Semantic Web thiab Linked Data. Kho thiab ntxiv

Kuv xav nthuav qhia rau pej xeem ib feem ntawm phau ntawv uas nyuam qhuav luam tawm no:

Ontological qauv ntawm ib lub lag luam: txoj kev thiab technologies [Cov Lus]: monograph / [S. V. Gorshkov, S. S. Kralin, O. I. Mushtak thiab lwm tus; Executive editor S.V. Gorshkov]. - Ekaterinburg: Ural University Publishing House, 2019. - 234 p.: ill., rooj; 20 cm. - Sau. qhia rau hauv qab tit. Nrog. - Cov ntawv sau cia thaum kawg ch. - ISBN 978-5-7996-2580-1: 200 ib.

Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshaj tawm qhov seem ntawm Habre yog plaub npaug:

• Nws tsis zoo li leej twg yuav muaj peev xwm tuav phau ntawv no hauv lawv txhais tes yog tias nws tsis yog tus neeg thov kev hwm SergeIndex; Nws yog twv yuav raug hu tsis muag.
• Kev kho tau raug ua rau cov ntawv nyeem (lawv tsis tau hais qhia hauv qab) thiab ntxiv tau ua rau tsis sib xws nrog cov qauv ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm: cov ntawv sau (hauv qab spoilers) thiab hyperlinks.
• kuv xav sau cov lus nug thiab lus pom, txhawm rau coj lawv mus rau hauv tus account thaum suav nrog cov ntawv no hauv daim ntawv kho dua tshiab hauv lwm cov ntawv tshaj tawm.
• Ntau tus Semantic Web thiab Linked Data adherents tseem ntseeg tias lawv lub voj voog yog qhov nqaim heev, feem ntau vim tias cov pej xeem tseem tsis tau piav qhia tau zoo npaum li cas nws yog qhov ua raws li Semantic Web thiab Cov Ntaub Ntawv Txuas. Tus sau ntawm qhov tawg, txawm hais tias nws nyob hauv lub voj voog, tsis tuav qhov kev xav no, tab sis, txawm li cas los xij, txiav txim siab nws tus kheej yuav tsum ua lwm yam.

Thiab yog li ntawd,

Semantic Web

Kev hloov pauv hauv Is Taws Nem tuaj yeem sawv cev raws li hauv qab no (lossis tham txog nws cov ntu uas tau tsim hauv qhov kev txiav txim hauv qab no):

1. Cov ntaub ntawv hauv Internet. Cov thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb - Gopher, FTP, thiab lwm yam.
   Is Taws Nem yog lub network thoob ntiaj teb rau kev sib pauv cov peev txheej hauv zos.
2. Cov ntaub ntawv hauv Internet. Cov thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb yog HTML thiab HTTP.
   Qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov peev txheej raug coj mus rau hauv tus account cov yam ntxwv ntawm lawv qhov nruab nrab kis.
3. Internet cov ntaub ntawv. Cov thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb - REST thiab SOAP API, XHR, thiab lwm yam.
   Lub sijhawm ntawm kev siv Internet, tsis yog tib neeg los ua cov neeg siv khoom.
4. Internet cov ntaub ntawv. Cov thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb yog Cov Ntaub Ntawv Txuas Txuas.
   Qhov thib plaub theem no, kwv yees los ntawm Berners-Lee, tus tsim ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb ntawm qhov thib ob thiab tus thawj coj ntawm W3C, hu ua Semantic Web; Txuas Cov Ntaub Ntawv thev naus laus zis tau tsim los ua cov ntaub ntawv hauv lub vev xaib tsis yog siv tshuab-nyeem tau xwb, tab sis kuj yog "machine-to taub."

Los ntawm cov hauv qab no, tus nyeem ntawv yuav nkag siab txog kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm theem ob thiab plaub:

• URLs yog analogous rau URIs,
• Cov analogue ntawm HTML yog RDF,
• HTML hyperlinks zoo ib yam li URI tshwm sim hauv RDF cov ntaub ntawv.

Lub Semantic Web yog ntau lub zeem muag ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm Is Taws Nem ntau dua li qhov tshwj xeeb los yog kev txhawb nqa, txawm hais tias nws tuaj yeem coj cov tom kawg rau hauv tus account. Piv txwv li, tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm qhov hu ua Web 2.0 yog suav tias yog "cov neeg siv tsim cov ntsiab lus." Tshwj xeeb, W3C cov lus pom zoo raug hu kom coj mus rau hauv tus account "Web Annotation Ontology"thiab xws li kev ua haujlwm zoo li Khoom.

Puas yog Semantic Web Tuag?

