{"id":110888,"date":"2023-10-17T03:10:16","date_gmt":"2023-10-17T01:10:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/vypusk-openbsd-7-4"},"modified":"2023-10-17T03:10:16","modified_gmt":"2023-10-17T01:10:16","slug":"vypusk-openbsd-7-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/news\/vypusk-openbsd-7-4","title":{"rendered":"Izdanje OpenBSD 7.4","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Predstavljen je izlazak slobodnog UNIX-sli\u010dnog operativnog sustava OpenBSD 7.4. Projekt OpenBSD osnovao je Theo de Raadt 1995. godine nakon sukoba s programerima NetBSD, usljed kojeg je Teo izgubio pristup CVS repozitoriju NetBSD. Nakon toga, Theo de Raadt je s grupom istomi\u0161ljenika stvorio na temelju stabla izvornih kodova NetBSD novi otvoreni operacijski sustav, \u010diji su glavni ciljevi razvoja prenosivost (podr\u017eava 13 hardverskih platformi), standardizacija, ispravno funkcioniranje, proaktivna sigurnost i integrirana kriptografska sredstva. Veli\u010dina potpunog instalacijskog ISO-ima osnovnog sustava OpenBSD 7.4 iznosi 630 MB.       <\/p>\n<p>Osim same operativne sustava, projekt OpenBSD poznat je po svojim komponentama koje su se pro\u0161irile na druge sustave i pokazale se kao jedna od najsigurnijih i najkvalitetnijih rje\u0161enja. Me\u0111u njima su: LibreSSL (fork OpenSSL), OpenSSH, paketni filtar PF, demoni usmjeravanja OpenBGPD i OpenOSPFD, NTP poslu\u017eitelj OpenNTPD, po\u0161tanski poslu\u017eitelj OpenSMTPD, multiplexor tekstualnog terminala (analog GNU screenu) tmux, demon identd s implementacijom protokola IDENT, BSDL alternativa paketu GNU groff \u2014 mandoc, protokol za organizaciju sustava s visokom dostupno\u0161\u0107u CARP (Common Address Redundancy Protocol), lagani HTTP poslu\u017eitelj, alat za sinhronizaciju datoteka OpenRSYNC.          <\/p>\n<p>Glavna pobolj\u0161anja:   <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Za amd64 i i386 arhitekture dodani su komponenti za a\u017euriranje mikrokoda za AMD procesore. Nove verzije mikrokoda automatski se instaliraju pri pokretanju sistema. Za distribuciju binarnih datoteka s mikrokodom pripremljen je port \"ports\/sysutils\/firmware\/amd\". Instalacija novog mikrokoda vr\u0161i se pomo\u0107u standardne utilite fw_update. Sli\u010dna podr\u0161ka za a\u017euriranje mikrokoda za Intel procesore implementirana je 2018. godine i ponu\u0111ena u izdanju OpenBSD 6.3.\n<li class=\"l\"> Za kernel i prostor korisnika uklju\u010deni su mehanizmi za\u0161tite IBT (Indirect Branch Tracking, amd64) i BTI (Branch Target Identification, arm64), koji su namijenjeni blokiranju kr\u0161enja normalnog slijeda izvr\u0161enja (control flow) uslijed kori\u0161tenja eksploitacija koje mijenjaju pohranjene u memoriji pokaziva\u010de na funkcije (realizirana za\u0161tita ne dopu\u0161ta zlonamjernom kodu da izvr\u0161i prelazak na sredinu funkcije).\n<li class=\"l\"> Na sustavima s arhitekturom arm64 za za\u0161titu prostora korisnika uklju\u010dena je autentifikacija pokaziva\u010da (Pointer Authentication). Tehnologija omogu\u0107ava kori\u0161tenje specijaliziranih ARM64 instrukcija za provjeru adresa vra\u0107anja pomo\u0107u digitalnih potpisa koji se pohranjuju u neiskori\u0161tenim gornjim bitovima samog pokaziva\u010da.\n<li class=\"l\"> Postavke sistemskog kompajlera clang, kao i clang i gcc iz portova, promijenjene su kako bi se primijenili gore spomenuti mehanizmi za\u0161tite, \u0161to je zna\u010dajno oja\u010dalo za\u0161titu svih osnovnih aplikacija i ve\u0107ine aplikacija iz portova od ekploita koji koriste metode povratno orijentiranog programiranja (ROP \u2014 Return-Oriented Programming). Pri kori\u0161tenju ROP tehnike, napada\u010d ne poku\u0161ava smjestiti vlastiti kod u memoriju, ve\u0107 koristi ve\u0107 postoje\u0107e dijelove strojnih instrukcija u u\u010ditanim bibliotekama koji zavr\u0161avaju instrukcijom vra\u0107anja kontrole (\u0161to su obi\u010dno zavr\u0161etci funkcija biblioteke). Rad ekploita svodi se na izgradnju lanca poziva sli\u010dnih blokova (\"gadgets\") kako bi se dobila potrebna funkcionalnost.