, thiab lwm yam, tsis ua haujlwm.

Vapers yuav tsum tsis txhob so - thiab yog vim li cas yooj yim:

• Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias tsis muaj teeb meem Cheebtsam xws li glycerin yog siv - lawv tsis muaj teeb meem rau kev lag luam zaub mov! Tsis muaj leej twg paub txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov raug thiab, feem ntau, hais txog cov pa roj carbon monoxide tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm pyrolysis thaum vaping. Kev tshawb nrhiav haujlwm tam sim no tab tom ua (ib zaug ua piv txwv и ob qho piv txwv), thiab cov txiaj ntsig tau zoo heev.
  Tshawb xyuas
• Kuv twb hais tias nicotine siv los ua tshuaj tua kab. Txij li xyoo 2014, nws tau xyaum tsis tau siv hauv Tebchaws Meskas; hauv European Union, nws tau raug txwv tag nrho txij li xyoo 2009. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis tiv thaiv nws los ntawm kev siv hauv Suav teb ...
  Tam sim no, qib tshuaj nicotine (Pharma Grade, USP / PhEur lossis USP / EP) muaj nyob hauv khw. Tab sis kuj tseem muaj tshuaj tua kab uas tsim nyob rau hauv Suav teb. Nco ntsoov: uas yog pheej yig dua? Ntxiv dua thiab, kuv tsis yog vaper, tab sis tsuas yog kev lom zem, kuv yuav google nws thiab sib piv tus nqi ntawm qhov koj yuav hauv lub thawv no nrog ntau npaum li cas nws yuav tsum raug nqi. Txwv tsis pub, nyob rau qee kis koj yuav hnov ​​​​zoo li kab laum thiab txaus siab rau cov impurities hauv cov nicotine uas tsis zoo.

Nyob rau hauv luv luv, tib neeg tam sim no tsis siv txoj kev nyab xeeb kiag li los haus nicotine. Puas tsim nyog?

Thiab peb tus yeej! Ntsib! Thawj qhov chaw

EthanolCov Chapaevites tau txais cov chaw nres tsheb los ntawm cov Neeg Dawb.
Thaum kuaj cov khoom plig, Vasily Ivanovich thiab Petka nrhiav tau ib lub tank ntawm cawv.
Txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov neeg tua neeg los ntawm kev qaug cawv dhau, lawv tau kos npe C2N5-ON, vam
hais tias cov fighters muaj me ntsis kev paub txog chemistry. Tag kis sawv ntxov sawv daws tau "nyob rau hauv lub insole."
Chapaev nplawm ib tug thiab nug tias:
- Koj pom nws li cas?
- Yog, yooj yim. Peb tshawb nrhiav thiab tshawb nrhiav, thiab mam li nco dheev peb pom ib yam dab tsi sau rau ntawm lub tank - thiab tom qab ntawd ib qho nrawm thiab "OH." Peb sim nws - nws yog nws tiag!

Feem ntau, muaj txawm tias ethanol toxicology - ib thaj chaw ntawm cov tshuaj uas kawm txog cov tshuaj lom ethanol (cawv) thiab txhua yam txuas nrog nws. Yog li tsis txhob cia siab tias kuv tuaj yeem ua rau tag nrho ntu ntawm cov tshuaj rau hauv ob peb nqe lus.

Qhov tseeb, tib neeg tau paub txog ethanol rau lub sijhawm ntev heev. Cov pob zeb Age pom cov hlab ntsha nrog cov seem ntawm cov dej qab zib fermented qhia tias kev tsim khoom thiab kev haus dej cawv twb muaj nyob rau hauv Neolithic era. Npias thiab cawv yog cov dej qab zib tshaj plaws. Caw tau los ua ib lub cim tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau ntau haiv neeg ntawm Mediterranean, thiab nyob hauv ib qho chaw tseem ceeb hauv lawv cov dab neeg thiab kev ua koob tsheej, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv kev pe hawm Vajtswv (saib Eucharist). Ntawm cov neeg loj hlob cereals (barley, nplej, rye), npias yog lub ntsiab hnub so dej haus.

Los ntawm txoj kev, ua cov khoom los ntawm cov piam thaj metabolism, cov ntshav ntawm tus neeg noj qab haus huv tuaj yeem muaj txog li 0,01% endogenous ethanol.