Yog koj tsis kam kev cia siab tsis muaj tseeb, qhov xwm txheej nrog lub vev xaib semantic yog kwv yees ib yam li nrog kev coj noj coj ua thaum lub sijhawm tsim kev coj noj coj ua (thiab seb puas muaj kev ntseeg siab rau Ilyich cov kev cai lij choj raug cai, cia txhua tus txiav txim siab rau lawv tus kheej). Tshawb nrhiav cav zoo heev yuam cov vev xaib siv RDFa thiab JSON-LD thiab lawv tus kheej siv thev naus laus zis ntsig txog cov uas tau piav qhia hauv qab no (Google Knowledge Graph, Bing Knowledge Graph).

Hauv cov ntsiab lus dav dav, tus sau tsis tuaj yeem hais tias yog dab tsi tiv thaiv kev sib kis ntau dua, tab sis nws tuaj yeem hais lus raws li kev paub ntawm tus kheej. Muaj cov teeb meem uas tuaj yeem daws tau "tawm ntawm lub thawv" nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm SW kev tawm tsam, txawm hais tias lawv tsis muaj ntau. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov neeg uas tau ntsib nrog cov haujlwm no tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov neeg uas muaj peev xwm muab kev daws teeb meem, thaum yav tas los qhov kev ywj pheej ntawm kev daws teeb meem cuam tshuam lawv cov qauv kev lag luam. Yog li peb txuas ntxiv txheeb xyuas HTML thiab ua ke ua ke ntau yam APIs, ib leeg shitier.

Txawm li cas los xij, Linked Data technologies tau nthuav dav dhau lub vev xaib tseem ceeb; Phau ntawv, qhov tseeb, tau mob siab rau cov ntawv thov no. Tam sim no, lub zej zog Linked Data cia siab tias cov thev naus laus zis no yuav dhau los ua ntau dua ua tsaug rau Gartner cov ntaub ntawv kaw (lossis tshaj tawm, raws li koj nyiam) ntawm cov ncauj lus xws li Kev Paub Cov Duab и Ntaub ntaub. Kuv xav ntseeg tias nws yuav tsis yog "tsheb kauj vab" kev siv ntawm cov ntsiab lus no uas yuav ua tiav, tab sis cov uas cuam tshuam nrog W3C cov qauv tau tham hauv qab no.

Cov ntaub ntawv txuas

Berners-Lee txhais cov ntaub ntawv txuas raws li lub vev xaib semantic "ua tiav": txheej txheej txheej txheem thiab thev naus laus zis uas tso cai rau nws ua tiav nws lub hom phiaj kawg. Cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm Linked Data Berners-Lee tseem ceeb cov hauv qab no.

Txoj Cai 1. Siv URIs rau npe cov chaw.

URIs yog cov neeg txheeb xyuas thoob ntiaj teb uas tsis yog cov cim npe hauv zos rau kev nkag. Tom qab ntawd, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no tau qhia zoo tshaj plaws hauv Google Knowledge Graph slogan "yam, tsis yog hlua".

Txoj Cai 2. Siv URIs hauv HTTP txheej txheem kom lawv tuaj yeem de-referenced.

Los ntawm kev xa mus rau URI, nws yuav tsum muaj peev xwm kom tau txais cov cim tom qab tus cim ntawd (qhov kev sib piv nrog lub npe ntawm tus neeg teb xov tooj "yog qhov tseeb ntawm no).*"hauv C); ntau qhov tseeb, kom tau txais qee qhov sawv cev ntawm qhov kos npe no - nyob ntawm tus nqi ntawm HTTP header Accept:. Tej zaum, nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm AR / VR era, nws yuav muaj peev xwm tau txais cov peev txheej nws tus kheej, tab sis tam sim no, feem ntau yuav, nws yuav yog ib daim ntawv RDF, uas yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua tiav cov lus nug SPARQL. DESCRIBE.

Txoj Cai 3. Kev siv W3C cov qauv - feem ntau RDF(S) thiab SPARQL - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum deferencing URIs.

Cov neeg no "txheej txheem" ​​ntawm Linked Data technology pawg, tseem hu ua Semantic Web Layer ncuav mog qab zib, yuav piav qhia hauv qab no.

Txoj Cai 4. Kev siv cov ntawv xa mus rau lwm qhov URIs thaum piav txog cov chaw.

RDF tso cai rau koj txwv koj tus kheej rau cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov peev txheej hauv hom lus, thiab lub hauv paus ntsiab lus thib plaub hu tsis txhob ua qhov no. Yog tias thawj lub hauv paus ntsiab lus raug soj ntsuam thoob plaws ntiaj teb, nws tuaj yeem ua tau thaum piav qhia txog cov peev txheej xa mus rau lwm tus, suav nrog "tawm txawv teb chaws", uas yog vim li cas cov ntaub ntawv hu ua txuas. Qhov tseeb, nws yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem siv URIs npe hauv RDFS cov lus.

