{"id":121294,"date":"2025-01-10T15:46:01","date_gmt":"2025-01-10T13:46:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/reliz-sistemy-samodostatochnyh-paketov-flatpak-1-16-0"},"modified":"2025-01-10T15:46:01","modified_gmt":"2025-01-10T13:46:01","slug":"reliz-sistemy-samodostatochnyh-paketov-flatpak-1-16-0","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/news\/reliz-sistemy-samodostatochnyh-paketov-flatpak-1-16-0","title":{"rendered":"Objava sustava samostalnih paketa Flatpak 1.16.0","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Nakon dvije i pol godine razvoja objavljena je nova stabilna verzija alata Flatpak 1.16, koja pru\u017ea sustav za izradu samostalnih paketa, neovisnih o odre\u0111enim Linux distribucijama i koji se pokre\u0107u u posebnom kontejneru, koji izolira aplikaciju od ostatka sustava. Podr\u0161ka za pokretanje Flatpak paketa omogu\u0107ena je za Fedora, CentOS, Debian, Arch Linux, Gentoo, Linux Mint, Alt Linux i Ubuntu. Flatpak paketi uklju\u010deni su u Fedora repozitorij i podr\u017eani su u unaprijed instaliranim programima za upravljanje aplikacijama GNOME i KDE.    <\/p>\n<p>Klju\u010dne novosti u verziji Flatpak 1.16:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Pre\u0161ao je na kori\u0161tenje sustava za izgradnju Meson. Podr\u0161ka za izgradnju pomo\u0107u alata Autotools je prekinuta. Za izgradnju Flatpak-a sada je potrebno imati na sustavu Python, barem verziju 3.5.\n<li class=\"l\"> Implementirana je mogu\u0107nost zajedni\u010dkog pristupa gssproxy socketu, koja omogu\u0107uje kori\u0161tenje autentifikacije putem Kerberosa u aplikacijama koje se pokre\u0107u u sandbox izolaciji.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pri stvaranju socket-a za Wayland kori\u0161teno je pro\u0161irenje security-context, putem kojeg kompozitni <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/server\/\"   title=\"server\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\">server<\/a> mo\u017ee identificirati i ograni\u010davati aplikacije koje se izvode u na\u010dinu sandbox izolacije. Dodana je opcija &#171;&#8212;socket=inherit-wayland-socket&#187; za naslje\u0111ivanje postoje\u0107eg socket-a za Wayland.\n<li class=\"l\"> Nakon instalacije ili nadogradnje aplikacija osigurana je automatska obnova konfiguracije sesijske sabirnice D-Bus za preuzimanje novih D-Bus usluga koje izla\u017eu aplikacije.\n<li class=\"l\"> Distribucijama je omogu\u0107en pristup repozitorijima s Flatpak paketima, koriste\u0107i katalog &#171; \/usr\/share\/flatpak\/remotes.d &#187;, uz &#171; \/etc\/flatpak\/remotes.d &#187;.\n<li class=\"l\"> Obavljen je posao na razdvajanju velikih datoteka s izvor kodom na male module.\n<li class=\"l\"> Dodana je opcija &#171;&#8212;device=input&#187; za pristup ure\u0111ajima za ulaz putem \/dev\/input.\n<li class=\"l\"> Za izolaciju aplikacija kori\u0161tena je nova verzija alata bubblewrap 0.11. U distribucijama koje sastavljaju Flatpak koriste\u0107i sustavni izvr\u0161ni datoteku bwrap, potrebna je barem verzija bubblewrap 0.11. Oja\u010dana je za\u0161tita od stvaranja u sandbox okru\u017eenjima ugnije\u017edenih prostora identifikacijskih oznaka korisnika (user namespace).\n<li class=\"l\"> Olak\u0161ana je konfiguracija dodatnih jezika. Osigurano je utvr\u0111ivanje jezika na temelju informacija o korisnicima, koje izla\u017ee DBus servis AccountsService.