{"id":103824,"date":"2022-04-20T09:36:51","date_gmt":"2022-04-20T07:36:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/predvaritelnyj-vypusk-almalinux-9-osnovannyj-na-vetke-rhel-9"},"modified":"2022-04-20T09:36:51","modified_gmt":"2022-04-20T07:36:51","slug":"predvaritelnyj-vypusk-almalinux-9-osnovannyj-na-vetke-rhel-9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/news\/predvaritelnyj-vypusk-almalinux-9-osnovannyj-na-vetke-rhel-9","title":{"rendered":"Prethodno izdanje AlmaLinux 9, temeljeno na RHEL 9 grani.","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Objavljen je beta-izdanje distribucije AlmaLinux 9, izgra\u0111enog koriste\u0107i pakete iz grane Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 i sadr\u017ei sve predlo\u017eene promjene u ovom izdanju. Gradnje su pripremljene za arhitekture x86_64, ARM64, s390x i ppc64le u obliku pokreta\u010dkog (780 MB), minimalnog (1,7 GB) i punog imid\u017ea (8 GB). O\u010dekuje se da \u0107e izdanje RHEL 9 i AlmaLinux 9 biti dostupni po\u010detkom svibnja.    <\/p>\n<p>\u0414\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0441 RHEL \u043f\u043e \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c  \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f RHEL \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a redhat-*, insights-client \u0438 subscription-manager-migration*. AlmaLinux \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 Fedora. \u0421\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 AlmaLinux \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 &#8212;  \u0441 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 CloudLinux, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432 RHEL, \u0430 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443.     <\/p>\n<p>Distribucijski paket AlmaLinux osnovala je tvrtka CloudLinux, koja, unato\u010d uklju\u010divanju svojih resursa i programera, prenijela projekt zasebnoj neprofitnoj organizaciji AlmaLinux OS Foundation za razvoj na neutralnoj platformi uz sudjelovanje zajednice. Za razvoj projekta godi\u0161nje je odvojeno milijun dolara. Svi radovi AlmaLinux-a objavljuju se pod slobodnim licencama.     <\/p>\n<p>Glavne promjene u AlmaLinux 9 i RHEL 9 u usporedbi s granom RHEL 8:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> A\u017eurirano je sistemsko okru\u017eenje i alat za izgradnju. Za izgradnju paketa kori\u0161ten je GCC 11. Standardna C biblioteka a\u017eurirana je na glibc 2.34. Paket s Linux kernelom izgra\u0111en je na osnovi izdanja 5.14. Paketni menad\u017eer RPM a\u017euriran je na verziju 4.16 s podr\u0161kom za provjeru integriteta putem fapolicyd.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Migracija distribucije na Python 3 je zavr\u0161ena. Po defaultu je predlo\u017eena grana Python 3.9. Opskrba Python 2 je prekinuta.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">  Radna povr\u0161ina temelji se na GNOME 40 (u RHEL 8 isporu\u010divao se GNOME 3.28) i biblioteci GTK 4. U GNOME 40, virtualni radni stolovi u preglednom na\u010dinu (Activities Overview) su preba\u010deni na horizontalnu orijentaciju i prikazuju se kao neprekinuti pomi\u010dni niz s lijeva na desno. Na svakom radnom stolu koji se prikazuje u preglednom na\u010dinu jasno su predstavljeni otvoreni prozori, za koje se primjenjuju dinami\u010dko pomicanje i pritisak pri interakciji korisnika. Osiguran je besprijekoran prijelaz izme\u0111u popisa programa i virtualnih radnih stolova.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> U GNOME-u je kori\u0161ten obradnik power-profiles-daemon, koji omogu\u0107ava prijelaz izme\u0111u re\u017eima u\u0161tede energije, re\u017eima uravnote\u017eenog energetskog potro\u0161nje i re\u017eima maksimalne performanse.     <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Svi zvu\u010dni tokovi preba\u010deni su na multimedijski poslu\u017eitelj PipeWire, koji se sada koristi po defaultu umjesto PulseAudio i JACK. Kori\u0161tenje PipeWire omogu\u0107ava u obi\u010dnoj desktop verziji pru\u017eanje mogu\u0107nosti profesionalne obrade zvuka, uklanjanje fragmentacije i unifikaciju zvu\u010dne infrastrukture za razli\u010dite primjene.      <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Zadano je da je GRUB izbornik za podizanje sustava skriven, ako je RHEL jedina instalirana distribucija u sustavu i ako je prethodno podizanje pro\u0161lo bez problema. Da biste prikazali izbornik tijekom pokretanja, dovoljno je pritisnuti tipku Shift ili nekoliko puta pritisnuti tipku Esc ili F8. Me\u0111u promjenama u bootloaderu je i to da su svi konfiguracijski datoteke GRUB-a smje\u0161teni u jedan direktorij \/boot\/grub2\/ (datoteka \/boot\/efi\/EFI\/redhat\/grub.cfg sada je simboli\u010dka poveznica na \/boot\/grub2\/grub.cfg), tj. istu instaliranu sustav mo\u017eete pokrenuti koriste\u0107i EFI ili BIOS.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Komponente za podr\u0161ku razli\u010ditim jezicima raspore\u0111ene su u pakete langpacks koji omogu\u0107uju variranje razine instalirane jezi\u010dne podr\u0161ke. Na primjer, paket langpacks-core-font nudi samo fontove, dok langpacks-core uklju\u010duje lokalizaciju za glibc, osnovni font i metodu unosa, dok paket langpacks obuhva\u0107a prijevode, dodatne fontove i rje\u010dnike za provjeru pravopisa.      <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> A\u017eurirane su komponente za pobolj\u0161anje sigurnosti. U distribuciji je aktivirana nova grana kriptografske biblioteke OpenSSL 3.0. Po defaultu su uklju\u010deni moderniji i pouzdaniji kriptografski algoritmi (na primjer, kori\u0161tenje SHA-1 u TLS, DTLS, SSH, IKEv2 i Kerberos je zabranjeno, isklju\u010deni su TLS 1.0, TLS 1.1, DTLS 1.0, RC4, Camellia, DSA, 3DES i FFDHE-1024). OpenSSH paket je a\u017euriran na verziju 8.6p1. Cyrus SASL je preba\u010den na backend GDBM umjesto Berkeley DB. U bibliotekama NSS (Network Security Services) je prestala podr\u0161ka za DBM (Berkeley DB) format. GnuTLS je a\u017euriran na verziju 3.7.2.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Zna\u010dajno je pove\u0107ana izvedba SELinux-a i smanjena potro\u0161nja memorije. U \/etc\/selinux\/config uklonjena je podr\u0161ka za postavku \"SELINUX=disabled\" za onemogu\u0107avanje SELinux-a (navedena postavka sada samo onemogu\u0107ava u\u010ditavanje pravila, dok je za stvarno onemogu\u0107avanje funkcionalnosti SELinux-a potrebno proslijediti jezgru parametar \"selinux=0\").    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Dodana je eksperimentalna podr\u0161ka <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/vpn\/\"   title=\"VPN\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"208\">VPN<\/a> WireGuard.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Podrazumijevano je onemogu\u0107en pristup putem SSH kao korisnik root.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Ozna\u010deni su zastarjeli alati za upravljanje paketnim filtrima iptables-nft (alatke iptables, ip6tables, ebtables i arptables) i ipset. Za upravljanje vatrozidom sada se preporu\u010duje kori\u0161tenje nftables.      <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> U sastavu je uklju\u010den novi demon mptcpd za konfiguraciju MPTCP (MultiPath TCP), pro\u0161irenja TCP protokola za organizaciju TCP veze koja istovremeno isporu\u010duje pakete putem vi\u0161e ruta preko razli\u010ditih mre\u017enih su\u010delja povezanih s razli\u010ditim IP adresama. Kori\u0161tenje mptcpd omogu\u0107uje postavljanje MPTCP-a bez kori\u0161tenja alata iproute2.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Uklonjen je paket network-scripts, a za konfiguraciju mre\u017enih veza trebalo bi koristiti NetworkManager. Podr\u0161ka za ifcfg format konfiguracija je o\u010duvana, ali NetworkManager prema zadanim postavkama koristi format temeljen na keyfile datoteci.          <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> U sastavu su nove verzije kompajlera i alata za programere: GCC 11.2, LLVM\/Clang 12.0.1, Rust 1.54, Go 1.16.6, Node.js 16, OpenJDK 17, Perl 5.32, PHP 8.0, Python 3.9, Ruby 3.0, Git 2.31, Subversion 1.14, binutils 2.35, CMake 3.20.2, Maven 3.6, Ant 1.10.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> A\u017eurirani su serverski paketi Apache HTTP Server 2.4.48, nginx 1.20, Varnish Cache 6.5, Squid 5.1.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> A\u017eurirani su DBMS-ovi MariaDB 10.5, MySQL 8.0, PostgreSQL 13, Redis 6.2.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Za izgradnju emulatora QEMU prema zadanim postavkama koristi se Clang, \u0161to je omogu\u0107ilo primjenu dodatnih mehanizama za\u0161tite u hipervizoru KVM, poput SafeStack-a za za\u0161titu od metoda iskori\u0161tavanja temeljenih na povratno usmjerenom programiranju (ROP - Return-Oriented Programming).        <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> U SSSD (System Security Services Daemon) pove\u0107ana je detaljnost logova, primjerice, doga\u0111ajima se sada pridru\u017euje vrijeme zavr\u0161etka zadatka i prikazuje se tijek autentifikacije. Dodane su funkcije pretra\u017eivanja za analizu problema s konfiguracijom i performansama.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Pro\u0161irena je podr\u0161ka za IMA (Integrity Measurement Architecture) za provjeru integriteta komponenti operativnog sustava putem digitalnih potpisa i hashova.      <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Prema zadanim postavkama aktivirana je jedinstvena unificirana hijerarhija cgroup (cgroup v2). Cgroups v2 se mo\u017ee koristiti, na primjer, za ograni\u010denje potro\u0161nje memorije, CPU resursa i ulaz\/izlaza. Klju\u010dna razlika izme\u0111u cgroups v2 i v1 je primjena zajedni\u010dke hijerarhije cgroups za sve vrste resursa, umjesto odvojenih hijerarhija za raspodjelu CPU resursa, za regulaciju potro\u0161nje memorije i za ulaz\/izlaz. Odvojene hijerarhije dovele su do pote\u0161ko\u0107a u organizaciji interakcija izme\u0111u handlera i do dodatnih tro\u0161kova resursa jezgre prilikom primjene pravila za procese koje se spominju u razli\u010ditim hijerarhijama.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Dodana podr\u0161ka za sinhronizaciju ta\u010dnog vremena bazirana na NTS (Network Time Security) protokolu, koji koristi elemente infrastrukture javnih klju\u010deva (PKI) i omogu\u0107ava kori\u0161\u0107enje TLS-a i autentifikovane enkripcije AEAD (Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data) za kriptografsku za\u0161titu interakcije klijenta i <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/server\/dts-los-angeles\/\"   title=\"poslu\u017eitelja\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"3807\">poslu\u017eitelja<\/a> prema NTP (Network Time Protocol) protokolu. NTP server chrony a\u017euriran je na verziju 4.1.        <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Obezbe\u0111ena je eksperimentalna podr\u0161ka za KTLS (implementacija TLS-a na nivou jezgra), Intel SGX (Software Guard Extensions), DAX (Direct Access) za ext4 i XFS, kao i podr\u0161ka za AMD SEV i SEV-ES u KVM hipervizoru.            <\/li>\n<p>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=57048\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0431\u0435\u0442\u0430-\u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430 AlmaLinux 9, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440 x86_64, ARM64, s390x \u0438 ppc64le \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e (780 \u041c\u0411), \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e (1.7 \u0413\u0411) \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 (8 \u0413\u0411). \u0420\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0437\u044b RHEL 9 \u0438 AlmaLinux 9 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