R.F.D.

R.F.D. (Resource Description Framework) yog ib txoj hauv kev los piav txog cov koom haum sib cuam tshuam.

Cov nqe lus ntawm "kev kawm-predicate-object" hom, hu ua triplets, yog tsim los ntawm cov koom haum thiab lawv cov kev sib raug zoo. Hauv qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws, cov ntsiab lus, qhov ntsuas, thiab cov khoom yog tag nrho URIs. Tib URI tuaj yeem ua tau nyob rau hauv ntau txoj haujlwm sib txawv hauv peb lub voj voog: ua ib qho kev kawm, ib qho khoom siv, thiab khoom siv; Yog li, triplets tsim ib hom duab hu ua RDF graph.

Cov ntsiab lus thiab cov khoom tuaj yeem ua tsis tau tsuas yog URIs, tab sis kuj hu ua cov nodes, thiab cov khoom kuj tuaj yeem ua tau ntawv. Literals yog cov piv txwv ntawm cov hom qub uas muaj cov kab sawv cev thiab ib hom kev qhia.

Piv txwv ntawm kev sau ntawv (hauv Turtle syntax, ntau ntxiv txog nws hauv qab no): "5.0"^^xsd:float и "five"^^xsd:string. Literals nrog hom rdf:langString kuj tuaj yeem nruab nrog ib hom lus; hauv vaub kib nws sau zoo li no: "five"@en и "пять"@ru.

Cov nodes khoob yog "tsis qhia npe" cov peev txheej yam tsis muaj tus cim thoob ntiaj teb, hais txog cov nqe lus twg tuaj yeem ua tau; hom ntawm existential variables.

Yog li (qhov no yog qhov tseeb, tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm RDF):

• Cov ntsiab lus yog URI lossis ib qho khoob,
• Tus nqi yog URI,
• Cov khoom yog ib qho URI, ib qho khoob khoob, lossis cov ntawv.

Vim li cas ho tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees ua qhov khoob?

Qhov laj thawj yog vim li cas yog lub siab xav kom nkag siab tsis raug cai thiab txhais triplet rau hauv cov lus ntawm thawj qhov kev txiav txim predicate logic s p o zoo ib yam li qhov twg - kwv yees, и - tsis tu ncua. Cov cim ntawm qhov kev nkag siab no yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv "LBase: Semantics rau Cov Lus ntawm Semantic Web", uas muaj xwm txheej ntawm W3C pawg neeg ua haujlwm ceeb toom. Nrog rau qhov kev nkag siab no, triplet s p []qhov twg [] - khoob node, yuav muab txhais ua qhov twg - sib txawv, tab sis yuav ua li cas thiaj txhais s [] o? Cov ntaub ntawv nrog W3C Cov Lus Pom Zoo "RDF 1.1 Cov ntsiab lus” muab lwm txoj kev txhais lus, tab sis tseem tsis xav txog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov predicates yog cov nodes khoob.

Txawm li cas los xij, Manu Sporni tso cai.

RDF yog tus qauv paub daws teeb. RDF tuaj yeem sau tau (serialized) hauv ntau cov syntaxes: RDF/XML, vaub kib (feem ntau tib neeg nyeem tau), JSON-LD, HDT (binary).

Tib RDF tuaj yeem raug serialized rau hauv RDF / XML nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, yog li, piv txwv li, nws tsis muaj kev nkag siab zoo rau validate XML uas siv XSD los yog sim rho tawm cov ntaub ntawv siv XPath. Ib yam li ntawd, JSON-LD tsis zoo li yuav ua tiav qhov nruab nrab Javascript tus tsim tawm lub siab xav ua haujlwm nrog RDF siv Javascript's dot thiab square-bracket notation (txawm hais tias JSON-LD txav mus rau qhov kev taw qhia los ntawm kev muab cov txheej txheem. framing).

Feem ntau cov syntaxs muab txoj hauv kev kom luv URIs ntev. Piv txwv li, ib qho ad @prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> hauv vaub kib ces cia koj sau xwb <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> xwb rdf:type.

