{"id":100487,"date":"2021-06-09T22:22:34","date_gmt":"2021-06-09T20:22:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/alpaca-novaya-tehnika-mitm-atak-na-https"},"modified":"2021-06-09T22:22:34","modified_gmt":"2021-06-09T20:22:37","slug":"alpaca-novaya-tehnika-mitm-atak-na-https","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/news\/alpaca-novaya-tehnika-mitm-atak-na-https","title":{"rendered":"ALPACA \u2014 nova tehnika MITM napada na HTTPS","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Tim istra\u017eiva\u010da iz nekoliko njema\u010dkih sveu\u010dili\u0161ta razvio je novu metodu MITM napada na HTTPS koja omogu\u0107ava izvla\u010denje kola\u010di\u0107a s identifikatorima sesije i drugih povjerljivih podataka, kao i izvr\u0161avanje proizvoljnog JavaScript koda u kontekstu druge web stranice. Napad je nazvan ALPACA i mo\u017ee se primijeniti na TLS poslu\u017eitelje koji implementiraju razli\u010dite aplikacijske protokole (HTTPS, SFTP, SMTP, IMAP, POP3), ali koriste zajedni\u010dke TLS certifikate.      <\/p>\n<p>Bit napada je u tome da, uz kontrolu nad mre\u017enim gateway-em ili to\u010dkom be\u017ei\u010dnog pristupa, napada\u010d mo\u017ee preusmjeriti web promet na drugi mre\u017eni port i organizirati uspostavljanje veze s FTP ili mail poslu\u017eiteljem koji podr\u017eava TLS enkripciju i koristi zajedni\u010dki TLS certifikat s HTTP poslu\u017eiteljem, pri \u010demu \u0107e korisnikov preglednik misliti da je uspostavljena veza sa zatra\u017eenim HTTP poslu\u017eiteljem. Kako je TLS protokol univerzalan i nije vezan za aplikacijske protokole, uspostava \u0161ifrirane veze za sve servise je identi\u010dna, a gre\u0161ka slanja zahtjeva na pogre\u0161an servis mo\u017ee se utvrditi tek nakon uspostave \u0161ifrirane sesije tijekom obrade poslanog zahtjeva.     <\/p>\n<p>Tako da, na primjer, ako se korisni\u010dka veza koja je prvotno upu\u0107ena na HTTPS preusmjeri na mail poslu\u017eitelj koji koristi zajedni\u010dki TLS certifikat s HTTPS poslu\u017eiteljem, TLS veza \u0107e biti uspje\u0161no uspostavljena, ali mail poslu\u017eitelj ne\u0107e mo\u0107i obraditi poslane HTTP komande i vratit \u0107e odgovor s kodom gre\u0161ke. Ovaj odgovor \u0107e preglednik obraditi kao odgovor zatra\u017eene stranice, poslan unutar ispravno uspostavljenog \u0161ifriranog kanala.        <\/p>\n<p>Predlo\u017eena su tri varijante napada:   <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> \"Upload\" za izvla\u010denje Cookie-ja s autentifikacijskim parametrima. Metoda je primjenjiva ako FTP server pokriven TLS certifikatom dopu\u0161ta u\u010ditavanje i izvla\u010denje svojih podataka. U ovom varijanti napada, napada\u010d mo\u017ee posti\u0107i zadr\u017eavanje dijelova izvorne HTTP zahtjeva korisnika, poput sadr\u017eaja Cookie zaglavlja, na primjer, ako FTP server interpretira zahtjev kao datoteku za spremanje ili potpuno bilje\u017ei dolazne zahtjeve. Za uspje\u0161an napad, napada\u010du je zatim potrebno nekako izvu\u0107i sa\u010duvani sadr\u017eaj. Napad je primjenjiv na Proftpd, Microsoft IIS, vsftpd, filezilla i serv-u.\n<li class=\"l\"> \"Download\" za organizaciju me\u0111usiteskog skriptiranja (XSS). Metoda podrazumijeva da napada\u010d kao rezultat odre\u0111enih manipulacija mo\u017ee smjestiti podatke u uslugu koja koristi zajedni\u010dki <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/ssl-sertifikat\/\"   title=\"TLS certifikat\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"943\">TLS certifikat<\/a>, koji se potom mo\u017ee izdati kao odgovor na korisnikov zahtjev. Napad se primjenjuje na gore navedene FTP poslu\u017eitelje, IMAP poslu\u017eitelje i POP3 poslu\u017eitelje (courier, cyrus, kerio-connect i zimbra).\n<li class=\"l\"> \"Reflection\" za pokretanje JavaScript-a u kontekstu druge web stranice. Metoda se temelji na vra\u0107anju dijela zahtjeva klijentu koji sadr\u017ei JavaScript kod koji je napada\u010d poslao. Napad je primjenjiv na prethodno spomenute FTP servere, IMAP servere cyrus, kerio-connect i zimbra, kao i na SMTP server sendmail.    <\/ul>\n<p>      <center><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"ALPACA - nova technika MITM napada na HTTPS\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/95266e6e295fe69ffbcd79d55086425f.