{"id":119616,"date":"2024-08-25T21:43:04","date_gmt":"2024-08-25T19:43:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/yadru-linux-ispolnilos-33-goda"},"modified":"2026-02-08T18:08:37","modified_gmt":"2026-02-08T16:08:37","slug":"yadru-linux-ispolnilos-33-goda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/news\/yadru-linux-ispolnilos-33-goda","title":{"rendered":"Linux jezgru je navr\u0161ilo 33 godine","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>25. kolovoza 1991. godine, nakon pet mjeseci razvoja, 21-godi\u0161nji student Linus Torvalds objavio je na telekonferenciji comp.os.minix stvaranje radnog prototipa novog operativnog sustava Linux, za koji je ozna\u010deno zavr\u0161etak portiranja bash 1.08 i gcc 1.40. Prvo javno izdanje jezgre Linuxa predstavljeno je 17. rujna. Jezgra 0.0.1 imala je veli\u010dinu 62 KB u komprimiranom obliku i sadr\u017eavala je oko 10 tisu\u0107a linija izvornog koda. Moderni kernel Linuxa ima vi\u0161e od 35 milijuna linija koda. Prema istra\u017eivanju provedenom 2010. godine na zahtjev Europske unije, pribli\u017ena cijena razvoja od nule projekta sli\u010dnog modernom kernelu Linuxa iznosila bi vi\u0161e od milijardu ameri\u010dkih dolara (prora\u010dun se provodio kada je u kernele bilo 13 milijuna linija koda); prema drugim procjenama \u2014 vi\u0161e od 3 milijarde.<\/p>\n<p>Linux kernel je stvoren pod utjecajem operativnog sustava MINIX, koji nije zadovoljio Linusa svojom ograni\u010denom licencom. Kasnije, kada je Linux postao poznat projekt, neprijatelji su poku\u0161ali optu\u017eiti Linusa za direktno kopiranje koda nekih pod-sustava MINIX-a. Napad je odbio Andrew Tanenbaum, autor MINIX-a, koji je zadu\u017eio jednog od studenata da provede detaljno usporedno istra\u017eivanje koda Minix-a i prvih javnih verzija Linux-a. Rezultati istra\u017eivanja pokazali su samo \u010detiri nebitne podudarnosti blokova koda, uvjetovane zahtjevima POSIX-a i ANSI C.<\/p>\n<p>U po\u010detku je Linus imao namjeru nazvati kernel Freax, od rije\u010di \u201efree\u201c, \u201efreak\u201c i X (Unix). No ime \u201eLinux\u201d dobio je zahvaljuju\u0107i Ari Lemmke, koji je na Linusov zahtjev objavio kernel na FTP serveru sveu\u010dili\u0161ta, nazvav\u0161i direktorij s arhivom ne \u201efreax\u201c kao \u0161to je tra\u017eio Torvalds, nego \u201elinux\u201c. Zanimljivo je da je poduzetni poduzetnik William Della Croce uspio registrirati robnu marku Linux i namjeravao prikupljati naknade, no kasnije se predomislio i prenio sva prava na marku Linusu. Slu\u017ebena maskota Linux kernela, pingvin Tux, izabrana je na natjecanju odr\u017eanom 1996. godine. Ime Tux de\u0161ifrira se kao Torvalds UniX.<\/p>\n<p>Dinamika rasta baze koda (broj redaka izvornog koda) kernela:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>0.0.1 \u2014 rujan 1991., 10 tisu\u0107a linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>1.0.0 \u2014 o\u017eujak 1994., 176 tisu\u0107a linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>1.2.0 \u2014 o\u017eujak 1995., 311 tisu\u0107a linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>2.0.0 \u2014 lipanj 1996., 778 tisu\u0107a linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>2.2.0 \u2014 sije\u010danj 1999., 1,8 milijuna linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>2.4.0 \u2014 sije\u010danj 2001., 3,4 milijuna linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>2.6.0 \u2014 prosinac 2003., 5,9 milijuna linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>2.6.28 \u2014 prosinac 2008., 10,2 milijuna linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>2.6.35 \u2014 kolovoz 2010., 13,4 milijuna linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>3.0 \u2014 kolovoz 2011., 14,6 milijuna linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>3.5 \u2014 srpanj 2012., 15,5 milijuna linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>3.10 \u2014 srpanj 2013., 15,8 milijuna linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>3.16 \u2014 kolovoz 2014., 17,5 milijuna linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>4.1 \u2014 lipanj 2015., 19,5 milijuna linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>4.7 \u2014 srpanj 2016., 21,7 milijuna linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>4.12 \u2014 srpanj 2017., 24,1 milijuna linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>4.18 \u2014 kolovoz 2018., 25,3 milijuna linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>5.2 \u2014 srpanj 2019., 26,55 milijuna linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>5.8 \u2014 kolovoz 2020., 28,4 milijuna linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>5.13 \u2014 lipanj 2021., 29,2 milijuna linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>5.19 \u2014 kolovoz 2022., 30,5 milijuna linija koda;<\/li>\n<li>6.4 \u2014 lipanj 2023., 32,9 milijuna linija koda.<\/li>\n<li>6.10 \u2014 srpanj 2024., 35,1 milijuna linija koda.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Napredak razvoja jezgre:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 0.0.1 \u2014 rujan 1991., prvo javno izdanje, podr\u017eava samo CPU i386 i u\u010ditava se s disketu;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 0.12 \u2014 sije\u010danj 1992., kod po\u010deo \u0161iriti pod GPLv2 licencom;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 0.95 \u2014 o\u017eujak 1992., omogu\u0107ena podr\u0161ka za pokretanje X Window System, implementirana podr\u0161ka za virtualnu memoriju i swap particiju.