RDFS

RDFS (RDF Schema) - ib qho piv txwv qauv lus, qhia txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov cuab yeej thiab cov chav kawm thiab cov khoom xws li rdf:type, rdfs:subClassOf, rdfs:domain и rdfs:range. Siv RDFS phau ntawv txhais lus, piv txwv li, cov kab lus hauv qab no tuaj yeem sau tau:

rdf:type         rdf:type         rdf:Property .
rdf:Property     rdf:type         rdfs:Class .
rdfs:Class       rdfs:subClassOf  rdfs:Resource .
rdfs:subClassOf  rdfs:domain      rdfs:Class .
rdfs:domain      rdfs:domain      rdf:Property .
rdfs:domain      rdfs:range       rdfs:Class .
rdfs:label       rdfs:range       rdfs:Literal .

RDFS yog ib qho kev piav qhia thiab qauv lus, tab sis tsis yog hom lus txwv (txawm hais tias cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb thiab nplooj muaj peev xwm siv tau). Lo lus "Schema" yuav tsum tsis txhob nkag siab tib yam li hauv kev qhia "XML Schema". Piv txwv li, :author rdfs:range foaf:Person txhais tau tias rdf:type txhua yam khoom muaj nqis :author - foaf:Person, tab sis tsis tau txhais hais tias qhov no yuav tsum tau hais ua ntej.

SPARQL

SPARQL (SPARQL Protocol thiab RDF Query Language) - ib hom lus rau querying RDF cov ntaub ntawv. Hauv cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim, SPARQL cov lus nug yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov twg triplets ntawm daim duab raug nug yog sib phim. Cov qauv tuaj yeem muaj qhov sib txawv hauv cov ntsiab lus, qhov ntsuas, thiab cov khoom ua haujlwm.

Cov lus nug yuav xa rov qab cov txiaj ntsig sib txawv uas, thaum hloov pauv mus rau hauv cov qauv, tuaj yeem ua rau ib daim duab ntawm cov lus nug RDF (ib pawg ntawm nws triplets). Qhov sib txawv ntawm tib lub npe nyob rau hauv cov qauv sib txawv ntawm triplets yuav tsum muaj qhov tseem ceeb.

Piv txwv li, muab cov txheej txheem saum toj no ntawm xya RDFS axioms, cov lus nug hauv qab no yuav rov qab los rdfs:domain и rdfs:range raws li tus nqi ?s и ?p Raws li:

SELECT * WHERE {
 ?s ?p rdfs:Class .
 ?p ?p rdf:Property .
}

Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia tias SPARQL yog cov lus tshaj tawm thiab tsis yog ib hom lus piav qhia txog graph traversal (txawm li cas los xij, qee qhov RDF repositories muaj txoj hauv kev los kho cov lus nug execution plan). Yog li ntawd, qee qhov teeb meem teeb meem, piv txwv li, nrhiav txoj hauv kev luv tshaj, tsis tuaj yeem daws tau hauv SPARQL, suav nrog kev siv txoj kev vaj tse (tab sis, dua, ib tus neeg RDF repositories muab tshwj xeeb txuas ntxiv los daws cov teeb meem no).

SPARQL tsis qhia qhov kev xav ntawm kev qhib lub ntiaj teb thiab ua raws li "kev tsis pom zoo li kev ua tsis tiav", uas ua tau tsim xws li FILTER NOT EXISTS {…}. Kev faib tawm cov ntaub ntawv raug coj mus rau hauv tus account siv lub tshuab tsoom fwv cov lus nug.

SPARQL nkag point - RDF cia muaj peev xwm ua SPARQL cov lus nug - tsis muaj cov analogues ncaj qha los ntawm theem thib ob (saib qhov pib ntawm kab lus no). Nws tuaj yeem piv rau cov ntaub ntawv database, raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov nplooj ntawv HTML tau tsim, tab sis nkag mus rau sab nraud. SPARQL nkag point yog ntau dua piv rau API nkag mus rau theem thib peb, tab sis nrog ob qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb. Ua ntej, nws tuaj yeem ua ke ntau cov lus nug "atomic" rau hauv ib qho (uas yog suav tias yog tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm GraphQL), thiab qhov thib ob, xws li API yog tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tus kheej (uas yog qhov HATEOAS sim ua tiav).

Polemical lus

RDF yog ib txoj hauv kev los tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv lub vev xaib, yog li RDF cia yuav tsum suav tias yog ib daim ntawv DBMS. Muaj tseeb, txij li RDF yog daim duab thiab tsis yog tsob ntoo, lawv kuj tau los ua daim duab raws li. Nws yog amazing tias nws ua haujlwm txhua. Leej twg yuav tau xav tias yuav muaj cov neeg ntse uas yuav siv cov nodes. Cod nyob ntawm no nws tsis ua hauj lwm tawm.

Kuj tseem muaj txoj hauv kev uas tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig los teeb tsa kev nkag mus rau RDF cov ntaub ntawv, piv txwv li, Txuas cov ntaub ntawv Fragments (LDF) thiab Txuas Cov Ntaub Ntawv Platform (LDP).