\n<li class=\"l\"> Dodana je nova sistemska funkcija kqueue1, koja se razlikuje od kqueue-u prijenosom zastava. Trenutno kqueue1 podr\u017eava samo zastavu O_CLOEXEC (close-on-exec) za automatsko zatvaranje datote\u010dnih deskripatora u dje\u010djem procesu nakon poziva exec().\n<li class=\"l\"> Podr\u0161ka za pseudoure\u0111aj dt implementirana je za arhitekture amd64 i i386 za organizaciju dinami\u010dkog pra\u0107enja sustava i aplikacija. Dodana je sistemska funkcija utrace za umetanje korisni\u010dkih zapisa u zapisnik ktrace.\n<li class=\"l\"> Ispravke iz FreeBSD-a prenesene su kako bi se otklonilo nepredvi\u0111eno pona\u0161anje pri kori\u0161tenju MS-DOS datote\u010dnih sustava.\n<li class=\"l\"> Isklju\u010dena je opcija montiranja softdep, koja se koristi za odgo\u0111eno grupiranje zapisa metapodataka.\n<li class=\"l\"> Programima za\u0161ti\u0107enim sistemskom funkcijom unveil dopu\u0161teno je spremanje core-dumpova u trenutni radni direktorij.\n<li class=\"l\"> Za ARM64 arhitekturu uklju\u010dena je mogu\u0107nost prelaska u duboke stanje neaktivnosti (idle) dostupne u \u010dipovima Apple M1\/M2, radi u\u0161tede energije i ostvarivanja re\u017eima \u010dekanja.\n<li class=\"l\"> Dodana je zaobila\u017ena za\u0161tita od ranjivosti Zenbleed u AMD procesorima.\n<li class=\"l\"> Unaprije\u0111ena je podr\u0161ka za vi\u0161ekorisni\u010dke sustave (SMP). Uklonjene su blokade iz funkcije arprequest(), kod obrade dolaznih ARP paketa i implementacija odre\u0111ivanja susjednih \u010dvorova u IPv6 stogu.\n<li class=\"l\"> Su\u010delje za sinkronizaciju tablica paketskog filtra pfsync preradilo se za pobolj\u0161anje rada s blokadama i kompatibilnost s budu\u0107im radom na paralelizaciji mre\u017enog stoga.\n<li class=\"l\"> Implementacija DRM (Direct Rendering Manager) okvira sinkronizirana je s Linux kernelom 6.1.55 (u prethodnoj verziji \u2014 6.1.15). Pobolj\u0161ane su performanse na sistemima s Intel procesorima temeljenim na mikroarhitekturama Alder Lake i Raptor Lake.\n<li class=\"l\"> Unapre\u0111ena je funkcionalnost hipervizora VMM. U vmd je implementirana podr\u0161ka za vi\u0161ekratne modele za virtio ure\u0111aje za blokove i mre\u017ee. U blok virtio ure\u0111aj dodana je podr\u0161ka za vektorsko I\/O u re\u017eimu zero-copy. Ograni\u010den je pristup gost sistema p-state modovima AMD procesora. Vlasnicima <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/vps\/\"   title=\"virtualnih ma\u0161ina\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"2146\">virtualnih ma\u0161ina<\/a> dozvoljeno je putem vmctl da nadja\u010daju u\u010ditani kernel.\n<li class=\"l\"> Dodana je nova zaglavna datoteka uchar.h s tipovima char32_t i char16_t, te funkcijama c32rtomb(), mbrtoc32(), c16rtomb() i mbrtoc16(), definiranim prema standardu C11.\n<li class=\"l\"> Funkciji malloc dodana je opcija \"D\" za otkrivanje curenja memorije pomo\u0107u ktrace (\"MALLOC_OPTIONS=D ktrace -tu program\") i kdump (\"kdump -u malloc ...\").\n<li class=\"l\"> U alat make dodana je podr\u0161ka za varijablu ${.VARIABLES} za ispis imena svih postavljenih globalnih varijabli.\n<li class=\"l\"> U utilitu kdump dodana je opcija \"-u\" za odabir to\u010daka pra\u0107enja utrace prema zadanom oznakom.\n<li class=\"l\"> U utilitu openrsync dodane su opcije \"--size-only\" i \"--ignore-times\".