Thiab txawm tias tag nrho cov no, kev tshawb fawb tseem tsis paub meej txog:

• mechanism ntawm ethanol cov nyhuv ntawm lub hauv paus paj hlwb - intoxication
• mechanism thiab ua rau hangover

Cov nyhuv ntawm ethanol rau lub cev yog ntau yam uas nws tsim nyog rau ib tsab xov xwm cais. Tab sis txij li thaum kuv pib ...

Nws ntseeg tau hais tias ethanol, muaj ib tug pronounced organotropy, accumulates ntau nyob rau hauv lub hlwb tshaj nyob rau hauv cov ntshav. Txawm tias tsawg koob tshuaj cawv ua rau muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm GABA inhibitory systems hauv lub hlwb, thiab nws yog cov txheej txheem no uas ua rau muaj cov nyhuv sedative, nrog rau cov leeg so, somnolence thiab euphoria (kev xav ntawm intoxication). Kev hloov pauv caj ces hauv GABA receptors tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev haus dej cawv.

Tshwj xeeb tshaj tawm kev ua kom cov dopamine receptors yog pom nyob rau hauv lub nucleus accumbens thiab nyob rau hauv lub ventral tegmental cheeb tsam ntawm lub hlwb. Nws yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov cheeb tsam no rau dopamine tso tawm raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm ethanol uas ua rau euphoria, uas tej zaum yuav cuam tshuam nrog kev haus cawv. Ethanol kuj ua rau kev tso tawm ntawm opioid peptides (piv txwv li, beta-endorphin), uas nyob rau hauv lem yog txuam nrog kev tso tawm ntawm dopamine. Opioid peptides kuj tseem ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tsim cov euphoria.

Thaum kawg, cawv ua rau lub hlwb serotonergic system. Muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev txiav txim siab hauv kev rhiab heev rau cawv, nyob ntawm alleles ntawm serotonin transporter protein noob.

Tam sim no, cov teebmeem ntawm cawv ntawm lwm cov receptors thiab cov nruab nrab nruab nrab ntawm lub hlwb tau raug tshawb fawb, suav nrog adrenaline, cannabinol, acetylcholine receptors, adenosine thiab tswj kev ntxhov siab (xws li, corticotropin-tso cov tshuaj hormones).

Nyob rau hauv luv luv, txhua yam yog heev tsis meej pem thiab sawv cev rau ib tug zoo heev teb rau qaug dej qaug cawv scientific kev ua si.

Ethyl cawv lom muaj rau ib lub sij hawm ntev nyob rau hauv ib tug thawj qhov chaw ntawm cov tsev neeg lom lom nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tag nrho cov neeg tuag. Ntau tshaj 60% ntawm tag nrho cov kab mob tuag taus nyob rau hauv Russia yog tshwm sim los ntawm cawv. Txawm li cas los xij, hais txog qhov tuag taus concentration thiab koob tshuaj, txhua yam tsis yooj yim li ntawd. Nws ntseeg tau tias qhov ua kom tuag ntawm cov dej cawv hauv cov ntshav yog 5-8 g / l, ib koob tshuaj tuag yog 4-12 g / kg (kwv yees li 300 ml ntawm 96% ethanol), txawm li cas los xij, rau cov neeg uas muaj kev haus dej cawv ntev ntev, ua siab ntev. rau cawv yuav ntau dua.

Qhov no yog txhua yam piav qhia los ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm biochemistry: tus nqi ntawm kev qaug cawv thiab nws qhov kev siv zog sib txawv ntawm ntau haiv neeg thiab hauv cov txiv neej thiab poj niam (qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias isoenzyme spectrum ntawm enzyme cawv dehydrogenase (ADH lossis ADH I) yog caj ces. txiav txim siab - qhov kev ua ntawm cov isoforms sib txawv ntawm ADH tau qhia meej txog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov neeg sib txawv). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev qaug cawv kuj yog nyob ntawm lub cev qhov hnyav, qhov siab, tus nqi ntawm cov cawv haus thiab hom dej haus (muaj suab thaj lossis tannins, cov ntsiab lus carbon dioxide, lub zog ntawm cov dej haus, khoom noj txom ncauj).