OWL

OWL (Web Ontology Language) - ib tug formalism rau sawv cev kev paub, ib tug syntactic version ntawm kev piav qhia logic (txhua qhov chaw hauv qab no yog qhov tseeb dua los hais OWL 2, thawj version ntawm OWL yog raws li ).

Cov tswv yim ntawm kev piav qhia logics hauv OWL sib haum rau cov chav kawm, lub luag haujlwm sib raug rau cov khoom, cov tib neeg khaws lawv lub npe yav dhau los. Axioms tseem hu ua axioms.

Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub thiaj li hu Manchester syntax rau OWL cim ib qho axiom twb paub rau peb yuav sau li no:

Class: Human
Class: Parent
   EquivalentClass: Human and (inverse hasParent) some Human
ObjectProperty: hasParent

Muaj lwm cov syntaxs rau kev sau ntawv OWL, xws li functional syntax, siv nyob rau hauv lub official specification, thiab OWL/XML. Tsis tas li ntawd, OWL tuaj yeem raug serialized rau abstract RDF syntax thiab ntxiv - hauv ib qho ntawm cov syntaxes tshwj xeeb.

OWL muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog RDF. Ntawm qhov tod tes, nws tuaj yeem suav tias yog hom phau ntawv txhais lus uas txuas ntxiv RDFS. Ntawm qhov tod tes, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws formalism uas RDF tsuas yog ib hom ntawv serialization. Tsis yog txhua qhov kev tsim OWL theem pib tuaj yeem sau tau siv ib zaug RDF triplet.

Nyob ntawm seb lub subset ntawm OWL tsim tau raug tso cai siv, lawv hais txog qhov hu ua OWL profiles. Tus qauv tsim thiab nto moo tshaj plaws yog OWL EL, OWL RL thiab OWL QL. Qhov kev xaiv ntawm qhov profile cuam tshuam rau kev siv computer complexity ntawm cov teeb meem raug. Ib pawg ua tiav ntawm OWL tsim ua raws li , npe OWL DL. Qee lub sij hawm lawv kuj tham txog OWL Tag Nrho, uas OWL tsim tau raug tso cai siv nrog kev ywj pheej tag nrho hauv RDF, tsis muaj kev txwv semantic thiab suav. . Piv txwv li, ib yam dab tsi tuaj yeem yog ob chav kawm thiab khoom vaj khoom tsev. OWL Full yog undecidable.

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau kev txuas qhov tshwm sim hauv OWL yog kev saws rau lub ntiaj teb qhib kev xav. O.W.A.) thiab tsis lees paub qhov kev xav ntawm cov npe tshwj xeeb (tseem ceeb lub npe, IB). Hauv qab no peb yuav pom qhov twg cov ntsiab cai no tuaj yeem coj thiab qhia qee qhov OWL tsim.

Cia lub ontology muaj cov ntu nram qab no (hauv Manchester syntax):

Class: manyChildren
   EquivalentTo: Human that hasChild min 3
Individual: John
   Types: Human
   Facts: hasChild Alice, hasChild Bob, hasChild Carol

Puas yuav ua raws li qhov tau hais tias John muaj ntau tus menyuam? Kev tsis lees paub UNA yuav yuam lub cav inference los teb cov lus nug no hauv qhov tsis zoo, vim Alice thiab Bob yuav zoo tib yam. Rau cov hauv qab no coj qhov chaw, nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog yuav tau ntxiv cov nram qab no axiom:

DifferentIndividuals: Alice, Bob, Carol, John

Cia tam sim no cov kab mob ontology muaj daim ntawv hauv qab no (John tau tshaj tawm tias muaj ntau tus menyuam, tab sis nws tsuas muaj ob tug menyuam):

Class: manyChildren
   EquivalentTo: Human that hasChild min 3
Individual: John
   Types: Human, manyChildren
   Facts: hasChild Alice, hasChild Bob
DifferentIndividuals: Alice, Bob, Carol, John

Qhov no ontology puas yuav tsis sib haum (uas tuaj yeem txhais ua pov thawj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsis raug)? Kev lees txais OWA yuav ua rau lub cav inference teb rau qhov tsis zoo: "qhov chaw" lwm qhov (hauv lwm qhov ontology) nws yuav zoo hais tias Carol kuj yog John tus menyuam.