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/center>      <\/p>\n<p>Na primjer, kada korisnik otvori stranicu pod kontrolom napada\u010da, s te stranice mo\u017ee biti iniciran zahtjev za resurs s web stranice na kojoj korisnik ima aktivni ra\u010dun (na primjer, bank.com). Tijekom MITM napada, taj zahtjev, upu\u0107en web stranici bank.com, mo\u017ee se preusmjeriti na po\u0161tanski poslu\u017eitelj koji koristi zajedni\u010dki TLS certifikat s bank.com. Budu\u0107i da po\u0161tanski poslu\u017eitelj ne zavr\u0161ava sesiju nakon prve pogre\u0161ke, pomo\u0107ni zaglavlja i naredbe, kao \u0161to su \"POST \/ HTTP\/1.1\" i \"Host:\", bit \u0107e obra\u0111eni kao nepoznate naredbe (po\u0161tanski poslu\u017eitelj \u0107e vratiti \"500 unrecognized command\" za svaki zaglavlje).     <\/p>\n<p>Po\u0161tanski poslu\u017eitelj ne razmatra specifi\u010dnosti HTTP protokola i za njega se servisna zaglavlja i blok podataka POST zahtjeva obra\u0111uju jednako, stoga se u tijelu POST zahtjeva mo\u017ee nazna\u010diti linija s komandom po\u0161tanskom poslu\u017eitelju. Na primjer, mo\u017ee se prenijeti:       MAIL FROM:     na \u0161to \u0107e po\u0161tanski poslu\u017eitelj vratiti poruku o gre\u0161ci         501 : malformed address: alert(1); may not follow      <\/p>\n<p>Ovaj odgovor \u0107e primiti korisnikov preglednik koji izvr\u0161ava JavaScript kod u kontekstu stranice koja nije prvotno otvorena od strane napada\u010da, ve\u0107 web stranice bank.com, kojoj je poslan zahtjev, budu\u0107i da je odgovor stigao unutar ispravne TLS sesije \u010diji je certifikat potvrdio autenti\u010dnost odgovora bank.com.     <center><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"ALPACA - nova technika MITM napada na HTTPS\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/a4406c142f7592950a34b82cf608d07a.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/center>    <\/p>\n<p>Skeniranje globalne mre\u017ee pokazalo je da je otprilike 1,4 milijuna web poslu\u017eitelja u opasnosti od napada koji kombinira zahtjeve putem razli\u010ditih protokola. Mogu\u0107nost stvarnog provo\u0111enja napada odre\u0111ena je za 119 tisu\u0107a web poslu\u017eitelja kojima su prisutni pripadaju\u0107i TLS poslu\u017eitelji temelji na drugim aplikacijskim protokolima.        <\/p>\n<p>Primjeri eksploitacija pripremljeni su za ftp poslu\u017eitelje pureftpd, proftpd, microsoft-ftp, vsftpd, filezilla i serv-u, IMAP- i POP3-poslu\u017eitelje dovecot, courier, exchange, cyrus, kerio-connect i zimbra, SMTP servere postfix, exim, sendmail, mailenable, mdaemon i opensmtpd. Istra\u017eiva\u010di su ispitali mogu\u0107nost provo\u0111enja napada samo u kombinaciji s FTP, SMTP, IMAP i POP3 poslu\u017eiteljima, pri \u010demu ne treba isklju\u010diti da se problem mo\u017ee manifestirati i za druge aplikacijske protokole koji koriste TLS.     <center><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"ALPACA - nova technika MITM napada na HTTPS\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/91a1a7bf6caf28311bf927be85adb4ef.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/center>    <\/p>\n<p>Za blokiranje napada predlo\u017eeno je kori\u0161tenje ALPN (Application Layer Protocol Negotiation) ekstenzije za pregovaranje TLS sesije uzimaju\u0107i u obzir aplikacijski protokol i SNI (Server Name Indication) ekstenziju za vezivanje za ime hosta u slu\u010daju kori\u0161tenja TLS certifikata koji pokrivaju vi\u0161e. <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/domain\/\"   title=\"domenaskih imena\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"909\">domenaskih imena<\/a>Na strani aplikacija preporu\u010duje se ograni\u010diti broj pogre\u0161aka prilikom obrade naredbi, nakon \u010dega treba prekinuti vezu. Proces izrade mjera za blokiranje napada zapo\u010deo je jo\u0161 u listopadu pro\u0161le godine. Sli\u010dne mjere za\u0161tite ve\u0107 su usvojene u Nginxu 1.21.0 (mail proxy), Vsftpd 3.0.4, Courier 5.1.0, Sendmail, FileZilla, crypto\/tls (Go) i Internet Explorer.<br \/>\n<br \/>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=55307\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0413\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 MITM-\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 HTTPS, \u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u044c Cookie \u0441 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430 JavaScript \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430. \u0410\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 ALPACA \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043a TLS-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c, \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f (HTTPS, SFTP, SMTP, IMAP, POP3), \u043d\u043e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":100488,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-100487","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" 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