Hauv lub cev, ADH oxidizes ethanol rau acetaldehyde thiab, yog tias txhua yam zoo, ntxiv rau kev nyab xeeb thiab tsis tshua muaj calorie acetic acid - yog, yog, kuv tsis kidding: "ib yam dab tsi tau pib txias dua - nws tsis yog lub sijhawm. rau peb muab nyob rau hauv "muaj ib tug kiag li biochemical justification: ethanol yog ib tug tsis tshua muaj-calorie khoom. Nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, txhua yam yog aggravated los ntawm ib tug tsis muaj oxygen rau oxidation (chav smoky, stale huab cua - uas yog tag nrho cov los ntawm no), los yog ntau tshaj ntawm ethanol, los yog inactivity ntawm ADH - tshwm sim los ntawm ib tug genetic predisposition los yog yooj yim binge haus. . Thaum kawg, txhua yam nres ntawm acetaldehyde - uas yog tshuaj lom, mutagenic thiab carcinogenic. Muaj pov thawj tias acetaldehyde yog carcinogenic hauv cov tsiaj sim, thiab acetaldehyde puas DNA.

Tag nrho cov teeb meem nrog ethanol yog yuav luag tag nrho muaj feem xyuam rau acetaldehyde, tab sis feem ntau, cov nyhuv tshuaj lom yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb thiab dav. Txiav txim rau koj tus kheej:

• Cov kab mob ntawm lub plab zom mov. Lawv manifest lawv tus kheej li mob plab thiab raws plab. Lawv tshwm sim loj tshaj plaws hauv cov neeg mob uas muaj cawv. Mob nyob rau hauv lub plab yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau lub mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm lub plab thiab cov hnyuv me, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub duodenum thiab jejunum. Kev mob plab yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tshwm sim sai sai ntawm lactase tsis txaus thiab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm lactose kam rau ua, nrog rau kev nqus dej thiab electrolytes los ntawm txoj hnyuv me. Txawm tias ib qho kev haus cawv ntau tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev txhim kho ntawm necrotizing pancreatitis, uas feem ntau ua rau tuag taus. Kev haus cawv ntau dhau yuav ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm gastritis thiab mob plab, thiab mob qog noj ntshav.
• Txawm hais tias daim siab yog ib feem ntawm txoj hnyuv, nws ua rau kev txiav txim siab txog kev haus cawv rau lub cev sib cais, txij li biotransformation ntawm ethanol feem ntau tshwm sim hauv daim siab - qhov no yog qhov chaw ADH zaum. Kuv txawm xav li cas los thov txim rau lub siab ntawm no. Txawm tias muaj ib koob tshuaj cawv, phenomena ntawm transient necrosis ntawm hepatocytes tuaj yeem pom. Nrog rau kev tsim txom ntev, cawv steatohepatitis tuaj yeem txhim kho. Kev nce hauv "kev tiv thaiv" rau cawv (qhov no tshwm sim vim qhov nce hauv kev tsim cov enzyme cawv dehydrogenase (ADH) raws li kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub cev) tshwm sim nyob rau theem ntawm kev haus dej cawv daim siab dystrophy - yog li tsis txhob zoo siab, % username%, yog tias koj dheev dhau los ua tus yeej ntawm haus! Tom qab ntawd, nrog rau kev tsim cov dej cawv kab mob siab thiab daim siab mob siab, tag nrho cov haujlwm ntawm ADH enzyme txo qis, tab sis tseem nyob twj ywm siab hauv kev tsim cov hepatocytes. Ntau foci ntawm necrosis ua rau fibrosis thiab, thaum kawg, cirrhosis ntawm daim siab. Cirrhosis tsim muaj tsawg kawg yog 10% ntawm cov neeg uas muaj steatohepatitis. Tab sis tib neeg tsis tuaj yeem nyob tsis muaj lub siab ...
• Ethanol yog tshuaj lom hemolytic. Yog li ntawd, ethanol nyob rau hauv high concentrations, nkag mus rau hauv cov ntshav, tuaj yeem rhuav tshem cov qe ntshav liab (ua rau pathological hemolysis), uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj tshuaj lom hemolytic anemia. Ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom qhov tseeb kev sib txuas ntawm cov koob tshuaj cawv thiab muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev mob ntshav siab. Cov dej cawv cawv muaj cov tshuaj lom rau lub plawv cov leeg, ua kom lub cev sympathoadrenal, yog li ua rau tso tawm catecholamines, ua rau cov hlab ntsha ntawm cov hlab ntsha thiab cuam tshuam lub plawv dhia. Kev haus cawv ntau dhau ua rau LDL ("phem" cholesterol) thiab ua rau muaj kev txhim kho ntawm cawv cardiomyopathy thiab ntau hom arrhythmias (cov kev hloov no tau pom nyob rau nruab nrab thaum noj ntau tshaj 30 g ntawm ethanol ib hnub twg). Cawv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo mob stroke, nyob ntawm seb cov cawv haus ntau npaum li cas thiab hom mob stroke, thiab feem ntau yog ua rau cov neeg muaj kab mob plawv.
• Ethanol noj tuaj yeem ua rau oxidative puas tsuaj rau lub hlwb neurons, nrog rau lawv txoj kev tuag vim kev puas tsuaj rau cov ntshav-hlwb barrier. Kev haus dej cawv ntev ntev tuaj yeem ua rau txo qis hauv lub hlwb - tab sis qhov no tsis yog txhua qhov ntim uas muaj txiaj ntsig. Nrog rau kev haus cawv ntev ntev, kev hloov pauv hauv cov neurons tau pom nyob rau ntawm lub paj hlwb cortex. Cov kev hloov no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam ntawm hemorrhage thiab necrosis ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub paj hlwb. Thaum haus cawv ntau ntau, capillaries hauv lub hlwb yuav tawg - qhov no yog vim li cas lub hlwb "loj hlob".
• Thaum haus dej cawv nkag mus rau hauv lub cev, muaj ntau ntau ntawm ethanol kuj pom nyob rau hauv prostate secretions, testicles thiab phev, muaj cov tshuaj lom rau cov kab mob. Ethanol kuj kis tau yooj yim heev los ntawm cov placenta, nkag mus rau hauv cov mis nyuj, thiab ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev xeeb tub nrog kev xeeb tub ntawm lub paj hlwb thiab kev loj hlob retardation.