\n<li class=\"l\"> U cron i crontab dodana je podr\u0161ka za slu\u010dajne pomake prilikom navo\u0111enja raspona vrijednosti s zadanim korakom, \u0161to omogu\u0107ava izbjegavanje simultanih zahtjeva za resursom s razli\u010ditih ma\u0161ina koje imaju ista pravila u cron. Na primjer, navo\u0111enje \"0~59\/30\" ili \"~\/30\" u polju za minute rezultirat \u0107e izvo\u0111enjem naredbe dva puta na sat kroz uzastopne nasumi\u010dno odabrane intervale.\n<li class=\"l\"> U alat wsconsctl dodana je mogu\u0107nost mapiranja tipki za dodir s dva ili tri prsta na touchpad-u.\n<li class=\"l\"> Dodana je podr\u0161ka za novu opremu i uklju\u010deni su novi drajveri.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pobolj\u0161ana je instalacija na sustavima s armv7 i arm64 procesorima.\n<li class=\"l\"> Dodana je podr\u0161ka za u\u010ditavanje datoteka iz EFI sustavnog odjeljka (EFI System Partition).\n<li class=\"l\"> U installeru pobolj\u0161ana je podr\u0161ka za softverski RAID (softraid). Dodana je mogu\u0107nost smje\u0161taja korijenskog odjeljka u softraid na sustavima riscv64 i arm64. Softraid je dodat u ramdisk za arhitekturu powerpc64. Za arm64 implementirana je podr\u0161ka za enkripciju diskova (Guided Disk Encryption).\n<li class=\"l\"> U funkciju malloc dodana je provjera svih blokova na popisu odgo\u0111enog osloba\u0111anja memorije radi otkrivanja situacija pisanja u oslobo\u0111enu memorijsku oblast.\n<li class=\"l\"> Za izvr\u0161avanje komande shutdown sada je potrebno dodati korisnika u grupu &#171;_shutdown&#187;, \u0161to omogu\u0107ava razdvajanje ovlasti vezanih za isklju\u010divanje i izravno \u010ditanje s diska.\n<li class=\"l\"> Kori\u0161tenjem sistemskog poziva unveil, alat patch je ograni\u010den na pristup samo trenutnom direktoriju, direktoriju s privremenim datotekama i datotekama navedenim u komandnoj liniji.\n<li class=\"l\"> Dodana je sysctl net.inet6.icmp6.nd6_queued za prikaz broja paketa koji \u010dekaju odgovor ND6 (analogno ARP-u).\n<li class=\"l\"> Pri postavljanju IPv6 adrese na mre\u017enom su\u010delju osigurano je slanje najave susjednim usmjeriva\u010dima putem multicast adrese.\n<li class=\"l\"> Dodana je po\u010detna podr\u0161ka za TSO (TCP Segmentation Offload) i LRO (TCP Large Receive Offload) za obradu segmenata i spajanje paketa na strani mre\u017ene kartice.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pove\u0107ano je ubrzanje u\u010ditavanja iz jezgre pravila paketskog filtra pf pomo\u0107u alata pfctl. Omogu\u0107ena je obrada akcija &#171;keep state&#187; i &#171;nat-to&#187; za povratne ICMP poruke o gre\u0161ci.\n<li class=\"l\"> Onemogu\u0107eno je izra\u010dunavanje kontrolnih suma IP, TCP i UDP za loopback su\u010delja.\n<li class=\"l\"> Dodana po\u010detna podr\u0161ka <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/vpn\/\"   title=\"VPN\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"243\">VPN<\/a> IPsec, ovisan o usmjeravanju (route-based).\n<li class=\"l\"> U bgpd je dodana podr\u0161ka za Flowspec (RFC5575, trenutno se podr\u017eava samo ogla\u0161avanje pravila flowspec). Implementacija ASPA (Autonomous System Provider Authorization) uskla\u0111ena je sa specifikacijama draft-ietf-sidrops-aspa-verification-16 i draft-ietf-sidrops-aspa-profile-16, i pre\u0161la je na kori\u0161tenje pretra\u017eiva\u010dkih tablica neovisnih o AFI (Address Family Indicator).\n<li class=\"l\"> Performanse rpki-clienta pove\u0107ane su za 30-50%. Dodana je podr\u0161ka za gzip i deflate kompresiju.\n<li class=\"l\"> A\u017eurirani su paketi LibreSSL i OpenSSH. Detaljan pregled pobolj\u0161anja mo\u017ee se vidjeti u pregledima LibreSSL 3.8.0, OpenSSH 9.4 i OpenSSH 9.5.