Txhawm rau txiav txim siab qhov ua tau ntawm qhov no, cia peb ntxiv qhov tseeb tshiab txog John:

Individual: John
   Facts: hasChild Alice, hasChild Bob, not hasChild Carol

Txhawm rau tshem tawm cov tsos ntawm lwm tus menyuam yaus, cia peb hais tias tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov cuab yeej "muaj menyuam" yog tib neeg, uas peb tsuas muaj plaub:

ObjectProperty: hasChild
   Domain: Human
   Сharacteristics: Irreflexive
Class: Human
EquivalentTo: { Alice, Bill, Carol, John }

Tam sim no lub ontology yuav ua contradictory, uas lub inference cav yuav tsis ua tsis tau tejyam. Nrog rau qhov kawg ntawm axioms peb muaj, hauv kev nkag siab, "kaw" lub ntiaj teb, thiab pom tias yuav ua li cas John ua nws tus me nyuam raug cais tawm.

Txuas Enterprise Cov Ntaub Ntawv

Cov Ntaub Ntawv Txuas Cov Txheej Txheem ntawm txoj hauv kev thiab thev naus laus zis tau tsim los rau kev tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv Web. Lawv siv nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig kev lag luam sab hauv ntsib ntau yam teeb meem.

Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig kev lag luam kaw, lub hwj chim txiav tawm ntawm OWL raws li kev lees paub ntawm OWA thiab kev tsis lees paub ntawm UNA, kev txiav txim siab vim qhov qhib thiab faib ntawm lub vev xaib, tsis muaj zog heev. Thiab ntawm no cov kev daws teeb meem hauv qab no yog ua tau.

• Endowing OWL nrog semantics, implying kev tso tseg ntawm OWA thiab kev saws me nyuam ntawm UNA, kev siv ntawm cov khoom siv sib xws. - Nrog txoj kev no yog mus Stardog RDF cia.
• Tso tseg OWL lub peev xwm txiav tawm kom pom zoo rau txoj cai cav. - Stardog txhawb nqa SWRL; Jena thiab GraphDB muab tus kheej yam lus txoj cai
• Kev tsis lees paub lub peev xwm txiav tawm ntawm OWL, siv ib lossis lwm qhov chaw nyob ze rau RDFS rau kev ua qauv. - Saib ntxiv txog qhov no hauv qab no.

Lwm qhov teeb meem yog qhov ua kom pom tseeb ntau dua uas cov tuam txhab lag luam hauv ntiaj teb yuav muaj cov teeb meem zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj cov cuab yeej hauv Linked Data pawg. Cov zis ntawm no yog raws li nram no.

• Ntxiv dua thiab, siv rau kev siv tau ntawm OWL tsim nrog kaw lub ntiaj teb semantics thiab cov npe tshwj xeeb yog tias muaj qhov tsim nyog inference cav.
• Siv SHACL, standardized tom qab cov npe ntawm Semantic Web Layer ncuav mog qab zib txheej tau kho (txawm li cas los xij, nws kuj tseem siv tau raws li kev cai cav), lossis ShEx.
• Nkag siab tias txhua yam yog thaum kawg ua tiav nrog SPARQL cov lus nug, tsim koj tus kheej cov ntaub ntawv siv tau yooj yim siv lawv.

Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias qhov kev tsis lees paub tag nrho ntawm cov peev txheej txiav tawm thiab cov cuab yeej siv tau tso cai tawm ntawm Cov Ntaub Ntawv Txuas Txuas tawm ntawm kev sib tw hauv cov haujlwm uas zoo sib xws hauv toj roob hauv pes rau lub vev xaib qhib thiab faib - hauv cov ntaub ntawv kev koom ua ke.

Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug niaj hnub enterprise ntaub ntawv system?

Qhov no yog ua tau, tab sis, ntawm chav kawm, koj yuav tsum paub txog cov teeb meem dab tsi uas cov thev naus laus zis yuav tsum tau daws. Kuv yuav piav qhia ntawm no ib qho kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg koom nrog kev txhim kho kom pom tias cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis zoo li cas los ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov qauv IT. Nco kuv me ntsis ntawm zaj lus piv txwv ntawm tus ntxhw:

• Kev lag luam kws tshuaj ntsuam: RDF yog ib yam dab tsi zoo li ib tug ncaj qha khaws cia qauv.
• Systems Analyst: RDF zoo li EAV, tsuas yog nrog ib pawg ntawm indexes thiab cov lus nug yooj yim.
• tsim tawm: zoo, qhov no yog txhua yam nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm cov qauv nplua nuj thiab qis code, nyeem tsis ntev los no txog qhov no.
• Tus Thawj Saib Xyuas Haujlwm: yog nws ib yam collapsing pawg!