Phew. Nws yog qhov zoo uas kuv tsis tau ntxiv cognac rau kuv kas fes, puas yog? Nyob rau hauv luv luv, haus ntau yog teeb meem. Yuav ua li cas yog koj tsis haus?

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm "kev haus dej haus cawv" yuav raug hloov kho raws li cov pov thawj tshawb fawb tshiab tau sau. Tam sim no US txhais tsis ntau tshaj 24 g ntawm ethanol ib hnub twg rau feem ntau cov txiv neej thiab tsis ntau tshaj 12 g rau cov poj niam feem ntau.

Qhov teeb meem yog tias nws yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem tsim qhov kev sim "ntshiab" - nws tsis tuaj yeem nrhiav cov qauv ntawm cov neeg hauv ntiaj teb uas tsis tau haus dej haus. Thiab txawm hais tias nws ua tau, nws tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm lwm yam - tib yam ecology. Thiab txawm tias muaj peev xwm ua tau, nws tsis tuaj yeem nrhiav cov neeg uas tsis muaj kab mob siab, muaj lub siab noj qab haus huv, thiab lwm yam.

Thiab tib neeg kuj dag. Qhov no ua tau nyuaj txhua yam.

Koj puas xav tias koj paub holivars? Sim Googling cov lus hais txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cawv los ntawm Fillmore, Harris thiab ib pawg ntawm lwm cov kws tshawb fawb uas tau mob siab rau lawv tus kheej los kawm txog qhov teeb meem no! Muaj ntau qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb nrog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov cawv liab ib leeg, piv txwv li, tsis ntev los no nws tau muab tawm tias polyphenols - thiab nws yog nrog lawv tias cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cawv liab cuam tshuam - yog hais txog tib yam hauv cawv dawb.

Thiab yog tias koj tau mus deb ntawm kev tshawb fawb, hauv cov ntaub ntawv nrov muaj ntau qhov tsis muaj tseeb txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cawv vim tias muaj kev phom sij (cov poj niam poj niam txiv neej cov tshuaj hormones hauv npias ib leeg muaj nqis ib yam).