\n<li class=\"l\"> Broj portova za arhitekturu AMD64 iznosi 11845 (bilo je 11764), za aarch64 \u2014 11508 (bilo je 11561), za i386 \u2014 10603 (bilo je 10572). Me\u0111u verzijama aplikacija u portovima:\n<ul>\n<li>Asterisk 16.30.1, 18.19.0, 20.4.0      <\/li>\n<li>Audacity 3.3.3      <\/li>\n<li>CMake 3.27.5      <\/li>\n<li>Chromium 117.0.5938.149      <\/li>\n<li>Emacs 29.1      <\/li>\n<li>Firefox 123.0.1, ESR 115.8.0      <\/li>\n<li>GCC 8.4.0 i 11.2.0      <\/li>\n<li>GHC 9.2.7      <\/li>\n<li>GNOME 44      <\/li>\n<li>Go 1.21.1      <\/li>\n<li>JDK 8u382, 11.0.20 i 17.0.8      <\/li>\n<li>KDE Applications 23.08.0      <\/li>\n<li>KDE Frameworks 5.110.0      <\/li>\n<li>Krita 5.1.5      <\/li>\n<li>LLVM\/Clang 13.0.0 i 16.0.6      <\/li>\n<li>LibreOffice 7.6.2.1      <\/li>\n<li>Lua 5.1.5, 5.2.4, 5.3.6 i 5.4.6      <\/li>\n<li>MariaDB 10.9.6      <\/li>\n<li>Mutt 2.2.13 i NeoMutt 20240201      <\/li>\n<li>Mozilla Firefox 118.0.1 i ESR 115.3.1      <\/li>\n<li>Mozilla Thunderbird 115.3.1      <\/li>\n<li>Mutt 2.2.12 i NeoMutt 20230517      <\/li>\n<li>Node.js 18.18.0      <\/li>\n<li>OpenLDAP 2.6.6      <\/li>\n<li>PHP 7.4.33, 8.0.30, 8.1.24 i 8.2.11      <\/li>\n<li>Postfix 3.7.3      <\/li>\n<li>PostgreSQL 15.4      <\/li>\n<li>Python 2.7.18, 3.9.18, 3.10.13 i 3.11.5      <\/li>\n<li>Qt 5.15.10 i 6.5.2      <\/li>\n<li>Ruby 3.1.4, 3.2.3, 3.3.0      <\/li>\n<li>Ruby 3.0.6, 3.1.4 i 3.2.2      <\/li>\n<li>Rust 1.72.1      <\/li>\n<li>SQLite 3.42.0      <\/li>\n<li>Shotcut 23.07.29      <\/li>\n<li>Sudo 1.9.14.2      <\/li>\n<li>Suricata 6.0.12      <\/li>\n<li>Tcl\/Tk 8.5.19 i 8.6.13      <\/li>\n<li>TeX Live 2022      <\/li>\n<li>Vim 9.0.1897 i Neovim 0.9.1      <\/li>\n<li>Xfce 4.18    <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> A\u017eurirani su komponenti od tre\u0107ih strana koji su uklju\u010deni u OpenBSD 7.3:\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Grafi\u010dki sloj Xenocara baziran na X.Org 7.7 s xserver 21.1.8 + zakrpe, freetype 2.13.0, fontconfig 2.14.2, Mesa 22.3.7, xterm 378, xkeyboard-config 2.20, fonttosfnt 1.2.2.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">    LLVM\/Clang 13.0.0 (+ zakrpe)  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">    GCC 4.2.1 (+ zakrpe) i 3.3.6 (+ zakrpe)  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">    Perl 5.36.1 (+ zakrpe)  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">    NSD 4.7.0  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">    Unbound 1.18  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">    Ncurses 5.7  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">    Binutils 2.17 (+ zakrpe)  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">  Gdb 6.3 (+ zakrpa)  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">  Awk 12.9.2023  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">  Expat 2.5.0.  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=59942\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 UNIX-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b OpenBSD 7.4. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 OpenBSD \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0422\u044d\u043e \u0434\u0435 \u0420\u0430\u0430\u0434\u0442\u043e\u043c (Theo de Raadt) \u0432 1995 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 NetBSD, \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0422\u044d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u043a CVS \u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e NetBSD. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0422\u044d\u043e \u0434\u0435 \u0420\u0430\u0430\u0434\u0442 \u0441 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0439 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