Kev xyaum qhia tau hais tias cov pawg feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov haujlwm uas cuam tshuam nrog kev faib tawm thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, piv txwv li, thaum tsim MDM (Master Data Management) lossis DWH (Data Warehouse) cov chav kawm. Cov teeb meem zoo li no muaj nyob hauv ib qho kev lag luam.

Hais txog kev lag luam tshwj xeeb cov ntawv thov, Linked Data technologies yog tam sim no nrov tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam hauv qab no.

• biomedical technologies (qhov twg lawv qhov chaw zoo li muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog qhov nyuaj ntawm lub npe);

tam sim no

Lub "Boiling Point" tsis ntev los no tau tuav lub rooj sib tham los ntawm "National Medical Knowledge Base" koom haum "Kev sib xyaw ntawm ontologies. Los ntawm kev xav mus rau kev siv tswv yim".

• ntau lawm thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv complex (loj mechanical engineering, roj thiab roj ntau lawm; feem ntau peb tab tom tham txog tus qauv ISO 15926);

tam sim no

Ntawm no, ib yam nkaus thiab, yog vim li cas yog qhov nyuaj ntawm cov kev kawm, thaum, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub upstream theem, yog hais tias peb tham txog cov roj thiab roj kev lag luam, yooj yim accounting yuav tsum tau ib co CAD functions.

Nyob rau hauv 2008, ib tug sawv cev installation kev tshwm sim, tsim los ntawm Chevron, coj qhov chaw lub rooj sib tham.

ISO 15926, thaum kawg, zoo li hnyav me ntsis rau kev lag luam roj thiab roj (thiab pom tias muaj ntau dua hauv kev siv tshuab engineering). Tsuas yog Statoil (Equinor) tau ua tib zoo txuas rau nws; hauv Norway, tag nrho ecosystem. Lwm tus tab tom sim ua lawv tus kheej. Piv txwv li, raws li cov lus xaiv, Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg Hauv Tsev tau npaj siab los tsim "kev xav ntawm tus qauv ntawm cov roj thiab lub zog ua haujlwm," zoo ib yam, pom meej, tsim rau kev lag luam hluav taws xob.

• Cov koom haum nyiaj txiag (txawm tias XBRL tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog hom kev sib xyaw ntawm SDMX thiab RDF Data Cube ontology);

tam sim no

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo, LinkedIn nquag spammed tus sau nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm los ntawm yuav luag txhua qhov loj ntawm kev lag luam nyiaj txiag, uas nws paub los ntawm TV series "Force Majeure": Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan Chase thiab / lossis Morgan Stanley, Wells Fargo, SWIFT/Visa/Mastercard, Bank of America, Citigroup, Fed, Deutsche Bank... Tej zaum txhua tus tab tom nrhiav ib tus neeg uas lawv tuaj yeem xa mus rau Knowledge Graph Conference. Muaj ob peb tswj kom pom: cov koom haum nyiaj txiag tau coj txhua yam thaum sawv ntxov thawj hnub.

Ntawm HeadHunter, tsuas yog Sberbank tuaj hla qee yam nthuav; nws yog hais txog "EAV cia nrog RDF-zoo li cov ntaub ntawv qauv."

Tej zaum, qhov sib txawv ntawm qib kev hlub rau cov thev naus laus zis sib xws ntawm cov tsev txhab nyiaj hauv tsev thiab sab hnub poob yog vim muaj kev hloov pauv thoob tebchaws ntawm cov haujlwm yav dhau los. Pom tau tias, kev sib koom ua ke thoob plaws xeev ciam teb yuav tsum muaj kev sib txawv ntawm cov koom haum thiab kev daws teeb meem.

• cov lus nug-lus teb nrog cov ntawv thov kev lag luam (IBM Watson, Apple Siri, Google Knowledge Graph);

tam sim no

Los ntawm txoj kev, tus creator ntawm Siri, Thomas Gruber, yog tus sau ntawm lub ntsiab txhais ntawm ontology (nyob rau hauv lub IT kev txiav txim siab) raws li ib tug "conceptualization specification." Hauv kuv lub tswv yim, kev hloov kho cov lus hauv qhov txhais no tsis hloov nws lub ntsiab lus, uas tej zaum qhia tau tias nws tsis nyob ntawd.

• kev tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog (nrog rau kev pom zoo ntau dua qhov no tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau Linked Open Data).

tam sim no

Cov kiv cua loj ntawm Linked Data yog qhov hu ua GLAM: Galleries, Libraries, Archives, thiab Museums. Txaus nws los hais tias Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv ntawm Congress tab tom txhawb kev hloov pauv rau MARC21 BIBFRAME, uas muab lub hauv paus rau yav tom ntej ntawm phau ntawv piav qhia thiab, ntawm chav kawm, raws li RDF.