Kom txog thaum cov teeb meem no tau qhia meej, cov lus qhia tsim nyog tshaj plaws yuav yog:

• Rau cov neeg uas tsis yog cov neeg haus dej haus tam sim no, kev haus cawv yuav tsum tsis txhob pom zoo rau kev noj qab haus huv nkaus xwb, vim tias cawv nws tus kheej tsis tau pom tias yog ib qho laj thawj rau kev txhim kho kev noj qab haus huv.
• Cov neeg uas haus cawv thiab tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo rau cov teeb meem cawv (cov poj niam cev xeeb tub lossis cov poj niam pub niam mis, cov neeg tsav tsheb lossis lwm yam khoom siv phom sij, noj cov tshuaj uas muaj cawv contraindicated, cov neeg uas muaj keeb kwm ntawm kev haus cawv los yog cov neeg uas rov qab los ntawm kev haus dej caw) yuav tsum tsis txhob noj ntau tshaj 12-24 g ntawm ethanol ib hnub twg raws li kev pom zoo los ntawm US Cov Kev Cai Noj Qab Haus Huv.
• Cov tib neeg uas haus cawv ntau dhau ntawm cov koob tshuaj nruab nrab yuav tsum tau qhia kom txo lawv cov kev noj haus.

Los ntawm txoj kev, cov kws tshawb fawb pom zoo rau ib yam - lub npe hu ua J-shaped mortality nkhaus. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov cawv haus thiab kev tuag ntawm cov txiv neej hnub nyoog nruab nrab thiab cov laus tau pom tias zoo ib yam li tsab ntawv "J" hauv lub xeev supine: thaum cov neeg tuag ntawm cov neeg haus luam yeeb thiab cov neeg haus dej ntau tau nce ntau, cov neeg tuag (tag nrho los ntawm txhua qhov ua rau) yog 15-18% tsawg dua ntawm cov neeg haus dej haus cawv (1-2 units ib hnub) dua li cov neeg tsis haus dej haus cawv. Ntau yam yog vim li cas tau muab - los ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus biochemistry thiab tshuaj, qhov twg dab ntxwg nyoog nws tus kheej yuav rhuav tshem nws txhais ceg - kom zoo dua kev sib raug zoo thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov neeg haus dej haus cawv, tab sis qhov tseeb tseem yog qhov tseeb (tseem muaj cov kev tshawb fawb pom tau tias kev noj zaub mov zoo. Cov neeg haus dej nruab nrab muaj roj tsawg thiab cov roj (cholesterol) tsawg dua piv rau cov neeg tsis haus dej haus, uas cov neeg haus dej haus cawv ua si ntau dua thiab muaj lub cev ua haujlwm ntau dua li cov uas tsis haus dej haus cawv tag nrho - luv luv, txhua tus nkag siab tias txawm tias cov kws tshawb fawb tsis xav tso cawv tag, uas lawv tab tom sim ua kom pom tseeb hauv txhua txoj hauv kev).

Nws yog qhov tseeb tiag tiag thiab txhua tus pom zoo tias haus cawv ntau ua rau muaj kev tuag ntau ntxiv. Piv txwv li, ib txoj kev tshawb fawb hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas tau pom tias cov neeg uas haus 5 lossis ntau dua ntawm cov cawv ntawm hnub haus cawv muaj 30% kev tuag ntau dua li cov neeg haus ib qho xwb. Raws li lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb, cov neeg haus dej haus cawv uas haus rau 57 lossis ntau dua ntawm cawv (ib zaug) muaj XNUMX% kev tuag ntau dua li cov neeg haus dej haus tsawg dua.

Los ntawm txoj kev, kev tshawb fawb txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev tuag thiab kev siv luam yeeb tau pom tias kev haus luam yeeb ua tiav nrog rau kev haus cawv tsawg ua rau muaj kev txo qis hauv kev tuag.

Lwm thaj chaw ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm hom cawv uas nyiam. Fab Kis Paradox (tus neeg tuag tsawg los ntawm kab mob plawv hauv Fab Kis) qhia tias liab caw tshwj xeeb rau kev noj qab haus huv. Cov txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb no tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm muaj cov tshuaj antioxidants hauv cawv. Tab sis cov kev tshawb fawb tsis muaj peev xwm ua kom pom qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev pheej hmoo ntawm kab mob plawv thiab hom dej cawv nyiam. Thiab yog vim li cas liab thiab tsis dawb? Vim li cas ho tsis cognac? Hauv luv, txhua yam yog qhov nyuaj.