\n<li class=\"l\"> Aplikacijama koje koriste ugnije\u017e\u0111enu sandbox izolaciju, poput onih temeljenih na WebKit engine-u, dozvoljena je primjena AT-SPI protokola za interakciju s \u010dita\u010dima ekrana. Dodana je opcija &#171;flatpak run &#8212;a11y-own-name&#187; za odabir bus-a preko kojeg se pristupa sredstvima za osobe s invaliditetom.\n<li class=\"l\"> Prilikom izvr\u0161avanja komande &#171;flatpak run -vv &lt;app_id&gt;&#187;, osigurano je prikazivanje svih primjenjivih opcija sandbox izolacije.\n<li class=\"l\"> Dodana je opcija &#171;&#8212;device=usb&#187;, kao i parametri &#171;&#8212;usb&#187; i &#171;&#8212;no-usb&#187; za upravljanje pristupom aplikacije USB ure\u0111ajima.\n<li class=\"l\"> Dodana je podr\u0161ka za KCompletion okvir, koji se koristi za automatsko dovr\u0161avanje pretra\u017eiva\u010dkih klju\u010dnih rije\u010di u KDE-u.\n<li class=\"l\"> Dodane su varijable okru\u017eenja &#171;FLATPAK_DATA_DIR&#187; i &#171;FLATPAK_DOWNLOAD_TMPDIR&#187; za redefiniranje direktorija podataka ( \/usr\/share\/flatpak ) i privremenih datoteka za preuzimanje ( \/var\/tmp ).\n<li class=\"l\"> Dodano je ispisivanje escape sekvenci za prikaz napretka izvr\u0161enja operacija u emulatorima terminala.        <\/ul>\n<p>Podsjetimo da Flatpak pojednostavljuje distribuciju programa koji nisu uklju\u010deni u standardne repozitorije distribucija, pripremaju\u0107i jedan univerzalni kontejner, osloba\u0111aju\u0107i programere od potrebe za oblikovanjem zasebnih gra\u0111evina za svaku distribuciju. Korisnicima koji brinu o sigurnosti, Flatpak omogu\u0107ava pokretanje sumnjivih aplikacija unutar kontejnera, pru\u017eaju\u0107i selektivni pristup samo potrebnim mre\u017enim funkcijama i korisni\u010dkim datotekama. Korisnicima koji su zainteresirani za novitete, Flatpak omogu\u0107ava instalaciju najnovijih testnih i stabilnih izdanja aplikacija bez potrebe za izmjenama u sustavu. Na primjer, Flatpak paketi se izra\u0111uju za LibreOffice, GIMP, Inkscape, Kdenlive, Steam, 0 A.D., Visual Studio Code, VLC, Slack, Telegram Desktop, Android Studio itd.      <\/p>\n<p>Kako bi se smanjila veli\u010dina, paket uklju\u010duje samo specifi\u010dne ovisnosti potrebne za aplikaciju. Osnovne sistemske i grafi\u010dke biblioteke (GTK, Qt, biblioteke GNOME i KDE itd.) isporu\u010duju se u obliku standardnih runtime okru\u017eenja. Klju\u010dna razlika izme\u0111u Flatpak i Snap je u tome \u0161to Snap koristi komponente okru\u017eenja glavnog sistema i izolaciju temeljenu na filtriranju sistemskih poziva, dok Flatpak stvara odvojeni kontejner od sistema i upravlja velikim runtime skupovima, pru\u017eaju\u0107i kao ovisnosti ne pakete, ve\u0107 standardna sistemska okru\u017eenja (na primjer, sve biblioteke potrebne za rad GNOME ili KDE aplikacija).    <\/p>\n<p>Osim tipi\u010dnog sustavnog okru\u017eenja (runtime), koje se instalira putem posebnog repozitorija, isporu\u010duju se dodatne zavisnosti (bundle) potrebne za rad aplikacije. U zbiru &#171;runtime&#187; i &#171;bundle&#187; \u010dine sadr\u017eaj kontejnera, pri \u010demu se &#171;runtime&#187; instalira odvojeno i povezuje odmah s nekoliko kontejnera, \u0161to omogu\u0107ava izbjegavanje dupliciranja zajedni\u010dkih sistemskih datoteka za kontejnere.     <\/p>\n<p>U jednom sistemu mo\u017ee biti instalirano nekoliko razli\u010ditih &#171;runtime&#187; (GNOME, KDE) ili nekoliko verzija istog &#171;runtime&#187; (GNOME 46, GNOME 47). Kontejner s aplikacijom kao zavisnost koristi vezu samo s odre\u0111enim &#171;runtime&#187;, ne uzimaju\u0107i u obzir pojedina\u010dne pakete koji \u010dine odabrani &#171;runtime&#187;. Svi nedostaju\u0107i elementi pakiraju se zajedno s aplikacijom. Prilikom stvaranja kontejnera sadr\u017eaj &#171;runtime&#187; montira se kao particija \/usr, a &#171;bundle&#187; se montira u direktorij \/app.     <\/p>\n<p>Sadr\u017eaj &#171;runtime&#187; i kontejnera aplikacija formira se kori\u0161tenjem tehnologije OSTree, pri \u010demu se slika atomarno a\u017eurira iz Git-sli\u010dnog repozitorija, omogu\u0107uju\u0107i primjenu metoda verzioniranja na komponente distribucije (na primjer, sustav se mo\u017ee brzo vratiti na prethodno stanje). RPM paketi se transliraju u OSTree repozitorij uz pomo\u0107 sloja rpm-ostree.     <\/p>\n<p>Izborna instalacija i a\u017euriranje paketa unutar radnog okru\u017eenja nisu podr\u017eani \u2014 sustav se a\u017eurira ne na razini pojedina\u010dnih komponenti, nego u cjelini, atomarno mijenjaju\u0107i svoje stanje. Dostupni su alati za inkrementalnu primjenu a\u017euriranja, \u010dime se uklanja potreba za potpunom zamjenom slike pri svakoj nadogradnji.      <\/p>\n<p>Izolirano okru\u017eenje se potpuno formira neovisno o kori\u0161tenom distribucijskom sustavu, a uz pravilne postavke paketa nema pristup datotekama i procesima korisnika ili glavnog sustava, te ne mo\u017ee izravno pristupiti hardveru, osim putem DRI-a. Izhod grafike i organizacija unosa ostvaruju se preko Wayland protokola ili preko preusmjeravanja X11 soketa. Interakcija s vanjskim okru\u017eenjem se ostvaruje putem sustava za razmjenu poruka DBus i specijalnog API-a Portals.     <\/p>\n<p>Za izolaciju se koristi Bubblewrap sloj i tradicionalne Linux tehnologije kontejnerske virtualizacije, temelje\u0107i se na kori\u0161tenju cgroups, prostora imena (namespaces), Seccomp i SELinux. Za izdavanje zvuka koristi se PulseAudio ili PipeWire. Tijekom stvaranja paketa, izolacija mo\u017ee biti onemogu\u0107ena, \u0161to koriste programeri mnogih popularnih paketa kako bi dobili potpuni pristup datote\u010dnom sustavu i svim ure\u0111ajima u sustavu.     <\/p>\n<p>Na primjer, s ograni\u010denim re\u017eimom izolacije, koji ostavlja potpuni pristup doma\u0107em direktoriju, isporu\u010duju se paketi GIMP, VSCodium, PyCharm, Octave, Inkscape, Audacity i VLC. U slu\u010daju kompromitacije paketa s pristupom doma\u0107em direktoriju, unato\u010d ozna\u010davanju paketa kao &#171;sandboxed&#187;, napada\u010du je za izvr\u0161enje vlastitog koda dovoljno izmijeniti datoteku ~\\\/..bashrc. Posebno je pitanje kontrola nad promjenama u paketima i povjerenje u izdava\u010de paketa, koji \u010desto nisu povezani s glavnim projektom ili distribucijama.<br \/>\n<br \/>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=62537\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f Flatpak 1.16, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043c Linux \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0435, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f Flatpak-\u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f Fedora, CentOS, Debian, Arch Linux, Gentoo, Linux Mint, Alt Linux \u0438 Ubuntu. \u041f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0441 Flatpak [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-121294","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0441 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