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 0.96-0.99 \u2014 1992-1993, zapo\u010deti rad na mre\u017enom steku. Predstavljena datote\u010dna sustav Ext2, dodana podr\u0161ka za ELF format datoteka, predstavljeni upravlja\u010dki programi za zvu\u010dne kartice i SCSI kontrolere, implementirati u\u010ditavanje modula jezgre i datote\u010dnog sustava \/proc.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">U 1992. godini pojavili su se prvi distribucijski sustavi SLS i Yggdrasil. Ljeti 1993. godine osnovani su projekti Slackware i Debian.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 1.0 \u2014 o\u017eujak 1994., prvo slu\u017ebeno stabilno izdanje;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 1.2 \u2014 o\u017eujak 1995, zna\u010dajno pove\u0107anje broja drajvera, podr\u0161ka za platforme Alpha, MIPS i SPARC, pro\u0161irenje mogu\u0107nosti mre\u017enog staka, uvo\u0111enje paketnog filtra, podr\u0161ka za NFS;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 2.0 \u2014 lipanj 1996. godine, podr\u0161ka za vi\u0161ezada\u0107ne sustave;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">O\u017eujak 1997: osnovana LKML, mailing lista za razvija\u010de Linux jezgre;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">1998. godine: pokrenut prvi klaster na bazi Linuxa na listi Top500, sastavljen od 68 \u010dvorova s CPU Alpha;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 2.2 \u2014 sije\u010danj 1999, pove\u0107ana u\u010dinkovitost sustava upravljanja memorijom, dodana podr\u0161ka <a href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/lir\/ipv4\/\">IPv6<\/a>, implementiran novi vatrozid, predstavljena nova zvu\u010dna pod-sustava;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 2.4 \u2014 velja\u010da 2001, osigurana podr\u0161ka za sustave s 8 procesora i 64 GB RAM-a, datote\u010dni sustav Ext3, podr\u0161ka za USB, ACPI;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 2.6 \u2014 prosinac 2003, podr\u0161ka za SELinux, alati za automatsko pode\u0161avanje parametara jezgre, sysfs, revidirani sustav upravljanja memorijom;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">U 2005. predstavljeno hipervizor Xen, koji je otvorio eru virtualizacije;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">U rujnu 2008. oblikovana je prva verzija Android platforme, temeljen na Linux kernelu;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">U srpnju 2011. godine, nakon 10 godina razvoja grane 2.6.x, pre\u0161lo se na numeraciju 3.x. Broj objekata u Git repozitoriju dosegao je 2 milijuna;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Godine 2015. objavljeno je jezgro Linux 4.0. Broj git objekata u repozitoriju dosegao je 4 milijuna;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">U travnju 2018. godine pre\u0111ena je granica od 6 milijuna git objekata u repozitoriju jezgra.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">U sije\u010dnju 2019. godine formirana je grana jezgre Linux 5.0. Repozitorij je dosegao razinu od 6.5 milijuna git objekata.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Objavljeno u kolovozu 2020. godine, jezgro 5.8 postalo je najve\u0107e po broju promjena od svih jezgra u povijesti projekta.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">U jezgru 5.13 postavljen je rekord po broju programera (2150) \u010dije su promjene u\u0161le u sastav jezgra.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">U kolovozu 2022. godine formirana je grana jezgre Linux 6.0, budu\u0107i da je u grani 5.x akumulirano dovoljno izdanja za promjenu prvog broja u oznaci verzije.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">U jezgru 6.1, objavljenom u prosincu 2022. godine, dodana je mogu\u0107nost kori\u0161tenja jezika Rust kao drugog jezika za razvoj drajvera i modula jezgre.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Oko 65% svih promjena u jezgru unijelo je 20 najaktivnijih tvrtki. Na primjer, prilikom razvoja jezgre 6.10 od svih promjena 15.3% (u jezgri 6.9 bilo je 12.9%) pripremila je tvrtka Intel, 7.4% (7.1%) \u2014 Google, 6.9% (5.6%) \u2014 Red Hat, 6.3% (6.4%) \u2014 Linaro, 4.6% (5.7%) \u2014 AMD, 3.3% (2.2%) \u2014 Oracle, 3.2% (2.9%) \u2014 Meta, 2.5% (3.2%) \u2014 SUSE, 2.4% (2.1%) \u2014 IBM, 2.3% (2.4%) \u2014 Huawei, 1.9% (2.1%) \u2014 Qualcomm, 1.5% (1.7%) \u2014 NVIDIA, 1.2% (1.2%) \u2014 ARM. 11.9% (u jezgri 6.9 \u2014 14.2%) promjena pripremili su neovisni sudionici ili developeri koji nisu izri\u010dito naveli svoju suradnju s odre\u0111enim tvrtkama. Po broju dodanih u jezgru 6.10 linija koda prednja\u010de tvrtke Intel, Linaro i Red Hat, \u010diji udjeli su iznosili 13.6%, 13.3% i 7.2% (u jezgri 6.9 prednja\u010dili su AMD, Red Hat i Intel s udjelima od 21.7%, 11.5% i 8.9%).<\/p>\n<p>Izvor: <a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=61762\">opennet.ru<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>25 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 21-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 comp.os.minix \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b Linux, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f bash 1.08 \u0438 gcc 1.40. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d 17 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f. \u042f\u0434\u0440\u043e 0.0.1 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 62 \u041a\u0431 \u0432 \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043b\u043e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-119616","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"25 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 21-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 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