Qhov koj yuav tsum tsis txhob ua yog haus dej thaum noj tshuaj.

Raws li qhia saum toj no, cov nyhuv ntawm cawv rau lub cev yog qhov nyuaj heev, thiab hauv qee qhov chaw tsis nkag siab tag nrho. Thaum qee cov tshuaj siv tshuaj sib xyaw rau hauv cov kua zaub no, tsis muaj dab tsi meej kiag li.

• Ua ntej, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tuaj yeem hloov pauv - nyob rau hauv txhua qhov kev taw qhia. Peb tsis tau tham txog kev noj tshuaj ntxiv lawm.
• Qhov thib ob, biochemical cuam tshuam los ntawm ethanol tsis paub tias nws yuav cuam tshuam li cas rau cov tshuaj. Tej zaum yuav ua rau muaj kev phiv ntau ntxiv. Nws tuaj yeem ua rau nws tsis muaj txiaj ntsig (tsis suav cov kev mob tshwm sim, tau kawg). Los yog tej zaum tua. Tsis muaj leej twg paub.
• Thirdly, lub siab, uas yog twb preoccupied nrog ua tsis paub crap los ntawm kws tshuaj, yuav tsis zoo siab heev txog qhov yuav tsum tau ua cawv. Nws txawm yuav tso tseg kiag li.

Feem ntau hauv cov lus qhia (leej twg nyeem lawv?) rau cov tshuaj lawv sau txog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev siv cawv - qhov no yog tias nws tau raug kuaj xyuas. Lossis koj tuaj yeem sim koj tus kheej thiab tom qab ntawd qhia txhua tus txog koj qhov kev paub dhau los. Zoo, yog tias koj muaj ib lub cev ntxiv hauv Tshuag.

Los ntawm qhov kuv tau sau saum toj no:

• Kev siv tshuaj aspirin ib txhij (acetylsalicylic acid) thiab cawv tuaj yeem ua rau mob plab hnyuv thiab los ntshav.
• Kev haus cawv tsis zoo cuam tshuam rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kho cov tshuaj vitamin. Tshwj xeeb, kev puas tsuaj rau lub plab zom mov ua rau lub fact tias cov vitamins noj hauv qhov ncauj yog absorbed tsis zoo thiab assimilated, thiab ua rau muaj kev ua txhaum ntawm lawv hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv daim ntawv nquag. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb rau cov vitamins B1, B6, PP, B12, C, A, thiab folic acid.
• Kev haus luam yeeb txhim kho cov nyhuv toxic ntawm cawv - ob qho tib si los ntawm qhov pom ntawm kev cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem oxidative vim oxygen tshaib plab (nco txog acetaldehyde. Yog), thiab los ntawm qhov pom ntawm kev sib koom ua ke cuam tshuam rau receptors los ntawm nicotine thiab cawv.

Hauv luv, cawv tsis yooj yim. Txawm hais tias nws zoo lossis phem, tsis muaj leej twg paub tseeb, tab sis lawv tsis maj nrawm tso nws tag nrho.

Nws nyob ntawm koj.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no optimistic, Kuv yuav tawm mus. Kuv vam tias kuv pom nws nthuav dua.

Caw yog peb tus phooj ywg, tab sis muaj kev dag ntxias hauv nws:
Haus ntau - tshuaj lom, haus me ntsis - tshuaj.
Tsis txhob ua phem rau koj tus kheej nrog ntau dhau
Haus nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab koj lub nceeg vaj yuav kav ...

- Abu Ali Hussein ibn Abdullah ibn al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Sina (Avicenna)

Tsuas yog cov neeg siv sau npe tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas. Kos npe rau hauvthov.

Qhov twg koj nyiam tshaj plaws?

• Cov tshuaj lom uas txaus ntshai tshaj plaws

• Yam tsawg kawg ntshai tshuaj lom

4 cov neeg siv pov npav. 1 tus neeg siv abstained.

Tau qhov twg los: www.hab.com