Wikidata feem ntau raug suav hais tias yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm txoj haujlwm ua tiav hauv kev sib txuas ntawm Cov Ntaub Ntawv Qhib - hom tshuab nyeem tau ntawm Wikipedia, cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov sib piv rau DBPedia, tsis yog tsim los ntawm kev xa tawm los ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm infoboxes, tab sis yog tsim ntau los yog tsawg dua manually (thiab tom qab ntawd dhau los ua qhov chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv rau tib lub infoboxes).

Peb kuj xav kom koj xyuas nws daim ntawv teev cov neeg siv ntawm Stardog RDF cia ntawm Stardog lub vev xaib hauv ntu "Cov Neeg Siv Khoom".

Ua li ntawd, hauv Gartner Hype Cycle rau Emerging Technologies 2016 "Kev Lag Luam Taxonomy thiab Kev Tswj Xyuas Ontology" tau muab tso rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob mus rau hauv lub hav ntawm kev poob siab nrog qhov kev cia siab ntawm kev mus txog "kev tsim khoom toj siab" tsis pub dhau 10 xyoo.

Txuas Enterprise Data

Huab cua, huab cua, huab cua ...

Tawm ntawm keeb kwm kev txaus siab, kuv tau tabulated hauv qab Gartner qhov kev kwv yees rau ntau xyoo ntawm cov thev naus laus zis uas peb nyiam.

Txawm li cas los, twb nyob rau hauv "Hmoob Cycle..." 2018 Lwm qhov kev nce siab tau tshwm sim - Knowledge Graphs. Ib qho kev rov ua dua tshiab tau tshwm sim: daim duab DBMSs, uas qhov kev mloog ntawm cov neeg siv thiab kev siv zog ntawm cov neeg tsim tawm tau hloov pauv, nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev thov ntawm cov qub thiab cov cwj pwm ntawm yav tas los, pib coj mus rau contours thiab positioning. ntawm lawv cov neeg sib tw ua ntej.

Yuav luag txhua daim duab DBMS tam sim no tshaj tawm nws tus kheej lub platform tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov tuam txhab "cov ntaub ntawv sib txuas" ("cov ntaub ntawv txuas" qee zaum hloov los ntawm "cov ntaub ntawv sib txuas"), tab sis qhov kev lees paub zoo li cas?

Graph databases tseem asemantic; cov ntaub ntawv hauv daim duab DBMS tseem yog tib cov ntaub ntawv silo. String identifiers es tsis txhob URIs ua txoj hauj lwm ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ob daim duab DBMSs tseem yog ib txoj hauj lwm kev koom ua ke, thaum kev koom ua ke ob lub khw muag khoom RDF feem ntau los rau kev sib koom ua ke ob daim duab RDF. Lwm qhov ntawm asemanticity yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm LPG daim duab qauv, uas ua rau nws nyuaj rau kev tswj cov metadata siv tib lub platform.

Thaum kawg, daim duab DBMSs tsis muaj inference cav lossis txoj cai cav. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov cav no tuaj yeem tsim dua los ntawm cov lus nug nyuaj, tab sis qhov no ua tau txawm tias hauv SQL.

Txawm li cas los xij, ua RDF cov tshuab khaws cia tsis muaj teeb meem txhawb nqa LPG qauv. Txoj hauv kev uas muaj zog tshaj plaws yog suav tias yog ib qho uas tau thov nyob rau hauv Blazegraph: tus qauv RDF *, sib txuas RDF thiab LPG.

Nyeem ntxiv

Koj tuaj yeem nyeem ntxiv txog RDF cia kev txhawb nqa rau LPG qauv hauv tsab xov xwm dhau los ntawm Habré: "Dab tsi tshwm sim nrog RDF cia tam sim no". Kuv vam tias muaj ib hnub ib tsab xov xwm cais yuav raug sau txog Kev Paub Graphs thiab Cov Ntaub Ntawv Fabric. Nqe lus kawg, raws li qhov yooj yim to taub, tau sau nrawm, txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias rau lub hlis tom qab, txhua yam tsis meej meej nrog cov ntsiab lus no.

Kev Sau Ntawv

1. Halpin, H., Monnin, A. (eds.) (2014). Philosophical Engineering: Mus rau Philosophy ntawm Web
2. Allemang, D., Hendler, J. (2011) Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist (2nd ed.)
3. Staab, S., Studer, R. (eds.) (2009) Phau ntawv ntawm Ontologies (2nd ed.)
4. Ntoo, D. (ed.). (2011) Linking Enterprise Data
5. Keet, M. (2018) Kev Taw Qhia rau Ontology Engineering

Tau qhov twg los: www.hab.com